Inkcazo yezobupolitika lisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, ichaza umsantsa phakathi kwabemi kunye namaziko enza izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Yinkqubo esetyenziswayo ngala mazwi, izilangazelelo, namaxabiso abantu abahlukeneyo ekungeneleni imithetho, imigaqo, kunye nezenzo zikawonke-wonke. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuma ngokuqonda akuyonkqubo nje yemfundo yemfundo kuphela, kuyimfuneko ekuhlakuleleni, ekuququleni, nasekunikeni abemi abanegunya. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa oko kuthethwa yintsingiselo yezopolitiko, isizathu sokuba zisebenza, indlela esebenza ngayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nocelomngeni elijamelana nalo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Ukuchaza Umelo Lwezobupolitika

Ngokwendlela elula, ukumela kwezobupolitika kubhekiselele kumsebenzi wokwenza amazwi, iimbono, kunye neembono zabemi ezikhoyo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngoxa le ngcamango iqala kwiindibano zamandulo zamaGrike namaRoma, ukuqonda kwale mihla kwakuyilwe ziingcali njengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, kwaye kamva uHanna Pitkin, owanika omnye wezona zimvo zinempembelelo. UPitkin wachaza umlinganiselo wemifuziselo: i-stim, i-fish, i-fish, kunye ne-substifix. Nganye ithatha inkalo eyahlukileyo yendlela abameli abanxibelelana ngayo abo bameleyo.

  • Umelo lwefomati lugxininisa kumalungiselelo enkqubo, “‘ imithetho kunye neenkqubo abameli abagunyazisiweyo nabanokuphendula ngazo. Oku kubandakanya unyulo, imida yexesha, kunye neenkqubo zokukhumbula.
  • [[NTL: 0] Umelo lwe-Symbolic luxhalabisa iindlela abameli abamela ngazo abantu ngengqiqo efuziselayo, njengokumkani omela uhlanga okanye iflegi emela ilizwe. Igxininisa unxulumano lwemvakalelo nolwengqondo.
  • Umelo oludityanisiweyo luphikisa ukuba abameli kufuneka babelane ngeempawu ezingundoqo (umz., ubufana, ubufana, ubuhlanga) kunye neziqu zabo, njengoko oku kunokunyusa ukuthembana nonxibelelwano. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ebonakalisa inani labemi isoloko ibonwa njengeyamkelekileyo.
  • USubstantive modefation imalunga neziphumo zenkqubo: abameli basebenzela abameli babo ngokubhekisa phambili izilangazelelo zabo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo. Umthetho-siseko omhlophe osoloko elwela ubulungisa bobuhlanga unika umelo olusezantsi kuluntu oluncinane.

Umelo lwezobupolitika asisosenzo esinye kodwa lulwalamano oluqhubekayo. Lubandakanya zombini iifasiti ]. Abalandela imiyalelo engqalileyo ye-octals(ne iziphathi-ziphathi].

Ingcamango Yomelo Lwezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kwendlela uPitkin asebenza ngayo, iimbono eziliqela ezithethwayo zisinceda siqonde indlela esebenza ngayo.

Ingcamango eyintloko

Le ndlela yokujonga ingeniso ijonge umelo njengesivumelwano phakathi kweentloko-ntloko (ii-votars) kunye nabameli (abameli). Abameli bathumela igunya labo abalindeleke ukuba benze ngokwemdla wabo. Noko ke, ulwazi lwe-asymmetries kunye nezizathu ezidityanisiweyo zingakhokelela kwi ilahleko egqithisileyo [] xa abameli bebeka usukelo lwabo ngokwabo kwezo ze-actractics. Ubuchule obufana nonobumba, imithetho yokukhankanya, kunye nekomiti zolawulo zenzelwe ukuhlisa okulahlekelwa.

Umelo oluzenzekelayo

Ukuqukunjelwa kwingcamango yedemokhrasi ekhutshwayo, le mbono igxininisa ingxubusho eqiqayo kunye nolwakhiwo-mdla. Abameli abangobathunywa okanye abaphathiswa kodwa ngabameli bencoko kawonke-wonke. Kulo mzekelo, ukufaneleka kuvela kubunjani bengcinga-nkqubo. "Onke amaqela achaphazelekayo anokufumana ithuba lokuthetha inkxalabo nokuva iingxoxo eziphikisanayo. Iindibano zoluntu noqingqo-mali lokwahlukana yimizekelo eluncedo.

Umelo njengokwenziwa kwengxelo

Uphando lwakutshanje lukaMichael Saward luphikisa ngelithi umelo yinkqubo esebenzayo ye yokwenza i-calals. Nabani na angazibanga emela iqela(/noba ligosa elinyuliweyo, umxhasi, okanye umxhasi, kodwa ezo ngxelo zimele zamkelwe ngabaphulaphuli. Le mbono ibalaselisa uhlobo lomelo kunye nendima yesixhobo sonxibelelwano, imibutho yentlalo, kunye namaqela ekwakheni abathetha abani.

Ukubaluleka Komelo Lwezobupolitika

Ukufuzisela okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo:

  • I-Legitaginagile kaRhulumente: Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba amazwi abo avakala, basengozini kakhulu ukwamkela imithetho nemigaqo, nokuba abavumelani neziphumo ezithile. Ukumela kunika urhulumente igunya lokuziphatha ukuba enze.
  • ukunikwa ityala : Unyulo nezinye iindlela zomsebenzi zivumela abemi ukuba bavuselele okanye bohlwaye abameli. Oku kuphendula kukhuthaza ukusabela (_ii-axicials ezingabuhoyi uluvo lukawonke-wonke ezivota.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe- Inclusion: umelo luqinisekisa ukuba amaqela acuphiweyo-iqela elincinane, amabhinqa, abantu abaphantsi, abantu abafumana imali eninzi, uluntu oluphantsi, umgangatho ophantsi ophantsi, kunye nesihlalo etafileni. Ukusetyenziswa kombhalo-mbhalo kungakhuthaza ukuququzelelwa kwezentlalo phakathi kwamaqela asusiweyo ngokwembali; uphando lubonisa ukuba amabhinqa abeka imithetho yemithetho ephambili kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nekhefu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukuguqula okusezantsi : impembelelo eziziimpembelelo eziziinjongo ezijoliswe kuzo. Umzekelo, isithili esinemigangatho ephezulu yobuhlwempu sidla ngokukhetha abameli abaxhasa ukhuphiso lwezoqoqosho, ukuba ibonelela ngenkqubo yonyulo iguqulela izikhethelo kwizihlalo ngokufanelekileyo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kobunyani: ukumela kunganciphisa ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika kunye nongquzulwano ngokudala amajelo alungele ukungavumelani. Inkqubo yomelo olusebenza kakuhle ivumela iminqweno eyahlukeneyo ukuba ixokelelene, igcine uzinzo ngaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo.

Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kakuhle, oorhulumente basengozini yokuphulukana nokuthenjwa ngabantu, njengoko kubonakala kurhoxiswa kwevoti nakukwanda kwemibutho elawulayo ehlabathini lonke.

Indlela Intsingiselo Yezobupolitika Esebenza Ngayo

Abameli bahluke gqitha kwiinkqubo zobupolitika, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo babandakanya unyulo, amaqela, namaqumrhu angummeli.

Inkqubo ye-Electoral

Imithetho e- eleleneyo yeyona inqanda umelo oluthe ngqo. Iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo zilawula:

  • Isixokelelwano sobunzululwazi bokulinganisa/unxibelelwano oluphakathi kwabameli abathile (umz., okokuqala-umzekelo-mva wesigqeba eUnited States nase United Kingdom) utyekele ekuveliseni oorhulumente abahlukeneyo kunye noqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi kwabameli ngabanye kunye nemimandla yabo. Noko ke, bangakhokelela ekususeni iziphumo zeproportion ``Icatartal''' [iziphumo ze-45% yevoti yevoti ingawina 60% yezihlalo, lo gama amaqela amancinane etshixiwe ngaphandle. Oku kungakhokelela ekususeni iimbono ezincinane.
  • Umelo lwepropati yogcino-lwazi (PR) [isetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu nawaseMzantsi Merika] lunikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwisabelo sokuvota, ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela amancinane afumana umelo. Iinkqubo zePR zidla ngokuphumela kumanyano loorhulumente, olufuna ulalaniso kwaye lunganika ilizwi kuludwe olubanzi lwezilangazelelo. Kodwa, zingaludambisa unxulumano lwasekuhlaleni phakathi komvoti kunye nommeli omnye.

NjengeJamani, iinkqubo ezixubeneyo zizama ukudibanisa iinzuzo zazo zombini.

Imibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Izahlulo zisebenza njengeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo, izilangazelelo eziphambili, ukuqokelela abatsha, kunye nokulungiselela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-melo, abavoti bakhetha phakathi kweqonga leqela kunokuba babe ngabatsha abalandelayo. Ingqeqesho yamaqela ingaqinisekisa ukuba abameli banamathele kwimigaqo elandelelanayo, kodwa iyakwazi ukuvala umgwebo ozimeleyo kwaye inciphise ukusabela kwinkxalabo yasekuhlaleni. Unyuko [[FLT: 0] wonke amaqela .

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ngapha koko, umelo lwenzeka ngokubhenela, amaphulo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokulingwa. Amaqela anomdla afana namaqumrhu abasebenzi, ingeniso yemekobume, kunye namaqumrhu oshishino anika ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye namazwi olwandiso anokutshiselwa ngaphandle. Noko ke, impembelelo yawo inokuba yengalingani: amaqela afumileyo asoloko efumana ukufikelela okuninzi kunemibutho engenisa iingca. ucango olujikelezayo [ phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente kunye namafektro akhuthaza ukhuphiwo-lwazi.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Ukubunjwa kwemibutho yezentlalo nezentlalo-ntle ngokuxelela abemi ngeengxoxo zenkqubo kunye nokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Abameli bale migaqo-nkqubo yoluvo, ukuqwalasela iziphumo zenkqubo yezentlalo-ntle, nokubamba iiholo zedolophu ukuze zibonise iimvakalelo. Noko ke, ukwahlulwa koondaba nokugqwethwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kusenokuzigqwetha imiqondiso efunyanwayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo ezibonakalisa iintsonkoliso eziphezulu kunokuba ziqiqe ukuba zikho.

Iingxaki Ekumeleni Inkcazelo Yezobupolitika

Phezu kwako nje ukuphakama kwayo, iinkokeli zobupolitika zijamelene neengxaki ezininzi zanamhlanje ezisongela ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukungakhathali nokunganeliseki

Ukurhoxa kovota, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaselula kunye nabantu abaphantsi, kudala umsantsa omele umqobo: abezobupolitika balungiselela abo bavota, ngokufuthi abadala ngokungenakulinganiswa, abazizityebi nabamhlophe. Iinkqubo zokuvota ezinyanzelisayo (njengeOstreliya) zinciphisa oku kodwa zinqabile. Ukuthemba amaziko okunika amandla okunika amandla angakumbi, nto leyo ebangela umjikelo oyingozi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuzoba imigca yesithili ukuxhasa omnye weqela okanye ukukhusela ii-accomptions zinciphisa umelo lobulungisa. “Ukurhoxisa” kunye“ nokuvota” kuqinisekisa ukuba isithili ezininzi aziqhathaniseki, kuvumela abameli ukuba batyeshele abavoti abaphakathi. Iikhomishini zokukhetha ezizimeleyo kunye nokulungisa i-algorictic digiant zinikela amayeza ahlukeneyo, kodwa i-gerryander ehlala ikho ingxaki eqhubekayo, ingakumbi e-United States.

Imiqobo Yentlalo

Ukubaleka ufunela iofisi kubiza ixabiso. Kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho yezemali yesehlo ivumela abanikeli abatyebileyo kunye nemibutho ephambili ukuba basebenzise impembelelo engaphandle. Abangenayo intsebenziswano yobuqu okanye uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu ukukhuphisana, ithetha ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokufuthi azibonisi ukwahlukahlukana kwezoqoqosho zabemi. iPublic xhasa inkxaso-mali yonyulo (njengokuba kucwangciso lwemali olungqinelanayo kwisiXeko saseNew York) zinganceda ekunyuleni umgangatho webala lokudlala.

Unikezelo olungaphantsi lwamaqela awenziwe amda

Nangona ukuchazwa kwabantu okuchazayo kuye kwaphucuka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, amabhinqa, intlalo nezizwe ezincinane, abantu abambalwa, abantu abaneziphene abakhokelwayo kwiipalamente ezininzi. Kwanaxa inani lamanani ayandayo, amanani angaphantsi asenokungasetyenziswa xa abameli abambalwa bejongene nokuxelelwa okanye bevalelwe kwiinkalo zobunkokeli.

Ulwazi Oluninzi Nenkqubo Yezobupolitika

Namhlanje abemi bahlaselwa ngenkcazelo ephikisanayo. Ukukhetha inyani ephuma kwintsomi kulucelomngeni, kwaye amagumbi okukhupha isandi aqinisa iinkolelo ezikhoyo. Abameli abathatha izikhundla eziphezulu benza kube nzima ukulalanisa. Oku kuphelisa ukholo lukawonke wonke lokuba ukumela kunokuvelisa izicombululo.

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Lomhlaba Wonke

Izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi babemi (ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha kogcino-lwazi) zenziwa yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njenge-European Union okanye iWorld Trade Codemon Organization, eneembopheleleko ezibuthathaka zedemokhrasi. Oku kudala i- intlawulo yemali [ kumgangatho womhlaba wonke. Abameli besizwe abanako ukukwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezingaphaya kwemida, zishiya abemi beziva behlukanisiwe.

Ukumela Kwezobupolitika Kwiinkqubo Ezahlukileyo

Umelo asiyiyo ingcamango yomlinganiselo omnye. Umahluko ochaseneyo yindlela esetyenziswa ngayo izithethe zezobupolitika.

I-United States: Inkqubo enguMongameli eneMimandla yeMembetri enye

Abameli baseMerika banyulwa ukusuka kwimimandla yelizwe besebenzisa i-dep-presel. Le nkqubo yahlula-hlulwa kabini ikhetha abavoti kodwa idla ngokunyanzela abavoti ukuba bakhethe “ububi obungaphi.” ICante (namabini kurhulumente ngamnye) imela amaphondo amancinane, ngelixa iNdlu icebekelwe ukuba ibe ngamanani amaninzi kodwa igqwethwe yi-gerrymanidering. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuthetha ukuba umelo ludityanisiwe/icathulo lune abameli abaninzi (Indlu, iNdluneli, uMongameli) abanokuthi baxabana.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Umzekelo Ofana NoweWestminster

Njenge-US, i-UK isebenzisa izithili ezimanyeneyo kodwa ngenkqubo yepalamente. Iqela elifumana uninzi lwezihlalo lingurhulumente, kwaye uMphathiswa oyintloko umele aphendule kwiNdlu yeQela. Ingqeqesho emandla ithetha ii-MP ngokufuthi zivota kwimigca yeqela, kodwa inkonzo yobukho bengingqi ihlala ibalulekile. Iinguqu zakutshanje ezifana nokwenziwa kwe-devolution ukuya eSkotlani, eWales, kunye neNorthern Ireland zongeze imaleko yokumela.

EJamani: Ipropoti

IJamani idibanisa izithili zokuqala ezidlulileyo ze-step kunye nentla elungelelanisiweyo. Iivoti ezimbini ziphosa: enye yezamkeli zobulali nenye yeqela. Oku kuvelisa iBoundestag ebona ivoti yesizwe isabelana ngexesha igcina amaqhina asekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza oorhulumente abadibeneyo kwaye inconywe ngokuqinisekisa amalizwi amancinane, nangona ingenza iminqoqo emininzi, engadibanisi.

AmaNordic: Ulawulo - melo lwamaConsensus

Amazwe afana ne-Sweden ne-Norway asebenzisa umelo lolungelelwaniso kwaye anemigangatho ephezulu yokumela (abafazi abanezihlalo ezimalunga nama-45%). Izithethe zoluntu ezibandakanya ukudibana kwabasebenzi, imibutho yabaqeshi, kunye nebutho labantu kwiinkqubo zohlolo olusemthethweni. Le mizekelo igxininisa ukuvumelana nokungakhathaleli kodwa isenokucotha ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Ikamva Lokumela Kwezobupolitika

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela umelo olusebenza ngayo. Ii-E-petution, ii-ofisi zedolophu zamanani, kunye nee-credit zokubonisa kwi-intanethi zivumela igalelo elithe ngqo lommi. Olunye uvavanyo nge- ubalo ngokukhetha abemi abasebenza kwizixhobo zokususa umgaqo-siseko (njengezijukuphelo zabemi) ."aim ukuphakamisa ukubanjwa kwelungu eliphezulu. Noko ke, izixhobo zamanani zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuchola, ukuchula, kunye nolwahluza kwamanani.

Enye intsingiselo kukwanda kweenkokeli [[FLT: 0] ezithi zimela “abantu” kwiqela eliphambili elibolileyo. IPopulism isoloko igatya amaziko abameli angokwesithethe, ixhasa izibheno ezithe ngqo kunye nee-asendium. Ngelixesha oku kunokuthi kunikel' amandla akhutshwayo amaqela, kwakhona kusemngciphekweni ukuthoba ubuninzi kunye nokulinganisela ngezantsi kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Ukudibanisa Abafundi Kumelo Lwezobupolitika

Abaqeqeshi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni intelekelelo nasekunikeni abafundi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba. Nazi iindlela eziluncedo:

  • Hlanganisa Inkqubo yeNkqubo[: Lucwangcise unyulo lwentelekelelo ngemiqathango edityanisiweyo. imigaqo yobuninzi ukubonisa indlela ukwenziwa kokhetho okuchaphazela ngayo iziphumo. Ukuba abafundi bazenze amatheko, iphulo, kunye nokudibanisa imiqolo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala lehlabathi eliyinyani: Nceca iingxoxo zakutshanje zemithetho-wiso-wiso-mthetho `njengenkqubo yemozulu okanye amalungelo okuvota(* nemaphu) kwaye ngawaphi amaqela ayemelwa kwaye njani. Sebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo njenge Govrack.us iingxelo zokuvota ukubona indlela abameli abavota ngayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abameli basekuhlaleni: Beka iintlanganiso zeQ&A namalungu ebhunga lesixeko, abamisi-mthetho besizwe, okanye amalungu ebhodi yesikolo. Buza ngendlela abalungelelanisa ngayo iminqweno yabo nomgwebo wabo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imodeli yembali yemo-zulu: Funda umbutho we-suffice, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nomelo lwamanye amazwe. Xoxani indlela amaqela akwimiqathango alwelwa ngayo achazwayo kunye nomelo olusezantsi.
  • Sebenzisa i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy kuphando olunzulu lwengcamango, kunye ne-IDEA yezizwe ngezizwe kuthelekiso lwe data kwiinkqubo zonyulo kunye nomlinganiselo wesinikshi.
  • Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babhale iileta kubameli ngemibandela abayikhathaleleyo. Iimpendulo zerekhodi zezendlela ze baxubushe indlela amagosa aphatha ngayo igalelo lomthetho.

Isiphelo

Ukumela kwezobupolitika kungaphezulu kakhulu kunento ethethwayo yedemokhrasi .Imeko ekhoyo phakathi kwabantu kunye namandla. Ingulo emelwayo, ezona nkqubo zisetyenziswayo, nokuba abemi baziva bengabalawulwa ngurhulumente wabo. Nangona intsingiselo yokumela okugqibeleleyo isenokungabi lula, ukuqonda imilinganiso yayo, ukubhalwa phantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, okusesikweni, okufuziselwayo, okungangoko, abemi be-ofisi abamele bafune okungcono. Imiqobo ekhoyo: ukulungiselela ubumi obusebenzayo, apho bungakho, imali kwezobupolitika, ukurhoxiwa, kunye nokungahoxiwa kwezixhobo zomhlaba wonke. Kodwa izixhobo zokuthetha ngabo, ukusuka ekuguquleni i-injini ukuya kwi-mibango-manani. Abafundi nabafundisi-bafundisi, abasebenzisa umelo lwezobupolitika, abamele ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente; kulungiselelwa ngokwazi ukuba ngummishicimbi, apho ingasebenzi khona, nendlela yokusebenza, nokusebenza kwayo, ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi elungele ukufikelela kuyo yonke.