Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lusebenza njengelungu elidibanisa abemi noorhulumente babo, lisebenza njengenhlolo kumandla karhulumente kunye nomnye umlawuli wamazwi kawonke-wonke. Ngaphaya kwedemokhrasi kunye nedemokrasi ephambili yedemokrasi ehlabathini lonke, ibutho labantu elinamaqhawe lisoloko lingumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela nxamnye nobumfiliba, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nolawulo olungenakuchazwa. Olu hlalutyo lwandiswa luhlola indima ebanzi yebutho labantu ekukhuthazeni ukubonakala okucacileyo korhulumente, iindlela eziwusebenzisayo, imiqobo elijongene, kunye nemiphumo ecacileyo eliyiphumele kuyo. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lubalulekile kumntu ozinikele ekukheni ubuchule obungakumbi, ukwamkela, nobuchule obuthembekileyo.

Isiseko Sokubonisana Korhulumente Nokusebenzisa Kwakhe Idemokhrasi

Ukubonakala korhulumente akuyonto nje elungileyo; yintsika esisiseko yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Embangweni wayo, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kuthetha ukuba uluntu lunelungelo lokwazi indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela iimali zikawonke-wonke ezisetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela amandla asetyenziswa ngayo. Xa abemi benokufikelela ngexesha, ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye beqonda ulwazi, banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, babambe amagosa anyuliweyo anokuphendula, kwaye basebenzisane norhulumente kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo kukwangumsingelo onamandla wokunganyaniseki. Xa izenzo zikarhulumente zifihlekile ekuhlolweni nguwonke-wonke, amathuba okunyoba, ukurhwebelana, nokukhetha amatyala. Ngokuchasene noko, uqingqo-mali oluvulekileyo, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezifikelelekayo zemithetho-mthetho zikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamagosa kawonke-wonke ukusebenzisa kakubi iindawo zawo. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zikugqala ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka kwamaziko abonisa ngokucacileyo njengenxalenye yeNgqomo yempumelelo yeDevelopment, i-10, efuna ukuphumelela, kwaye ibandakanya namaziko kuwo onke. Uphando oluvela kwimibutho enjengeBhanki yehlabathi lubonisa ukuba amazwe anemigangatho ephakamileyo yokubonakala esezantsi, ukwanda okungakumbi kwezoqoqosho, nokuthembana kunene koluntu.

Kodwa ukubonakala akuzenzekeli. Kunqabile ukuba oorhulumente banikezele ulwazi ngokuzithandela; kudla ngokuthabatha ingcinezelo eqhubekayo kubemi abalungelelanisiweyo nakumaqela azimeleyo ukuze bavule imfihlo karhulumente.

Indlela I-Romati Yolawulo Loburhulumente Lwamakhaya

Imibutho yamakhaya (CSOs) isebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokukhuthaza ukubonakala. Imiqathango yayo yomsebenzi, uphando, ukulawulwa kwemithetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo yoluntu, nokusebenzisana ngokungqalileyo nabaququzeleli borhulumente. Amacandelo alandelayo achaza indlela esisiseko ibutho labantu eliqhubela phambili ngayo ekuvulekeni ulawulo.

Uhlolo oluzimeleyo kunye nolawulo

Enye yezona minikelo zingqalileyo zebutho labantu kukugada imisebenzi karhulumente. Iintlangano zilandela inkcitho kawonke-wonke, iinkqubo zokuphicothwa kwemali, ukuvavanya ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye neemeko zoxwebhu zenkunkuma okanye ukunganyaniseki. Umzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi, iCSOs yandisa "ukubonakala ngokucacileyo" amanyathelo ahlalutya uqingqo-mali lwesizwe okanye lwengingqi zithelekisa iinkcitho ezicetyiweyo neziphumo zokwenene. Xa kuvela iingxubusho ezi, la maqela azisa ekuhleni oko athenjiweyo nokufuna iingcaciso kumagosa karhulumente.

Ukongeza ekuhlolweni koqingqo-mali, amaqela oluntu asoloko ephawula unyulo, iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Iintlanganiso zokhetho ngooPopu basekhaya nangeeCSO zamazwe ngamazwe zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokukhetha zihlala zikhululekile, zilungile, kwaye zicace. Ngokufanayo, imibutho yeenja egadekileyo iya kuphulaphula iindlebe zikawonke-wonke kwaye inikela ingxelo yokuba amagosa karhulumente aphatha abemi ngokulinganayo okanye asebenza emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo. Oku kumisela ukuthintelwa okunamandla nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga, kwaye kunika uluntu ulwazi olufunekayo ukuvavanya imicimbi karhulumente.

Uphando, uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi, kunye namaphulo olwazi lukawonke-wonke

Imibutho yoluntu isebenza njengemibutho yolwazi eguqulela ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lukarhulumente kulwazi olufikelelekayo kubemi. Ngophando olunzulu nangohlalutyo logcino-lwazi, ityhila iindlela zokunganyaniseki, ukungaphumeleli, okanye ucalucalulo olunokuhlala lufihliwe. Ivelisa iingxelo, iinkcazelo, kunye neewebhsayithi ezisebenzisanayo ezenza kube lula ngomntu oqhelekileyo ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wakhe asebenza ngayo. Oku kusetyenziswa kolawulo lomthetho kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeke kwingxelo ekwaziwayo.

Kwakhona iiCSO zinegalelo elininzi kumaphulo okulumkisa uluntu. Zisebenzisa amajelo eendaba, amajelo eendaba, iziganeko zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo zoshishino loluntu ukufundisa abemi ngelungelo labo lokufumana ulwazi, ukubaluleka kokuvela kwenkcazelo, nendlela abanokufuna ngayo ukuphendula. La maphulo abaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumbandela apho ulwazi okanye ukufikelela kwamanani kulinganiselweyo, njengoko beqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaphantsi kwemibutho abashiyilwa kwimibutho ekhankanyiweyo.

Umthetho osemthethweni kunye neMithetho yoKwasekunene ukuya kuMazi

Zimbalwa izinto eziphunyezwe luluntu eziye zatshintsha njengemiqathango yehlabathi lonke yenkululeko yolwazi (YOI). Kumazwe ngamazwe, amaqela oluntu aye akhokela umlo wokumisela, ukomeleza, nokuzalisekisa umthetho we-FOI. Zixhasa iinkcazelo ezibanzi "inkcazelo zikawonke-wonke," ezincinane, eziphantsi okanye ezingekho mrhumo ziphantsi wezicelo, kunye neequmrhu elizimeleyo elijongene neempikiswano. Xa imithetho ikho kwiincwadi, ii-CSOs ziyaqhubeka zihlola ukuthotywa, ukukhatywa kwemishwa enkundleni, kunye nabemi bendlela yokusebenzisa i-FOI izicelo ngokunempumelelo.

Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi eUnited States ngumzekelo ophawulayo, kodwa imithetho efanayo ngoku ikhona kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120. I-Indias Ilungile kuMthetho wolwazi (2005) yaba ngumphumo othe ngqo weminyaka yokusebenza komsebenzi wobungcakathi ngemibutho efana neMazhoo Kisan Shakti Santagatan (MKSS), eyasebenzisa ukuva uwonke-wonke kunye nophicotho lwentlalo ukubhenca ur-r-r-okscelo olubhetye-o kuphuhliso lwasemaphandleni. Ezi zicwangciso zomthetho azinakubakho ngaphandle koxinzelelo olungapheliyo nobuchule boluntu.

Ukuba Ngummi Olawulayo Nonenxaxheba

Ukubonakala gca akusisiphelo ngokwaso; kuyindlela yokwenza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke. Ibutho labemi lidala iqonga apho abemi banokunxibelelana ngqo namagosa karhulumente, banikele igalelo kwiinkqubo, kwaye banikele izigqibo zokulungisa ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuncedisa kuqingqo-mali kwaqala ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, ekupheleni koo 1980 kwaye ukususela ngoko kuye kwasasazeka kumakhulu-khulu ezixeko ehlabathini lonke. Kule nkqubo, amalungu oluntu avota indlela yokwabelana nenxalenye yoqingqo-mali kamasipala, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa.

Ngaphandle koqingqo-mali, ibutho labantu lilungiselela ukunxibelelana noluntu, iiholo zedolophu kunye neekomiti zolawulo zabami. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala kwale ndawo kukhokelela ekuphenduleni, kungekhona ekuqwalaleni nje. Ngokubandakanya abantu abaqhelekileyo ekulawuleni, iCSOs inceda ekukheni isithethe sobumi obusebenzayo esiyimfuneko kwimpilo yedemokhrasi.

Izixhobo zamanani kunye neNtshukumo yokubonisa ngaphaya yale mihla

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye bandisa ngokuphawulekayo izixhobo ezikhoyo kwibutho lasekuhlaleni. Ii-data ezikhoyo, ii-apples, ii-apps ezizizibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano ezisetyenziswa ngabantu zivumela ii-CSOs ukuba ziqokelele, zihlolisise, zisasaze ulwazi ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. Ngoku intlangano zikhubaza ii-webhsayithi zikarhulumente ukuze zifumane ulwazi, zakha iibhodi zokoqobo kwinkcitho kawonke-wonke, kwaye zenza abemi bakwazi ukuchaza ukunganyani ngefowuni.

Umzekelo, Icandelo loRhulumente elivulekileyo [i-OGP], elindululwe ngo-20, linyathelo elizinzileyo elidibanisa oorhulumente kunye noluntu ukudibanisa amalungiselelo esizwe okubonisa ukubonakala, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokuphendula. Imibutho yasekuhlaleni idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-OGP ngokuqwalasela izibophelelo zoorhulumente, iqhubela phambili utshintsho olunentsingiselo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banesihlalo esithebeni. Isivumelwano siye sakhula ukuquka amazwe angaphezu kwama-70 namakhulu oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ebonisa amandla oluntu ukuqhuba utshintsho kwinkqubo yehlabathi jikelele.

Noko ke, izixhobo zamanani zikwanobungozi. Oorhulumente banokusebenzisa ubugcisa bokuhlola imimandla, iiwebhsayithi zokuvala okanye ukusasaza ulwazi. Amaqela oluntu kufuneka asoloko eqhelanisa nezisongelo eziphazamisayo, aqinisekise ukuba izibonelelo zawo zihlala zikhuselekile nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngekhompyutha akusetyenziswanga okanye akupheliswanga.

Iingxaki Zokujamelana Noluntu Olungabemi Kumlo Wokubonisa Ingqiqo

Nangona ibalulekile, ibutho labantu lisebenza kwindawo enzima ngakumbi. Le mingeni idla ngokufana, nto leyo efuna ukuba kubekho umanyano lwentlangano nezizwe ngezizwe.

Uqeqesho lwezibonelelo nokungaHlangani

Imibutho emininzi yoluntu ixhomekeke kwimibutho yezentengiselwano evela kwiziseko, kwinkxaso yehlabathi jikelele, okanye kwiminikelo yabantu ngabanye. Le mithombo yenkxaso-mali ingaba neengxaki ezingacacanga, ixhomekeke kwii-projekthi zezobupolitika, okanye idityaniswe neemfuno ezimxinwa zenkqubo. Xa ubuncwane bunqabile, i-CSOs kufuneka imisele iinkqubo ezifutshane kwisakhiwo sexesha elide, ezinokuphelisa ukukwazi kwayo ukuphatha ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, oorhulumente abaninzi baye bamisela imithetho ethintela ukuxhaswa kwemali ye-CSOs, ikhupha imibutho ezimeleyo njenge "ingingqi zemali zeqela lengingqi" kwaye inqumla iintambo zemali ezibalulekileyo.

Uwiso-mthetho nomthetho

Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente baye bamisela imiqathango engekho mthethweni kwibutho lasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka iimfuno ezinzima zokubhaliswa, iinkcazelo ezibanzi ze "ipolitiki" ezitshayela amalungelo abantu kunye nomsebenzi wokubonisa imbonakalo, kunye nezigwebo ezikrakra kwimibutho engakwaziyo ukuhambisana nazo. Ii-Actigentis zijongene nochokoza, ukungxwa, ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni, kunye nogonyamelo. Inkqumrhu yorrate yenkohlakalo yomhlaba jikelele igxininisa rhoqo izithuba zokuncipha kwezithuba zoluntu, ingakumbi kumazwe apho izindululo ezifuna utshintsho olugqithisileyo. Imiqathango enjalo ayiyo kuphela eyingozi kodwa ikwadala iziphumo ezicaphukisayo ekungeneni kwe-'accotation.

Ukungakhathali Kukawonke - wonke Nokungahoywa

Kwanakwibutho elivulekileyo, abemi abaninzi abafuni ukuthotyelwa kwimithetho. Ukuthemba amaziko, imvakalelo yokungabi nagunya, okanye ukuxinana kolwazi olulula kungakhokelela ekungabini namdla. Kwangaxeshanye, ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kunye nokudityaniswa kwenkcazelo kudida ngabom uluntu, kuphelisa ukholo kwingxelo eyinyaniso, kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuba ibutho labantu liqinise izivumelwano ukuze litshintshe. Ukulwa nokungakhathali kwabantu kufuna ubuchule nokuzingisa, kuquka ukusebenzisa amabali, amaqabane asekuhlaleni, kunye nokuthetha ngentetho e-lishwabazisa abantu ukuba babonise ukuba batshate.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi

Abacholacholi-ndaba, abakhuseli bamalungelo abantu, nabameli bemiboniso yokuvela kwamalungelo abantu basoloko bejamelene nezisongelo nje zokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Kumazwe anjengeMexico, iPhilippines, neRashiya, abaxhasi bemibutho baye baqweqwediswa, babethwa okanye babulawa. Umgangatho wamanani awukhuselekanga, ukhuseleko lwezikhuseli, uqhaqho, uqhatho, kunye namaphulo okugqna amatyala kufuneka afake inxaxheba ekuqeqesheni ukhuseleko, ukunxibelelana nothungelwano, kunye nenkxaso yengqondo yabasebenzi bawo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ibutho Labemi Liyasebenza

Ukuqonda impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yebutho lasekuhlaleni ekubonakaleni korhulumente, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa amanyathelo athile afumene iziphumo ezinokufikeleleka. Imizekelo elandelayo ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nomongo.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Ithatha Isinyathelo EUnited States

I-FOIA yase-U.S., eyamiselwa ngo1966, yaba ngumphumo othe ngqo wamashumi eminyaka yokungagunyaziswa kwe-demokhrasi ziintatheli, amagqwetha, kunye namaqela karhulumente alungileyo anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union kunye neSocial Pointerss Union kunye neSocial professional. Le mibutho yaqhubela phambili yomthetho eyayiza kuqinisekisa ukufumaneka koluntu kwiingxelo zikarhulumente zikarhulumente, iphikisa ukuba ukubekwa kwedemo-demokhrasi. Nangona umthetho wokuqala wawuneenza izikhala ityala, uluntu lwaqhubeka lucinezela ukupheliswa kwemithetho yoluntu ukuqulungela ukuquluphala nokuzimela i-projeko emva koogranti.

Izabelo zokulwa nokusetyenziswa komphandle ezibonisa ngaphaya komhlaba wonke

I-Tiverance International (TI) iqaliswe ngo-1993, i-Transparency International (i-TI) iye yaba yintlangano ekhokelayo echasene norhwaphilizo lwentlalo yabemi. Ngenkqubo yayo yoHlomelo lobuHlaziyo, nge-Global Hooksi Barometer, nomsebenzi wokuphatha i-TI i-Orcecompacy, ibeke urhwayiso ncam kwimiba yehlabathi jikelele. Ixhasa izahluko zezizwe kumazwe ajonge ingqibelelo karhulumente, inyanzelela utshintsho olusemthethweni, kwaye inika abemi bemi bomi amandla okuvulela i-mkhala ekuxhatshazweni kwe-Rhulumente yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nxamnye norhwebe, okuquka amalungiselelo okugqamisa i-ngqayiyo nokungena kuwonke. Ngokudibanisa ulwazi oluqinileyo nezenzo ezixhatshana ezixhasa ubupolitiki, i-zi bentlalo lubonise indlela i-minye enokuba inguqulelo zoogroots.

Iqabane Elivulekileyo Lorhulumente: Umzekelo Omtsha Wendalo

I-Ouble Government Privined imela intsebenziswano entsha phakathi koorhulumente kunye nebutho labantu. I-OGP esungulwe ngamazwe asibhozo ngo-2011, ngoku iquka uninzi loorhulumente besizwe kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abazimisele ukusungula iingcinga zokunxibelelana neentlangano zezentlalo ezizimeleyo. Ezi zicwangciso zigubungela iindawo ezifana nokubona ngaphaya kweliso, ukufikelela ulwazi, ukuthatha inxaxheba yoluntu, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa. I-opu yenze indima yoluntu edityalwayo isebenza ngokubini: njengelungu lemibophelelo-mali nelwongalo yenkqubela-phambili. Imodeli ibonisa ukuba xa intlalo yentlalo ingu ekuhlaleni, kuquka ukukhululwa kwe-projectivesting eninzi.

I-Indiya Inelungelo leNkqutyana yoLwazi

Mhlawumbi akukho meko inye elungiselelwe uluntu ebonisa kakuhle amandla okulawula ibutho labantu abahlala emakhaya. Lo mbutho wakhula waba liphulo loburhulumente elifuna ilungelo elisemthethweni lolwazi (RTI). Ukususela ngo-1990 kwimo eyinkqantosi yaseRajasthan, abaxhasi abasuka kwi-MKSS belungelelanisa ukuchotshelwa kwabantu ngokubanzi apho abemi basezidolophini abangamahlwempu bathethana namagosa ajongene nemali elahlekileyo. Umbutho wakhula waba liphulo lobuzwe loburhulumente loburhulumente lokufuna ilungelo elisemthethweni lolwazi. Emva kweminyaka ephambili yokutsala uxinzelelo noxinzelelo lwasesitratweni, iPalamente yadlula i-RTI ngo-20055. Umthetho uye wasetyenziswa amaxesha amaninzi ngabemi abaqhelekileyo ukuhlola iingxelo zomhlaba, ukubhenca kwemisebenzi kawonke, kwaye ubamba i-faucracracta ophendula ngokusetyenziswa ngumthetho, ngokukodwa ukuze ulungele ukuphumelela koluntu olunezelelwe ngolungelelwano lwezentengo.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto Yoluntu

Ukubonakala kwale ngxaki akusosipho sikarhulumente esithi siphana; lilungelo elimele lithatyathwe kwaye likhuselwe. Imibutho yabemi ingoothunywashe abaphambili kwezo ngxelo. Ngokuhlola, ngophando, ngokubhalisa, ngokusemthethweni, nangokubotshwa kommi, babhenela ekuvulweni kweminyango, babhexele iihambo evaliweyo, bavelise iimeko zokungalungisi, kwaye benze nemeko zokuthabatha inxaxheba kuluntu. Njengoko eli nqaku libonisile, uloyilelo oluphunyezwe ngabantu basekuhlaleni `inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, inkululeko yolwazi, iintlanganiso zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa komthetho, kunye nokusebenzisana kwemibutho yorhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye ayizibomvolulo olungenamdla kodwa luphucul ubomi.

Kodwa indlela engaphambili izaliswe ziingxaki. Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo yentlalo, izithintelo zogcino-lwazi, izisongelo zamanani, kunye nokungabinamdla kukawonke-wonke konke kusongela intshukumo yokubonakala. Ukuxhasa inkqubela-phambili, imibutho yoluntu kufuneka ikwazi ukuvelisa, ukwakha imibutho, nokuzibophelela ukuze ikwazi ukuzimela. Abami, kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukukhanyisa akungomnye umntu osebenzayo; kufuna ukuxhasa ngenkuthalo. Ukuxhasa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ukusebenzisa imithetho ye-FOI, ukunyanzela ukuba inkcazelo evuleke, nokuvota koonompelenti, zonke iindlela ezinokubonelela zinokuba negalelo kuzo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwebutho lasekuhlaleni ne-odologue nolufuna ukubonakala ngokucacileyo korhulumente lululo. Xa uluntu lunamandla, oorhulumente banokuphendula ngakumbi, kwaye ulawulo-melo lusempilweni. Xa uluntu lucinezelwe, ulwalamano lomntu olungenalunyuko norhwaphilizo luyanda. Nabani na ozimisele ukwakha ihlabathi elinobulungisa nelivulekileyo, ukuxhasa ibutho labantu akuyomfuneko.