Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yinjini yedemokhrasi .Indlela ecetyiweyo, ebizwa ngokuba ngumthetho, ihamba phambi kokuba ibophe inyathelo. Ukusuka kwingcamango yokuqala ebhalwe ngesandla ukuya kutyikityo lukaMongameli okanye kwiveto, umlinganiselo ngamnye wengxoxo, ukulalanisa, kunye nemithetho yesiseko somthetho-siseko. Kubafundisi-lwazi nabafundi, ukuqonda olu hambo kutyhila indlela enokwenziwa ngayo inkqubo kawonke-wonke nendlela abemi abangayiphembelela ngayo. Oku kwandisa izikhokelo zokukhulula zonke iqonga ngokweenkcukacha, ukuqwalasela kwinkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente waseUnited States ngexa kuthelekiswa namanani angundoqo.

Yiyiphi Inkqubo Yomthetho?

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kukulandelelana kwemithetho kunye nenkqubo esetyenziswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho . "njengengqungquthela yesizwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho yase-U.S.] ukuqwalasela nokumisela imithetho. Ngoxa iinkalo ezizizo zihlala zingaguquki ngokuphawulekayo: isiqalo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, kunye nemvume yegunya. EUnited States, inkqubo icotha ngabom kwaye ilungelelanisa, yenziwe ukuthintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo nokukhuthaza ukuvumelana okubanzi. Igumbi ngalinye leBhunga (Indlu yabameli neBhunga) linemithetho yalo, kodwa isakhiwo somgangatho simiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo ehluliweyo ehlaziweyo kumashumi eminyaka.

Uhambo Lwencwadi Yomanyano: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

1. Udrafti kunye nosetyenziso

Umthetho ngamnye uqala njengengcamango. Le ngcamango ingavela kwilungu leBhunga, umququzeleli, umxhasi, umbutho worhulumente, okanye kwanangoMongameli. Abasebenzi abangoogqirha . "ngokufuthi] i-Ofisi yeNdlu yeGawulayo yeSiluleko [ okanye i-[FLT] i-Ofisi yoMquluko] ye-Legislatity [[FLT]] Icebiso loMcebisi ] [_iiiiindlela ekwalatha ingqiqo kulwimi olusemthethweni oluthe ngqo. Umquququzeleli we-Generiso-Genestiat [igne] kufuneka acinge ukuba imigaqo ekhoyo, imidalisiweyo kumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho. Ngoko ke isixelwe ngokuxhaswa lilungu elinye okanye amalungu amaninzi.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Umxhasi unika ityala ngokulibeka kwi intethe (ibhokisi yokhuni kwidesika yomabhalane weNdlu yendlu) okanye ngokulibeka kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanga. Ityala linikwe inani,[[.R. 1234[FLT]] kwindlu, [[FLT:]]. 567[[FLT] [[5] kumgangatho weBhunga. Kubhekiswe kwiBhamati. [intloko-ya-mag, i-Phondo, i-[5] kubhekiselwa kwilungu elinye okanye ikomiti engaphezulu lomxholo. umgangatho onegunya phezu kombandela. uReferral umele ukuba ugqibele okanye ulawulo. Uthetha ngook'ulawulo lwendlu lwe-S (iPromastern) kwaye unyuluthiwe `At .[6] Ikomiti ezininzi ze-Genearmagnomes.[5]

Isenzo seKomiti

Iikomiti zilapho inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ihlala ihleli. Ikomiti nganye (umz., iVudiyo, Iindlela kunye neNkqutyana) inesebe kunye nesitulo esilawula ucwangciso. Amacandelo angaphakathi kwikomiti aquka:

Ikomitana

Inkoliso yamatyala ithunyelwa kuqala kwikomiti encinci efuna imvumelwano kumxholo. Ikomiti encinci ibamba amangqina avakalayo asuka kumasebe karhulumente, amaqela enzala, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi (ukuqokelela ubungqina kunye nobungqina. Ukuva yifestile kawonke-wonke kwingxoxo yenkqubo; iirekhodi ezipapashwayo zipapashwa kwi Ingxelo yeNkulumbuso [[[FLT: 1]]]. Emva kokuva, i-Proctiee ibamba intlanganiso ye-markscrom [], apho amalungu efaka isicelo kunye nevoti kwimiba. Abavoti abagci-mali bangaphinda babhale uxwebhu.

IKomiti ePhambili

Isibhaka- bhanki esihlaziyiweyo sibuyela kwikomiti epheleleyo, enokuphatha ukuvakala okuthe kratya okanye iqhubeke ngqo ukunyusa. Ngexesha lophawu, amalungu ekomiti aphikisana candelo ngalinye kwaye anikele utshintsho. Iphepha lingatshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo/okanye linokubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo nge [[FLT: 0]] i-accessipastitute ilungiswa [[. Xa ukhuthulo lugqityiwe, ikomiti ivota ukuba ingachaza ukuba ngaba ngaba ubhali wetyala (nga okanye ngaphandle kwentengiselwano) okanye uthefile. Ingxelo elungileyo ithumela isibhengezo somthetho kumgangatho wekomiti echaza injongo yemali kunye neziphumo zesandla.

Indima Yengxelo Yekomiti

Ingxelo yekomiti luxwebhu olubalulekileyo. Iquka umbhalo wetyala njengoko kuxelwe, uhlalutyo lwecandelo ngecandelo, uqikelelo lwexabiso lwe-Congregational Uhlaziyo lwe-ofisi (CBO), kwaye ngokufuthi iimbono ezincinane okanye ezongezelelekileyo ezivela kumalungu aphikisayo. Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho kamva kuxhomekeke kwiingxelo zekomiti ukuqonda iinjongo zomthetho.

4. Isenzo Somgangatho Kwicandelo Lokuqala

Emva kokuba kuchazwe uxwebhu, kubekwe kwi-Calendar yegumbi elipheleleyo. Endlini, i- i-Rules Committee [ ixanduva [[FLT:] umthetho [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] omisa imibandela yengxoxo: ixesha elivunyelwayo, elinokupheliswa, nokuba ngaba ivoti inganyanzelwa. KwiBhabhi, iNkomkhulu, ekuthetheni neNkokeli ePhakathi, ucwangciso lwengxoxo yomgangatho. Imithetho ivumela ingxoxo engaphelelanga ngaphandle kokuba i-ROPT (e) ibizwa (e).

Impikiswano Ngomgangatho

Amalungu athetha okanye achasene nomthetho. Kwindlu, ingxoxo isoloko ilawulwe ngokuqinileyo ngumthetho; izilungisi kufuneka zibe nengxaki. Kwindlu yengqungquthela, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu, kwaye abaququzeleli banganika iinguquko ezingeyo-jineli (abatshati). Igosa elilawulayo liyawabona amalungu, kwaye ixesha lahlulelwe phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi. Intetho ibhalwe kwi [[FLT: 0] Conferionational Record Record[[[FLT: 1]]

Ukusasaza

Ingxoxo ithe yaphela, amavoti egumbi. Iindlela eziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti i-Voice - Amalungu akhwaza athi “ewe" okanye“hayi”; umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo ugweba iziphumo. Isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula iindleko zemali ezingekhoyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icandelo levoti - Amalungu amele abalwe. Inikeza ingxelo yokuba ngubani ovote kodwa hayi amagama abantu ngabanye.
  • ivoti ebhadliwe [Indlu] - Amalungu afaka ikhadi lokuvota kumatshini we elektroniki; amagama kunye neevoti ziyaboniswa.
  • Isithuthi somnxeba wevoti [I-Senate] – Umabhalana ubiza igama le-senator nganye; ishiti ibhala ivoti.

Umthetho omkhulu omninzi usebenzisa ivoti erekhodiweyo okanye ebizwa ngoovimba. Uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo kunye novota (ngokuqhelekileyo abangama-218 eNdlu, ama-51 kwiBhunga) kufuneka ukuze kuhanjiswe, ngaphandle kokuba umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba uninzi (umz., lwezivumelwano, ukubhaliswa kwesivumelwano).

5. Ukuba nolwazelelelo Kwenye Ikomkhulu

Emva kokudlulisa elinye igumbi, irejista idluliselwa kwelinye. Igumbi lesibini lingayamkela umbhalo othe ngqo lize liwuthumele ngqo kuMongameli, kodwa ngokufuthi ithatha uguqulelo lwalo, iphinda ikomiti kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uguqulelo olulungisiweyo, irejista ibuyela kwigumbi lokuqala lokuvumelana. Igumbi lokuqala lingamkela izilungiso (ukuthumela imvume kuMongameli), okanye lizicelele ukuba zinikwe ikomiti yengqungquthela.

6. Ukusombulula iiNkqutyana: IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Xa amagumbi amabini engakwazi ukuvumelana, ikomiti yengqungquthela isekwa kumalungu aphezulu eekomiti ezifanelekileyo kwigumbi ngalinye. Abayalelwayo badibana ukuze bathethelene ngetyala lomthetho. Basebenza phantsi kwemiyalelo engqongqo: bangathetha kuphela ngeengongoma zokungavumelani, bangabhali amacandelo angahambelaniyo. Ingxelo yokugqibela [ ixolisa, iquka ukulalanisa kombhalo kunye nomba odityanisiweyo, isiya kuzo zombini iigumbi kwivoti eziphezulu okanye eziphantsi ngaphandle kokuphinda zibekwe. Ukuba zombini ziyavunywa, izibhengezo ziyacocwa kuMongameli.

Isenzo sobuMongameli

Xa la magumbi egqitha ulwimi olufanayo, ityala liyabhaliswa lize linikwe uMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ientsuku ezingezozo) ukuze enze:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho [[[FLT: 1] - Kuba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla osebenzayo ochaziweyo kwimali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivingfo kumlomo [[FLT: 1] – uMongameli ubuyisela umlomo ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umva ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kwigumbi ngalinye.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo xa i Congress iseqesheni – Lo mqathango uba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo emva kweentsuku ezilishumi.
  • Pocket vento – Ukuba iiKhomishini zithatha ixesha eliphakathi kosuku olulishumi, ityala liyafa.

Ukukhutshwa kwemipu kunqabile; kuphela phantse isine ekhulwini seevetoes asikhathazeki kwimbali yaseMerika.

8. Upapasho nomanyano

Wakuba umiselwe, umthetho kawonke-wonke uyabelwa inani (umz., uMthetho kawonke-wonke 118-1) kwaye upapashwe yi-Ofisi yoPhuhliso yoRhulumente. Oku kubhaliweyo kuqukwa kwi- Code yaseUnited States yeUnited States . uqulunqo olusemthethweni lwemithetho karhulumente elungelelanisiweyo ngumxholo (isiqendu kunye necandelo). U Archivipist wase-United States ukwayawuqinisa umthetho. I-Citygaties, amagqwetha, kunye nabameli bakarhulumente bangawufikelela umthetho ngokudlula kumaqonga Govmation.

Abadlali Abangundoqo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Ngaphandle kwabaxhasi, amanani aliqela asebenzisa impembelelo engaphezulu:

  • Umthethi wendlu [ – Imisela ucwangciso lowiso-mthetho, izabelo zeekomiti, kwaye imisela uninzi lweKomiti yeMimiselo.
  • Inkokeli yeMajonity – iShedyuli yesenzo somgangatho, ilawula ikhalenda, kwaye incoko yezivumelwano zokuvumelana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Committee Cwari – ulawulo lokuva, ukunyusa, nokuba umlomo uya phambili na.
  • Ikomiti (Indlu) – igqiba imilinganiselo yemida ukwenzela ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye nokulungisa.
  • Iparty Wips – Bala amavoti kunye nocenga amalungu ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa umthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umongameli Propetore (Inkonzo) – A ubukhulu becala indima yenkonzo; imisebenzi yolawulo ekhoyo idla ngokunikezelwa kubaphathi abancinci.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IPalamente – Umchasi-mthetho ongeyopartistan otolika imithetho kunye nemizekelo yegosa eliphetheyo.

IFilibuster Nesinyithi

Kwindlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, i- filbuster ivumela i-senate-/okanye iqela (*.to lilibazise okanye livale ukuvota ngokungenasiphelo. Le ndlela ichaza isizathu sokuba iimali ezininzi ezinkulu zifune ukuvotelwa phambili, kwanokuba kuthe kwaphela uninzi oluqhelekileyo lufuneka kwi-partments yokugqibela. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Refilibster kuvuselele ulwahlulo. Uqingqo-mali, inkqubo ekhethekileyo inqanda ukusetyenziswa kwe-uhlulo lwe-Dias.

Ucelomngeni Notshintsho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayikho ngaphandle kokugxekwa. I-Gridlock .I-Gridlock .ukungakwazi ukudlulisa umthetho ngenxa yolwahlulo olusuka kumacandelo, iye yaxhaphaka kakhulu. ukwenziwa kwemithetho ye-polation nokusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kwe-filbuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala kusoloko kuxhaswa ngabaninzi. Olunye ucelomngeni luquka impembelelo yabaxhasi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, ukuntsonkothano zoqingqo-mali, kunye notyekelo lokudibanisa abakhweli-mali ekumeleni ukuba bafake i-mthetho we-passss. Utshintsho luquka ukudityaniselwa iindleko-msko kwintlanganiso. Ukuqonda le mingeniselo inceda abafundi bavavane ngokuphumelelayo indlela inkqubo yolawulo lwedemo-demokh.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho Kubaluleke Kwimfundo Yombini

Ukufundisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi olubalulekileyo loluntu. Kubonisa indlela abemi abaqhelekileyo abanokuphembelela ngayo urhulumente ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngokunikela ubungqina ekuchopheleni, okanye ngokuyila amaqela okuphatha iindlebe. Kwakhona kukhanyisa ixabiso lokulalanisa, umthetho, kunye nokulungelelanisa kunye nolungelelwaniso olukhusela amalungelo amancinane. Ngokudibanisa inkqubo yenkqubo ye-(ukurhwaqesha amatyala, ukuphatha iimvo zamatyala, nokuphikisana kwi-filidi yekomiti ekwayaneyo/statudentingssssssssss, ing, intetho yasesidlangalaleni, kunye nobuchule bokusebenzelana. Inkqubo ayisosifundo nje sokwaluphala; sisiseko sokuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Amagama Angundoqo

  • [[UMTL: 0] Bhill – A umthetho ocetyisiweyo oqwalaselweyo yindlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • Isigqibo – Yimbonakalo esesikweni yoluvo okanye yenjongo ngegumbi elinye okanye zombini (umz., isigqibo sangoku, isigqibo esilula).
  • [[UMTL:0] Committee Referral – Isabelo semali kwikomiti emileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva[ – Yintlanganiso yekomiti ukuqokelela ubungqina kwimali okanye kwinkupho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uphawu oluphawulweyo – Inkqubo yokususa uxwebhu kwikomiti okanye kumgangatho wekomiti engaphantsi.
  • Ingxelo – Uxwebhu lwekomiti oluchaza ityala kunye nengcebiso zekomiti.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikhalenda – Uluhlu lwetyala elilinde isenzo somgangatho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-RULE [Indlu] – Isqithi esivela kwingxoxo yolawulo lweKomiti yeMimiselo kunye nokulungisa uxwebhu oluthile.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Ingxoxo ye-Floor - uqwalaselwa lwemali ngegumbi elipheleleyo ngentetho.
  • IsiHlalisi seJamani – Inguquko enxulumene ngqo nombandela wemali.
  • Isivalo sobizo sisombululo – yivoti apho igama lelungu ngalinye kunye nevoti zishicilelwe khona.
  • FIBUster - impikiswano eyongeziweyo ukulibazisa ukuvota kwiBhunga.
  • I- I-' – Yinkqubo yokuphelisa i-nbrester ngevoti yesithathu.
  • IKomiti yoQhelaniso – Yikomiti yexeshana yendlu kunye namalungu eCandelo ukuxolelanisa intlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IVETO – ukwaliwa koMongameli kwemali edluliselwe yiBhunga.
  • [[UMTL:0] iPocket Veto – I-veto engangqalanga xa uMongameli engathathi nxaxheba kwityala iintsuku ezilishumi ngelixa iBhunga lithenjiswa.
  • u-'[[FLT]-1] - ubuchule boMbutho bokumiselwa komthetho phezu kwayo nje iveto engumongameli, efuna ii-3 ezimbini zamagumbi omabini.
  • [[Umthetho wePublic] [ – Umthetho otyikitywe nguMongameli okanye odluliswe kwiveto kwaye ube ngumthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhowudi yeSta yomfundisi- ntsapho – Ukuqulunqwa okusemthethweni kwemithetho yase-U.S. ecwangciswe ngumxholo (Umthetho wase-U.S.).

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Noovimba

Ukuze uyiqonde ngakumbi inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, hlolisisa le mithombo inegunya:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo.gov – Inkqubo Yomthetho [[UMQONDISO 1]
  • [[UMTL:0] UNIK CONTARTES – Inkqubo yoMthetho [[UMQONDISO 1]
  • Govtrack.us – umthetho weTrack nerekhodi zokuvota
  • [[UMTL:0] Ugcino-lwazi lohlanga – Inkqubo Yomthetho [[UMQONDISO 1]
  • [[UMKC:0]C-SPAN Udidi lwegumbi – Iicebo zesebe loMqathango