Ngaphakathi Kwenkundla: Ukhokelo Oluyinkokeli Kubulungisa Bemilonyeni Nabezaphuli - mthetho

Inkundla ikwinqanaba eliphambili apho kuqhutyelwa khona okusesikweni, kuvavanywa, kwaye kunikezelwa. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezicacileyo ezingokwasemthethweni eziqhubeka ngaphakathi kweendonga zayo kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kubafundi bomthetho nakumagosa angokwasemthethweni kodwa nakumntu wonke obandakanyekileyo kumthetho.

Isakhiwo Nesakhiwo Senkundla

Inkundla nganye yenzelwe injongo ethile: ukwenza imicimbi elungileyo nokugcina ucwangco. Uyilo lubonakalisa uhlobo lobume benkqubo yokugweba, nezithuba ezahlukeneyo zomntu ngamnye othathe inxaxheba.

Ibhenki Nendima Yomgwebi

Ijaji ihlala kwisitulo esiphakamileyo, ifuzisela igunya nokungakhethi buso. Iimbopheleleko zejaji ziquka ukumisela imithetho yemiqathango, ukuyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini afumana ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni. Kwizigwebo zebhedi (ngaphandle kwejaji), kwakhona ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso.

Ibhokisi KaJury

Kwizingxubusho ezifuna inkundla yabachopheli-tyala, ibhokisi yabachopheli-tyala ibekwa kwicala elinye, ijongene nokuma kwamagosa kunye neetafile zesiluleko. Abaqulunqi bakhethwa kwinkqubo ye itshayisayo [ ukuqinisekisa ukungakhetheki. Umsebenzi wabo kuphela ngukuvavanya ubungqina obunikelweyo nokunika isigqibo esisekelwe kumanqaku.

Izicwangciso Zezaluleko Nequla LeNkundla

Ityala (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) okanye igqwetha lomchola-mthetho (kwimicimbi yamakhaya) lingena itafile ekufutshane nejaji, kunye nokhuseleko kwitafile esecaleni. Ummandla ongaphambili kwebhedi, obizwa ngokuba “kulungile,” usetyenziselwa ukuphikisana nokuvavanya amangqina.

Amagosa Enkundla

  • [[FLT: 0] Ikharensi: yenza irectelim rekhodi yalo lonke igama elithethwayo, elibalulekileyo kubheno noxwebhu oluchanekileyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Igcina ukhuseleko, ilawula imeko-bume yenkundla, kwaye ipheleka amabanjwa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IClerk yeNkundla: Ilawula iifayile zamatyala, inika izifungo kumangqina nakumajukubhexeshi, kwaye ilungiselela ingxelo yokuvavanya.
  • ingcali yemaphu: isoloko isetyenziswa ngohlobo olunye nomcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla, lo mphathi wesazisi uqinisekisa ukuba irekhodi ebhaliweyo echanileyo.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziphathekayo kuyawaphelisa amava okuba senkundleni yaye kugxininisa inyameko yokuba negalelo ngalinye limele lahlule iindima zalo.

Iityala zangaphakathi: Ukusombulula iimpikiswano Zabucala

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu, imibutho, okanye amanye amaqumrhu. I-placttiff ifuna isicombululo--imali/imbuyiselo yemali / ngenxa yengozi ebangelwa zizenzo okanye iintsilelo zommangalelwa. Umthwalo wobungqina kwityala loluntu ngu- ukubethelela ubungqina, okuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa makabonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa akafanele agwetyelwe.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano: Izivumelwano, ezinjengokungakwazi ukuhlawula iinkonzo okanye ukuhambisa iimpahla.
  • Iimeko zeTort: Iingxelo zokonzakalisa komntu, ukunyelisa, ukungakhathali, kunye nemveliso yetyala.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impikiswano yeProperticle:[ Imida yomhlaba, ukukhululeka, ungquzulwano lwendawo, kunye nentengiso.
  • Umthetho wosapho obalulekileyo: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya oluthintelayo imiyalelo.

Umlinganiselo wokwenziwa kobuxoki

Inkqubo yokuzidityanisa yeyohlobo, yenzelwe ukuvumela amacala omabini anikele ngemeko zawo ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba ityala libe yimfuneko.

Intambo yokukhokela

Ifayile yeqela lencwadi i ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni sokumangalela kunye nokukhululeka okuceliweyo. Ummangalelwa makafake ifayile eyimpendulo kuxesha elimisiweyo, mhlawumbi ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyela ityala ngalinye. Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangena.

Umbuzo

Ukufumanisa kuqokelelwa kobungqina kwaye kusenokuthatha iinyanga ezininzi. Izixhobo ziquka ukuncina amaxwebhu, izicelo zamaxwebhu, ii-astified (okanye iimibuzo phantsi kokufungisa), kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Uhlolo lubalulekile ukuveza amandla nobuthathaka bemeko nganye.

Intshukumo yangaphambili neeNgqungquthela zokuzinzisa

Ngamnye ungenza inyathelo lokugweba ngokufutshane, ephikisa ngelithi akukho mibandela yenyaniso yento ephathekayo nokuba umthetho unika imvume yokuphumelela ngaphandle kwetyala. ABagwebi badla ngokukhuthaza ukuba kuxoxwe iingqungquthela ukuze kulungiswe amatyala ngaphambi kokuba aye kuvavanywa. Iimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zihlala kweli nqanaba.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba isisombululo siyasilela, ityala liyaqhubeka lisiwa kwityala. Ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina kuqala, ubiza amangqina kunye nokuzisa imiboniso. Ummangalelwa unikela ityala lakhe. Icala ngalinye linganqumla i-examine elinye ingqina. Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano, ijaji okanye ijaji ikhupha isigqibo.

Iinkqubo nezibheno zasemva

Ukuba naliphi na iqela likholelwa ukuba kukho impazamo engomthetho eyenzekayo ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, bangafaka isibheno setyala elitsha okanye isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zijolise kwiimpazamo zomthetho, hayi kubungqina obutsha. Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuyele emva, okanye iphinde ifake ityala ukwenzela ingcebiso elibhekele phambili.

Ukhokelo oluziinkcukacha ezininzi kwinkqubo yamakhaya, jonga i yemithetho yengingqi yePhondo yoMsebenzi egcinwe liZiko loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: URhulumente Ufuna Okusesikweni

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (ukutshutshisa) utyhola umntu (umthetho) ngokumophula umthetho. Injongo kukubohlwaya ukwenza okubi, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, nokukhusela ibutho labantu. Umthwalo wobungqina uphakame kakhulu: umtshutshisi kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala [ ngaphandle kothandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezifana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi, ukuqhekeza, ukusohlwaywa ngonyaka omnye.
  • [[NT.:0] Izithinteli-mali: Zincinci izinto ezingathi ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, kunye ne-DUI (ekuqaleni kwetyala). Ityala letyala libandakanya ukuhlawulwa, ukugcinwa, okanye ixesha lokuvalelwa etokisini lonyaka omnye.
  • Ukwaphulwa komthetho okuncinane okufana namatikiti endlela, okudla ngokuphumela kwifatyi kwaye akubikho xesha lasejele.

Inyathelo Lesaphuli - mthetho

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Umnyanzeli womthetho uphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho olurhanelekayo ngokuqokelela ubungqina, ngokubuza amangqina, yaye ngamanye amaxesha afumana isiqinisekiso sokufuna. Ukuba ikho isizathu esinokwenzeka, umkrokreli uyabanjwa. Kweli nqaku, amalungelo e-Maranda kufuneka afundwe ukuba uhlolo lwegunya luceliwe.

Imbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala kunye nebhatyi

Kwiiyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa (okanye njengoko kufunwa ngumthetho wesizwe), ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi. Ityala liyafundwa, ibheyile iyacwangciswa, kwaye umhla wokuva kwangaphambili kucwangciselwe. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubuya kwenkundla ngexesha unciphiso lwangaphambili.

Ukuva Kwangaphambili Nesigqumo Esikhulu

Kwimeko zokutyholwa, kuqulwa ityala lokuqala ukuqikelela ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubekeka ukuchophela ityala. Okanye, igqibo elikhulu lingakhupha ityala. Ummangalelwa ngoko ubekwa ityala, apho angena khona kwisibongozo: unegunya, akagwetyelwa, okanye akukho mncintiswano (lolo jamparererere).

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko ehamba ngefayile ukucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukugxotha izityholo, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Ezi zintshukumo zingachaphazela iziphumo zetyala. Ukuthelekisa ngentengo kuqhelekile kweli nqanaba. / Kungaphezulu kwama-90% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asombululwa ngokuvavanywa, hayi ngokuvavanywa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liya kwityala. Ityala linikela ubungqina kuqala, ngomthwalo wokungqina inxalenye nganye yolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukhuselo lunganikela ubungqina balo, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba lingqine. Abachopheli-mthetho (okanye abagwebi ekuvavanyweni kwebhedrin) bayaququzelela ngabomni baze babuyise isigwebo setyala okanye abanotyala. Ijaji ehlukeneyo (inkundla egwebayo) ikhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo; ukurhoxisa kungaphinda kuphinde kuvavanywe.

Ukugweba

Ukuba ubanjwa, ummangalelwa ugwetywa ngumgwebi. Isigwebo singenziwa ngoko nangoko okanye emva kwetyala elahlukeneyo. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo ziquka ubungxengxezi bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, iingxelo zempembelelo yexhoba, kunye nemigaqo yetyala karhulumente okanye karhulumente.

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Abamangalelwa abaququzelelwayo banelungelo lokubhenela ekuvumeni kwabo okanye kwisigwebo, ngokuqheleke ngokusekelwe kwiimpazamo zabo okanye kuncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Amayeza okukhupha izicelo anjenge-habeas corpus acela ukuvavanya ukungabikho komthetho wokuvalelwa. Kwinkcazo yenkqubo yesibongozo sesizwe, bona iphepha lokubhenela U.S.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Namatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Nangona zombini iinkqubo zidibanisa isiseko esifanayo senkqubo efunekayo, iinjongo zazo neenkqubo zahluka kakhulu. I tafile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Purpose: Kivil – qokelela iqela elinzakeleyo; ulwaphulo-mthetho – usohlwayo olonakalisayo kwaye uthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Iipali ze- ezi-kivini – i-Plureasttiff v. Ummangalelwa; uRhulumente-Rhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) v. Ummangalelwa.
  • Ibheriji yobungqina: ye-kivil – uxande lobungqina (ngokungaphaya kobungenjalo); ulwaphulo-mthetho – Ngaphezu kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (umgangatho ophezulu).
  • Imali efunyenweyo: iziphumo ze-kivini – i-Monetary, imiqathango, imiyalelo, ukwenza okuthile; ulwaphulo-mthetho – Intle, uvavanyo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukufa.
  • Asekunene kwisiluleko: EsinguNotho oqinisekisiweyo kunelungelo legqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla (ngaphandle komthetho wentsapho ethile kunye namatyala okuxhomekeka); uCribinal – Abamangalelwa abakhotyoki bomgaqo-siseko banelungelo lokucebisa (Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • I- Imivuzo yangaphakathi :- Juriess ka-6-12 uvumeleka kwiimeko ezininzi kodwa usoloko urhoxiswa; ulwaphulo-mthetho – umanyano lwabamangalelwa banelungelo kwiqela elinama-12-person abagwebi; uninzi lwamazwe lufuna izigwebo ezidibeneyo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.

[[UMTL:0] Imanyano yemfundo yeMelika yeZibonelelo [ inikela iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kwiinkqubo zenkundla yenkundla kunye nomahluko phakathi kweendidi zetyala.

Ingxaki Ekhoyo: Indima Yesinye Isisombululo

Asiyotyala ngalinye elifikelela kwinkundla yenkundla. Isigqibo esichasene nenye impikiswano (ADR) sinegalelo elikhulayo kwiimeko zoluntu nezezaphuli-mthetho.

  • I- I-mediation:[ Ilungu lesithathu lobundilele linceda abahlali bafumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ingakumbi kumthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano zombutho, kunye neemfazwe zoluntu.
  • Ulwahlulo lorhwebo olufuna ulwahlulo
  • [[NTLA] Izicelo ze-(Curty): Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, i-ADR ayibhekiseli kwizivumelwano zabucala kwaye ingaphezulu kwizicelo ezithelekisa phakathi kwengxwabangxwaba kunye nokhuselo, eziphepha ukuvavanywa kwiimeko ezininzi ezigqithiseleyo.

Iziko lesiZwe lobuRhulumente linika ingqiqo ngendlela i-ADR enciphisa ngayo ukuxinana kwenkundla kwaye inceda amaqela afumane izisombululo zokwakha.

IJury Ezukileyo: Umatshini Okhethekileyo Osetyenziswa Kumaziko Obugcisa

Kumthetho woburhulumente kunye nakumaphondo amaninzi, izityholo ezinzulu zetyala kufuneka zihlaziywe kuqala liqulunqe ityala elikhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nejaji eligwebayo (i-petit committery), i-odole eliphambili aligqibi ukuba linetyala kusini na; ligqiba enoba kukho unobangela olindelekileyo wokutyhola. I-Progreetingss iyimfihlo, yaye kuphela abachopheli-tyala abanikela ubungqina. Abagqwebi banamandla okukhupha ityala elincinci kwaye banyanzelela ubungqina. Ngoxa inkqubo ezukileyo yabachophele ityala isebenza njengetyala nxamnye netyala elingenasihlahla.

Imithetho Ecacileyo Ephembelela Ityala

Imithetho ePhambili yoBonakaliso [ kunye nezombuso wabo zilawula oko ijaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho bangakuqwalasela. Abagwebi kufuneka balahle ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo, ubungqina obunelungelo, unxibelelwano olunelungelo, ukulugcina lungaphembeleli isigqibo. Umgwebi umisela imithetho kwiimpikiswano ngexesha lokwenene, ubambe iingqungquthela zentambo zentsimbi. Le mithetho ayingobuchule nje; ikhusela ubulungisa nokuthembeka kwetyala.

Iingcamango ezingundoqo ezicacileyo ziquka ukusebenza (ukungqina kufuneka kutyekele ekungqineni okanye ekuphikiseni inyaniso), ukuthembeka (ubungqina obungochwepheshe kufuneka buhlangabezane nomgangatho weDaubert), nokungahoywa kwezinto ezicalucalucalulwe ngokungeyomfuneko. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na olandela ityala ngokusondeleyo.

ICANDELO: ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika isetyenziswa ngokuyila, ``iqela ngalinye liyixhasa ngamandla indawo yalo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo. Abagwebi basebenza njengabagwebi abangoondilele, hayi abancinwa. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba ukuziphatha kwenkundla kulawulwa ngokungqongqo. Ama-Attorney kufuneka athi jaji “Imbeko Yakho,” kuphephe ukuhlasela kobuqu, kwaye amele xa ethetha nenkundla. AmaNgqina afungelwe ngaphakathi kwaye amele abekwe phantsi kokunqamleza uvavanyo. Uwonke kunye namajelo-media angaqwalasela iimvavanyo ezininzi, kodwa ungquzulwano alunyamezele.

Oku kuphakamisa isidima sale nkqubo yaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imiphumo isekelwe kubungqina nakwimpikiswano, kungekhona kwiimvakalelo okanye amandla.

Isibongozo: Ukulungisa Iimpazamo Nokuwungcolisa UMthetho

Inkqubo ye-appellate yinqanaba elahlukileyo leligion. Iqela lenjongo lihlola ingxelo yamatyala, ii-scripts, kwaye ibhalwe imifutshane, kwaye ibhalwe iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. Iimpikiswano zomlomo zifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo 15-30 imizuzu kwicala ngalinye). Iqela elilahlekayo libonisa ukuba imposiso yenzekile kwaye ichaphazela isiphumo (imposiso [[FLT: 0] engenasiphazamiso [] imigangatho ye v. imposiso ecacileyo). Iinkundla ze-Applite zingaqinisekisa, ukubuyisela, ukuchasana, ukuchasana, okanye ukubuyisela. Ityala elipheleleyo. Inkundla yelizwe elibekwe phantsi.

Umzekelo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo imanda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright[, kunye [FLT]bn v. Ibhodi yemfundo zonke ziqalile ngetyala eliqhelekileyo kwinkundla yokuvavanya.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabafundi Nabafundisi

Kubafundi bomthetho, inkundla elawulayo kunye neenkqubo zifanisa amava enkundla, ukufundisa ubuchule bobugqwirha, ubungqina, kunye necebo lobugqwirha. Inkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabafundisi bangaphambi komthetho zidla ngokuzisa abafundi ukuba bagcine iimvavanyo zokwenene kwinkundla yephondo. Iinkundla ezininzi zikwanikela iimpahla zobuqu ukwenzela iprojekthi enokuthi i-agnome. Ukuzinika ingqhinga abangenamali abanokukwazi ukufikelela kwi-jaji. Ukuqumlamlamli kunika abemi imvume yokugweba igunyazelela ityala, amangqina, okanye amaqela amaqela akwityala.

I- engaphezulu kwesambuku solawulo lwemfundo inika izicwangciso zesifundo, iividiyo, kunye nezikhokelo kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi.

Isiphelo: INkundla njengeNkundla Yobulungisa

Ukusuka kwisatifiketi sokuqala sokukhalaza ukuya kwintetho yokugqibela, inkundla yenkundla ilapho imigaqo ecacileyo yezomthetho iba zizigqibo ezicacileyo ezichaphazela ubomi bokwenene. Nokuba kuconjululwe isivumelwano sesigidi se-doltar okanye kuqwalaselwe isiphelo setyala lesigebengu, inkqubo yenziwa kwizithethe zenkulungwane.

Ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho zasekuhlaleni nezaphuli - mthetho kwenza ukuba ibutho liphelelwe lithemba yaye kugxininisa ingcamango yokuba okusesikweni akuzenzekeli; kufuna ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ekhutheleyo kubagwebi, kumagqwetha, kumajaji nakubemi abanolwazi.