Ukuvela KweePacs Ezinganxibelelani Nempembelelo Yazo Kubhengezo Lwezobupolitika

Imeko-bume yezobupolitika yaseMerika itshintshe imozulu enxulunyaniswa nokunyikima kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, iqhutywa kakhulu lukwanda kweeKomiti zesenzo sobupolitika ezingadibaniyo (PACs). Le mibutho isebenza ngokwayo ngokwamaphulo okuziko lwezopolitiko namaqela ezobupolitika, kodwa iye yaba ngabadlali abaphambili ekulungiseni iingxelo zonyulo kunye neembono zomvoti. Ngokungafaniyo nezithethe ezidibeneyo kwimibutho, imibutho yemisebenzi, okanye amaqumrhuthane empasi, i-PACs, enganxibelelaniyo nemali ephakath'i imali inyusa kwaye ichithe imali kwimibutho yezobupolitika engopolitiki ngaphandle kwento ethile ekhoyo. Ukuqhashumbisa inteko yezeko, ukubhenca kwemiba imicimbi yemali, ukuphendula imicimbi yemibango, kunye nendima yemali kwezo yezo yezo yezopolitiki.

Ukuqonda amakhanikhazi kunye neziphumo ze PAC ezingadityanisiweyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohamba kwindawo yezobupolitika yale mihla. Ukusuka kwiZimi eziphawulweyo zamamanyano agqibele ngokugqabhuka kwemali esetyenziswayo emnyama, ezi komiti ziye zasebenzisa ubuchule obusemthethweni ukuze ziphucule ufikelelo lwazo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lwendlela ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo ezichaphazela ngayo imimiselo yezopolitiko, imingeni yokunyanzelo eziyenzayo, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuguqula inkqubo.

Ziyintoni iipacs ezingadibaniyo?

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ziikomiti zezobupolitika ezingadibaniyo nomntu oza kubhaptizwa, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye nawuphi na omnye umbutho othile ofana nombutho okanye umbutho wabasebenzi. Zibhaliselwe kwiKhomishini yoNqumo (FEC) kwaye ziphantsi kweemfuno ze-odoli zobheno, kodwa zinandipha ubuyiselo obubalulekileyo bemisebenzi. Ezi komiti zinokunyusa iimali ezingenasiphelo kubantu ngabanye, kwimibutho, nakwimibutho, kwaye zinokuchitha ezo mali kuludwe olubanzi lwemisebenzi, kuquka ukukhokelwa kwemali okanye ukukhutshelwa kweengxelo, kunye nemigudu yokuvota.

Igama elithi "ongeyo-'oqhagamshelana" lahlula abantu kwi-"PACs," emiselwe ngamaqumrhu, imibutho esebenzayo, okanye amaqumrhu orhwebo kwaye ingacela kuphela iminikelo kwiqumrhu elisikelwe umda labantu, njengeqela labasebenzi okanye amalungu. IPAC, ngokwahlukileyo, inokubacela uwonke-wonke kwaye ingabotshelelwa ngemida efanayo yomnikelo esebenza kumaphulo omsebenzi okanye kwiikomiti zeqela. Lo mahluko uzenze zaba sisithuthi esikhethelo esikhethelwe abani abavumi abatyebileyo kunye namaqela afuna ukuphembelela oonyulo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kwezinye izinto zezobupolitika.

Isiseko Sembali Nemithetho

I-PAC yesakhiwo esisemthethweni esilawula imigaqo-nkqubo engeyoyoyoyoyoyonxibelelwano. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwePaC edityanisiweyo yezorhwebo kunye nemithetho yenkundla yezemali. UMthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo yoNqulo (FUMALI) ka-1971 kunye nomthetho wayo ngo-1997 kwasekwa kwesakhiwo sangoku solawulo lweekomiti zezobupolitika, kuquka iimfuno kunye nemiqathango yemirhumo yezomthetho. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwe-PAC edityaniswe ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2010 kwi-CINCIN kusenenj ye-United[FLT[FLT], egcinwe ukuba imicimbi yezoshishino kunye nemibutho ingakwazi ukuhlawula imali epheleleyo ngenkcinelo. Oko kulawula iindleko zezo ezo lwabiwo ezizimeleyo.

Emva Ingcaciso engakumbi yokuba iikomiti ezizimeleyo zemali kuphela, okanye i-PUC, i-D.C. iNkundla yesiphaluka kwi- i-Speichnow.org v.FEC (2010) icacisa ngakumbi ukuba inkcitho yemali ezimeleyo yekomiti, okanye i-PUPCs, inokwamkela iminikelo engenasiphelo evela kubantu ngabanye, amaqela, kunye nemibutho. Oku kusingqongileyo kwadala umjelo onamandla osetyenziswa kwezobupolitika, kwaye uPACs waba ngumkhosi omkhulu kunyulo lwezwelo. Ngonyaka wama-202020 kuphela, unyuso qhaqho, u-PUPCS2, ngokutsho kogcino-lwazi olusuka ku-Opense-OKS.org

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ze PAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga

  • [[NTLA] Ukuxhomekeka kubahlohli namaqela: Imisebenzi engadityaniswanga esetyenziswayo ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa kwamaphulo oqeqesho okanye iikomiti zamaqela, ezivumela ukuba ziphumeze iinjongo zazo ezicwangcisiweyo.
  • [[UMTLA:0] Amandla emali angenamda: Bangamkela iminikelo nangabuphi na ubungakanani obuvela kubantu, kumaqumrhu, nakwimibutho yabasebenzi, ephantsi kokutyhila kuphela iimfuno zeminikelo engaphezu kwama-R3 000.
  • Izibophelelo ezidityanisiweyo: I PAC ezingadityaniswanga kufuneka zibhalise ne FEC kunye nefayile yengxelo ezithe rhoqo ezichaza iminikelo yazo nenkcitho, nangona ukungena ezibukweni ezinxulumene nemali emnyama kungafihla i-MALI yomnikeli.
  • Imali esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi: Imali ingasetyenziswa kumntu oza kufumana imali, ukhuphiswano, ukubhengeza, ukuvota, ukufumana imigudu yokufumana imali, kunye neendleko zolawulo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungahambelani kwemida yomnikelo: ngokungafaniyo ne PACs ezidityaniswe, eziphantsi kwemida yokhetho, iPAC engadityaniswanga nakujongana noonobumba kwizinto abanokuziphakamisa okanye ezinokuzisebenzisa, logama nje inkcitho izimele.

Umgaqo - siseko Wokubhengeza Kwezobupolitika

Umthetho wezopolitiko eUnited States ulawulwa kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente, imimiselo ye-FEC, kunye nezindululo zenkundla. IBpartisan Campaign Reformation (BCRA) ka-2002, ekwayaziwa ngokuba nguMcCaine-Fangeold, wazama ukuvala amakhuba kumthetho wezemali wezemali ngokulinganisela ingeniso ethambileyo kunye nokulawula "ukunxibelelana nonxibelelwano"(btrandex discationismisms" izibhengezo ezikhankankanya umba-mali wesizwe ngeentsuku ezingama-30 okanye 60 zeentsuku eziphambili zonyulo oluqhelekileyo. Noko ke, izibhexeko zemali ezimanyeneyo zeBCRA] kunye nokuvalwa komvolo oluzimeleyo olungenazintlawulo olupheleleyo.

I-FEC lisebe eliyintloko lokunyanzelisa ukulungiselela imithetho yezemali yephondo, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuye kwathintelwa yi-projekthi yesakhiwo esitsha kunye nobuncwane obusikelweyo. Olu gunyaziso lunamalungu amathandathu, angebi ngaphezu kwamathathu kwiqela elinye lezobupolitika, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izenzo eziphambili zonyanzelo zifuna i-bypartisan. Ngenxa yoko, i-FEC ayikhange iqhubeke ithatha inyathelo lobukhali nxamnye nee-PAC ezingeyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye inkcaciso yokunxibelelana.

Ukukhupha impikiswano kunye nokungafundi.

Enye yezona ziphumele phambili zokwahlula ulawulo kwintengiso yezobupolitika ngumgca phakathi "iisue advocacy" kunye "noxinzelelo lokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo". Ukukhupha unxibelelwano luquka unxibelelwano oluthi ngokucacileyo lukhuthaze unyulo okanye ukoyiswa kommeli ocacileyo . Ukusebenzisa amagama afana "lo melo," "lombane," okanye "okdate". Ezi zibhengezo zibekwe phantsi kokutyhilwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nemida yomnikelo.

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ziye zasebenzisa lo mahluko ngokuvelisa izibhengezo ezigxeka okanye ezincoma ingxelo yomvoti okanye esetyenziswayo kwinkupho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama omlingo okuchaza ubuchule bokhetho. Ezi zibhengezo zingathunyelwa kuMhla woNnyulo kwaye zisebenza njengeentlaselo okanye izikhuseli ezimxinwayo, kodwa ziphuma ngaphandle kwenkcazelo engqongqo kwaye zichithe imida esebenzayo ukuchaza imigaqo ecacileyo yokwahlula phakathi kweendidi ezimbini, kwaye iintelekiso zenkundla ziye zaqhubeka zincinanisa iinjongo zokufaneleka kokuthetha.

Indlela IPaC Engadityaniswa ngayo Iintengiso eziqhayis ’ amehlo

Amandla emali e-PAC aphezulu angeyoyo-adityanisiweyo aguqule ummandla wentengiso ngeendlela ezininzi ezingundoqo. Okokuqala, ezi komiti zinokuyitshintsha ngokuxhomekekileyo iphulo elithe ngqo kunye neekomiti zeqela, ziwavumele ukuba alawule i-PACs kukhuphiswano lwe-oksidenti. Kwi-20222 phakathi kwexesha, unyulo oluphezulu lwe-10 yedwa luchithe imali engaphezu kwe-$.1 lamawaka ezigidi kwinkcitho ezimeleyo, ngokutsho kweFEC. Oku kusetyenziswa kunceda ii-PACs ezingeyo ukuba zikwazi ukuchaza izindululo zengxoxo zezobupolitika, ngokufuthi kunyanzelela abaqhubi beminye okanye ii-okanye ii-afreyidi eziphuma ngaphandle.

Okwesibini, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zingajolisa kumanani athile akhoyo kunye namazwe athe ngqo otyando, kusetyenziswa ugcino-lwazi kunye neendawo ezisingqongileyo zokwazisa ngamanani ezazikhe zaba yindawo ekhethekileyo yamaphulo. Oku kukhokelela ekudityanisweni kwentengiso, nemiyalezo edityaniswe kwimibutho yezentlalo-ntle, iinkonzo eziqukuqelayo, kunye nezitishi zosasazo. Iziphumo zizinto ezixineneyo nezisingqongileyo zolwazi olusuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo, apho abavoti bafumana khona imiqondiso engqubanayo kwintabalala yemithombo.

Imali Engenamsebenzi Nemali Engaziwayo

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuchitha imali engadityaniswanga ne-PAC idweliswe njengemali emnyama − yezobupolitika echithwa yimibutho engatyhili abanikeli bayo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ii-PAC ezininzi ezinganxulunyaniswanga zisekwa njenge 501(c)(4) imibutho yoluntu okanye 501(c) (6) iimbutho zorhwebo, ezingafunwayo ukutyhila abaxhasi bazo phantsi kwemithetho ye-IRS. La maqela angaqhuba intengiso zentengiso aze angenele ekuvotini ngaphandle ngexesha ekhusela i-RCS yemitchers yawo. Ngokutsho kwe Brennan Center yezobulungisa, ukuchithwa kwemali kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo-2010, ukufikelela kuqikelelwa kwizigidi zezigidi zeera-RS kumjikelo wonyaka-202020.

Ukungabikho kwemali emnyama kuthoba isidima somgaqo ongundoqo wokubonisa inkxaso-mali yephulo, ocetyelwe ukwazisa abavoti malunga nokuba ngubani ozama ukuphembelela izigqibo zabo. Ngaphandle kokwazi umthombo wemali, abavoti abanakuhlola iimkhethe okanye iingxabano zenzala. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imali emnyama iphelisa ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo yonyulo kwaye yenza ukuba ungenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle lungalinganiswanga ngokucwangcisiweyo ngee-PACs.

Imingxuma Neengxaki Zokunyanzeliswa Kwezinto

I-PAC engadityaniswanga isebenza ngaphakathi kokusingqongileyo okuneendlela zokuphepha ezizinzileyo. Enye yezona ngxaki zizingisileyo kukungabinayo kwemithetho ecacileyo yomanyano. Ngoxa ii-PAC eziphezulu zithintelwe ekuququzeleleni amaphulo atshayelelayo, iinkcazelo zomanyano zimxinwa kwaye kunzima ukunyanzelisa. IiNqanda kunye ne-PAC asebenza ngokunxibelelana ngamaziko aphakathi, abacebisi abahlukeneyo, okanye iingxelo zikawonke wonke eziveliswe ngocoselelo ukuze kuphelwe umanyano olucacileyo. I-FEC iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokusilela okanye ukudityaniswa komanyano olurhanelwayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho uxolelwano oluqhelekileyo kodwa lungafane luchaniswe.

Omnye umngxuma ubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-"hybrid PACs," egcina i-Akhawunti yePaC yesithethe iphantsi kwemiqathango ye-PAC kunye ne-akhawunti ye-PAC ePhakamileyo enokwamkela imali engenasiphelo. La maqumrhu angaphakamisa imali yokunikela ngqo kubavumi ngeli xesha exhasa iinkcitho ezizimeleyo, edala ukungaqondani ngenjongo yeminikelo kunye nokungahlawulwa kwemiqathango yomnikelo. I-FEC ikhuphe iimbono zomgunyaziso ezivumela ii-PACs ezi-bhanki, kodwa amaqela ajongeneegocis aphikisa ukuba asebenzisa inkqubo yokunyoba ngokusemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Kwigunya Leemvakalelo

Izigqibo zenkundla ziluthintele ngokungaguqukiyo ubuchule be-FEC bolawulo olungadityaniswanga ne-PAC. MCcheon v. FEC (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagalela imiqathango yomnikelo odityanisiweyo, ivumela abantu ukuba banike ubuninzi bexabiso njengee-paccorsers ezininzi kunye ne-PAC njengoko bethanda. Isigqibo sathi sanciphisa ulawulo ngokunyusa iminikelo emikhulu kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Imithetho iqinise umgaqo wokuba inkcitho ezizimeleyo ziluhlobo lokuthetha ngokukhuselwa phantsi koMmiselo wokuqala, yenza kube nzima ukumisela imiqathango emitsha.

Udityaniso lokungaqiniseki ngephulo lokungaqiniseki ngomthetho wezemali kunye nombutho wonyanzelo waphantsi ophantsi kwemiqathango uyile imeko-bume apho iPACs isebenza khona ngobubanzi obuninzi obusemthethweni. Ingxelo yokunyanzelisa ugcino-mthetho ibonisa ukuba izikhalazo ezininzi ezichasene nee-PAC zigxothiwe okanye ziphumele kwimiqathango emincinane, kwaye eli qumrhu linqabileyo liqhuba uphando oluqhubekayo. Le ndawo i-athoriccuti ikhuthaza ukwanda kwee-PAC nemisebenzi yalonke elinxulunyaniswa nayo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nezindululo Zotshintsho

Ukuphendula kwinkxalabo ekhulayo ngempembelelo yee-PAC, amanyathelo aliqela otshintsho aye aziswa kumgangatho worhulumente norhulumente. I-Foour People Act (H.R. 1), igqithwe yiNdlu yabameli ngo-2021 kodwa ayizange imiswe yiBhunga, yayiza kufuna ukukhutshelwa okungakumbi kwemali yezopolitiko, kuquka namaqela emnyama e-FESC, kwaye iyakuwaqinisa namaqela omthetho ongqinelanayo. Lo mthetho wacebisa inkqubo encinane elungeleneyo yokunciphisa impembelelo yeminikelo emikhulu. Nangona umthetho ungazange ube ngumthetho, wanika uphawu lokukhuthuthwa kwakhona kwemali esetyenziswayo ukuze kubonakale nokuziphendulelwa komsebenzi.

Imigudu yomgangatho karhulumente iye yaphumelela kakhulu. Iimeko ezininzi, kuquka iKhalifoniya, iNew York, kunye neWashington, ziye zamisela imithetho efuna ukutyhilwa kwemithombo yokuqala yenkxaso-mali yezibhengezo zobupolitika, kwanaxa ezo zibhengezo ziqhutywa zii-PAC ezingeyoedityanisiweyo. Ezi "ziphendu ezisondeleyo" zijolise ekugqobhozeni umkhusane wemali emnyama ngokufuna ukuba izibhengezo zichaze abanikeli abaphezulu abanikelayo. Imingeni yenkundla yokumisela imithetho yokutyhila isoloko ingaphumeleli, kunye neenkundla ezixhasa imfuno zomGatho wokubonisa.

Amanyathelo Okucace gca Nezinto Anokuzenza

Kwanangokuba izithuba eziqinisiweyo, ezibalulekileyo zisekho. Inkqubo ye-FEC ye-gconfly igquma kuphela iikomiti ezinyusa okanye ezichitha ngaphezu kwama-$50 000 ngonyaka, kwaye ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga ziwe ngaphantsi komqobo. Ngaphezu koko, isiseko sogcino-lwazi sombutho sidume kakubi ukuphengulula nokuhlalutya, okwenza kube nzima kubachongi bentatheli namaqela ajongileyo ukulandelela iipakethi zemali ngexesha lokwenene. Abanye abaguquli baye babiza i-data ephakathi, efunyanisweni efunyanisweni yazo zonke iintengiso zezobupolitika, efana nenkqubo esetyenziswa yiKhomishini yoNxulumaniso lwe-Federal Comssionss ukuze badlulise.

Esinye isicelo sokufumana igalelo yimfuneko yokuba amaqonga amanani, anjenge-Google neMeta, agcine oovimba boluntu bezibhengezo zezobupolitika kwaye atyhile ukuba bangoobani abathengi. Umthetho wentengiselwano onyanisekileyo, osungulwe ngo-2017 kwaye ophinde wabekwa kwiiseshoni ezilandelayo, uya kunyusa imithetho yokutyhilwa esetyenziswa ekusasazeni nasekushicileleni izibhengezo kwi-intanethi. Ngoxa ezi zibhengezo zingadlulanga, ezinye iqonga ziye zamkela ngokuzithandela imilinganiselo yokubhenca, nangona umnyanzeli esoloko engaguquki.

Ikamva lezibhengezo zezobupolitika NeePacs Ezinganxibelelaniyo

Inkcazo yemali engadityanisiweyo iyakuxhomekeka kwimiba emininzi, kuquka ukumiselwa kwekomiti elawulayo, isenzo somthetho, kunye noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke. Ukwenziwa kwangoku kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kucebisa ukuba iNkundla ayiyi kujika ingabi nako ukujika iCitablens United[ kwixesha elikufuphi, ithetha ukuba inkcitho ezizimeleyo ziza kuqhubeka ziphathwa njengentetho ekhuselekileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ingayicacisa imida yomthetho evumelekileyo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukutyhilwa, umanyano, okanye inkcazelo yegalelo.

Kusenokwenzeka utshintsho lomthetho, nangona kunzima ngokwezobupolitika. Uhlolisiso loluntu lubonisa inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan yezemali yephulo lokubonisa ukubonakala, kwaye kukho inkxalabo ekhulayo ngempembelelo yabaxhasi bezopolitiko. Ukuba iBhunga linokoyisa i-gridlock, ipake yokulalanisa equka imfuno zokutyhilwa, amandla omthetho onyanzeliso omeleleyo, kunye nemithetho elungelelanisa i-FEC eqinileyo enokuthi izuze igalelo. Okanye, uvavanyo lomgangatho worhulumente ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nemiyalelo yokuchaza izinto lungadala imodeli yenkqubo yotshintsho lorhulumente.

Oko Abafundisi Nabafundi Bafanele Bakulinde

Kwabo bafunda ukudibana kwemibutho yeentengiso zezobupolitika kunye nezentengiso, iprojekthi ezininzi zifanele ziqwalaselwe ngokusondeleyo. Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kobuchule obungeyonkqubo kunye nento encinane ekubhengezweni kwezobupolitika kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nokutyhilwa nokuziphendulela. Indima yee-PAC ezingadityaniswanga kwimiba ephantsi kwemiba ephakathi kwemiba-Rhulumente nezi zonyulo-ontatho----alungiso, iyakubumba umhlaba wolawulo lwesizwe iminyaka emininzi ezayo.

Ukuqonda iindlela eziphembelela ngazo iiPacs ezingadityanisiweyo zezobupolitika ukubhengezwa kwezopolitiko kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Njengoko umjikelo wonyulo wama-2024 usondela, ukusetyenziswa kwezi komiti kuya kufikelela kwiirekhodi ezintsha, ukuqinisa iingxoxo zokubona ngaphaya, okusesikweni, kunye nendima yemali kwidemokhrasi. Ukuhlala ubandakanyekile kule miba kwimithombo ethembekileyo, kuquka iingxelo ezisemthethweni ze-FEC ukusuka kwi-Opensecrets.org, kunye nokushwankathela kweBrennan Center yeJaji.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo ziguqule imeko-bume elungele ukubhengezwa kwezobupolitika eUnited States. Ubuchule bazo bokukhulisa nokusebenzisa iimali ezingenasiphelo, zisebenzisa umahluko ongokwasemthethweni phakathi kwengxelo yobuchule kunye nokubonakalisa ukulawulwa kolawulo olulinganiselweyo, kwaye zisebenza ngokusebenza ngokulawula okulinganiselweyo zinike impembelelo esebenzayo kwiziphumo ezikhethiweyo. Ngoxa iimfuno zokutyhilwa zinika ukubonakala okucacileyo, intelekelelo enjengemali emnyama nemithetho ebuthathaka yentsebenziswano ethobayo ijongene neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni nezopolitiko, kodwa ukufunwa koluntu ukuba luphendulelwano ekugqibeleni kusenokukhokelela kwinguquko enenjongo. Kuba ngoku, iziphumo ze-PAC ezingeyo ezidityaniweyo ezidityanisweyo zihlala zingundabs

Idata ye-Explore FEBEC kwi-PAC esetyenziswayo engeyoyo i- ocilindiso lwemali ``` Track iminikelo yezopolitiko idlula kwi OpenSecrets . . Ukufunda uhlalutyo lwemali kwi- zobupolitika[ .[FLT] uphando lwemivo lwemali kwimirhumo yezentengiso