Umzabalazo wenkululeko yabemi eMelika yingxelo echaza imbali yesizwe, isazinge esiqhubekayo solwando, ukuphinde siphinde siqinisekiswe esiye sadala isivumelwano esingokwasemthethweni nesobuntlalo phakathi kwabantu kunye nesizwe. Ukusuka kwimithetho-siseko yamandulo yelizwe eyathi yabonisa ukuzilawula ngokwayo kumadabi akhoyo embalini kunye nokuhlola, ukulwela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nenkululeko angazange ahlale ehleli. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali eziphawula olu hambo, zingahlolisiyo nje kuphela imigaqo-wiso-mthetho nezololoyilo lwezomthetho kodwa kwanemibutho yentlalo kunye neengca eziqhuba inkqubela ephambili. Ukuqonda lamaxesha kulungiselela umxholo obalulekileyo womsebenzi oqhubekayo wokukhusela inkululeko yesizwe kwihlabathi elihlala likho.

Ukufumana amaxwebhu nokuzalwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yentanda-bulumko yenkululeko yabemi baseMerika ixhomekeke kwiinjongo zoluvo zoluHluno ezabangela isizukulwana sokusekwa. Ngoxa iSindululo seSindululo seSikhululo (1776) sivakalisa ngenkalipho ukuba bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angenakuphambukwa ebomini, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo, ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwaloo migaqo yemigaqo kusemngciphekweni. UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala (1787) wadala isiseko sorhulumente olinganiselweyo, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo enkululeko. Abanti-Federali abaninzi, besoyika igunya elinamandla, benyanzelela ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko ecacileyo yenkululeko yabantu ngabanye njengemeko yokwakhenke. (imeko yokukhuselwa kwe-Rhulumente) kunye nokukhuselwa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo kwe-Rhulumente (i-Angleduast) ukukhusela okungaqondakaliyokunganye kwe-Angcunyunyuswayo, ukukhuselwa kwemeko enkulu kwe-waka esithe kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ephambili (179119,119,19).

  • ISibhengezo senkululeko (1776]: Amalungelo ehlabathi lonke obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo, ukumisela umgangatho onqwenelekayo wenkululeko yabemi baseMerika.
  • UmGaqo-siseko (1787): Useke urhulumente wezwekazi olinganiselweyo, ohlulwe amagunya kunye neengqikelelo, kodwa washiya ireyithi yamalungelo, ebangela ingxoxo ekrakra.
  • IBhili yamaLungelo (1791): Iintlawulo zokuqala ezilishumi zidweliswe ngokucacileyo iinkululeko, kuquka ukuthetha, ukucofa, indibano, unqulo, kunye nenkxaso kubamangalelwa abagwebi. Yaba ngumbhalo osisiseko wokuhlola inkululeko.
  • IsiHlalisi se 14 seMpanzi (1868): Nangona senziwe emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iCelas yeNdlela yayo eThe Claus yasetyenziswa kamva ukusebenzisela uninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo ukukhusela urhulumente (ukufundisa), ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kwawo.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya, Ukuphinda Kuhlaziywe Nokukhula Kobumi

Imfazwe yamakhaya yamela umzabalazo wentlekele wokusombulula ukungqubana kokusekwa kobukhoboka. Ngoxa iEmanciption Proclation (1863) yavakalisa inkululeko kumakhoboka kumaphondo aseConferate, yayiyiSigqibo sokulungisa esasijolise ekugqibeleni ukulingana kwenkululeko ye-mzimbeni. UMthetho we-13th Amendment (1865) waphelisa ubukhoboka nokungabotshwa kwabantu, nangona ukuvunyelwa kokunyanzeleka njengomthetho njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, ekugqibeleni kwakuza kusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukuze kubekwe ityala. Unyusombululo lweshumi elinesine (1868) lwamela ukwanda okungatshintshiyo kwenkululeko yenkululeko yoluntu. [ukulawula i-Rhulumente, i-engagqibekanga kusetyenziswa ngokuqatha kwemiqatha, i-CB" kwaye ifuna ukupheliswa kwendlela yokuzinziswa kwerhafu, ukupheliswa kwetyala kweminye i-cul-odwa kwetyala, i-ofusebuhlanga eliphantsi kwe-odwa kwetyala, i-ogruptle ngokungekho ngezantsi, i-ophunye

  • Unyuso lweNkqutyana (1863): Umlinganiselo wemfazwe owachaza kwakhona ungquzulwano njengomlo woluntu kwaye walungisa indlela yokuphelisa umGaqo-siseko.
  • IsiHlanzi se-13 soMphetho-mda (1865):[ ngokungeyomfuneko yabuphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungeyomfuneko, kunye negalelo elihlala lihleli.
  • IsiHlalisi se-14 (1868): simisele ubumi bobuzibulo, ukhuseleko, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo; isiseko solwenziso lwale mihla lwenkululeko yabemi. Funda umbhalo opheleleyo kunye nonobumba.
  • IsiHlalisi se 15 sePhinda Imithetho (1870): sabhenca ucalulo lokuvota olusekelwe kuhlanga, ilungelo elafuna ukuba uMthetho wamalungelo onyaka ka-1965 ube luncedo.

Intlangano Yamalungelo Abemi: Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwesibini

Iphulo elithe xhaxheyo lenkulungwane yama-20 langqinela iphulo elithe rhoqo lokuchitha iphondo lobuzwe elinokwahlulwa ngokwee-oklurtu, elibizwa ngokuba yiNkulumbuso yesibini. Iqhinga elingokwasemthethweni, elikhokelwa yiNaACP Egameni Defement, laphumelela uloyiso lwalo oluchithiweyo Brown v. IBrown yemfundo yeTope[[FLT]. [FLT].] I-FOP] I-FOP [1] eyiNtloko ephakamileyo iphendumkelwe [[FLT], ichaza ukuba izibonelelo zemfundo zokufundisa zazingalinganiyo kwaye zaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Oku kulawula kokuchasa kunye nokusebenza kwe-ivoms. Imeko epheleleyo yezobupolitiki, i-J. i-Prin, i-Proment, kunye nomkhosi wobund, kunye nomkhosi wamapolisa owenziswayo, uG.

Umthetho wowiso-mthetho walandela. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 wawulumthetho obalulekileyo owalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. UMthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka wama-65 wamisela ngqo imiqathango yokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho; ukuchasa ulawulo lwabaMnyama, ukuvala iimvavanyo zokufunda nokunye ukubhalisa ucalulo, nokufuna ulawulo lwesizwe olulawula imicimbi yemibandlu yocalulo. Zonke ezi zenzo zaguqula umthetho nebutho labantu. Noko ke, umbutho watyhila imilinganiselo yomthetho iyodwa; ukuchasa, kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo ngowe-19656 kuye kwabekwa phantsi kwemingeniselo esemthethweni, ubukhulu benza iziphumo zesigqibo esingomthetho, ubukhulu beCandelo lweNkugqibelo oluphezulu [F.Fold.[ft] kunye nelungu le-Rolders.[1]

  • [FLT][FULT]n v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): ukubekwa kwezithuba eziphethukileyo kwesikolo, ukuseka ukuba ucalulo alulingani ngokwemvelo. [[FLT:] uluvo olupheleleyo lukhona ukusuka kuVimba weSizwe [[FLT:].
  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi (1964): ngokubanzi ucalucalulo lwalela kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwinkqubo zikarhulumente; kwakhona wathetha ngocalulo lwesini.
  • UMthetho wovolo olufuna ulawulo lwamaLungelo (1965): ngokuthe ngqo wahlasela imiqobo yokwakha ekuvoteni okumnyama, kunye namalungiselelo afuna ukuvelela kwesizwe kumazwe athile.
  • uMartin Luther King Jr.'s "Ndinephupha" Intetho (1963): ukrobisa umbono wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokulingana kwesizwe nokusesikweni ngexesha likaMatshi eWashington.
  • [[NTL:0] ISelma ukuya eMontgomery Matshi (1965):[[FT:1] ngokungqalileyo yabangela uMthetho wamalungelo okuBonisa ngokukhwankqisayo uluntu ngenxa yokucinezelwa kogonyamelo kwabaqhankqalazi boxolo.

Ukwandisa ingqukuva: Imfihlelo, ingwevu nokungalawuleki

Ukuhambela phambili koo1960 nowe-1970 kwanwenwa ukuquka uninzi lwenkululeko yabemi. INkundla yaqalisa ukuqaphela ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuzimela, ekuqaleni licetyiswa ku Griswold v. Connecticut[, eyathi yaphelisa ukuvalwa kokuthintela ukukhawula. Eli lungelo lanwenwenwenwela ngokuphawulekayo [kukokuba nelungelo lokuzimela ii-imfashonini] ku-'[FLT:] Reoe v. [[FLT:][FLT] [12] [1273]], eyamkela ilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kweMxozo oMxokelelwano ka Clasko. Isigqibo saqhubeka ukulwa kwezopolitiko nasemthethweni, siphumele ekulungiseni kwayo [Fodks] v.IIIII.[5] Iqela lemignomes, i-G.[1252] Imithetho ekhud , ekhud transticed trans

AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) ka-1990 amele ukutshintshwa kwendlela abantu abakhubazekileyo abanokufumaneka ngayo. Yalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abakhubazekileyo emsebenzini, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, ezothutho, kunye nezokunxibelelana, ezifuna indawo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala. Umthetho uye wanceda ekuphuculeni ukuphucula ufikelelo nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngokuzenzekelayo, ukulwa iLGBTQ+ amalungelo. [FLT: 0]] LYLAVIN] v. [[FLT:] [2003], iNkuNkuNkuvo iphezulu yabetha imithetho ebangela ukuba kubekho ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumeneyo, ukurhoxaba Bhow [5].[FLT] kunye neSigrounices, kwathiwe inguRhovelve. [irvelvelvey] [ief]

  • Roe v. [1903] wamkela ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa phantsi kwamalungelo obucala; wagqitha umthetho ngo 2022, ukubuyisela umba kumazwe.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (1990): ngokubanzi alwalela ucalulo kwaye afuna indawo yokuhlala kubomi bukawonke-wonke.
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas (2003): Ukurhoxa phantsi imithetho yesodoma kwaye uqinisekisa ilungelo kwihambo yabucala.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) ( Ukuqonda ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kumtshato ofanayo wobunyani. [[FLT:] Funda uluvo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo
  • IThe Respecious for Marriage Act (202): yanikezela ukhuseleko lwemithetho yequmrhu lomanyano lomtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini noweentlanga.

Imimandla Yanamhlanje: Utshintsho LobuGcisa BeziNqaba, Lokwenziwa Kwamalungelo, Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, umlo wokhuseleko lwabemi unyuke waya kukhula wafikelela kumaphondo amatsha. Ubugcisa bamanani buye baguqula indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuphila, kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokuba sedwa nokuhlola. USA PATRIOTTT, owenziwa emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11, amandla olawulo oluphezulu lukarhulumente, akhokelela kwiingxoxo ngokhuseleko lwesizwe ngokuchasene noluntu. [[FFLT:1] , (208]), urhulumente umele ukuba ufune isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwindawo ye-celleal data, idibanisa umqondiso wokukhuselwa kweminxeba ye-DSDSD, oye yaphelisa ukuqokelelwaba okukhulu kweminxeba. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, i-Carterternate v. [United [20]), ulawulo lobugcisa lobuxhakaxhakalw lwabiwo lomthetho lomthetho wobuphindo lobuphindo lobuphindo lobuphindo lombane lobuphindo.

Amalungelo aqhubeka efana newonga eliphezulu. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 [FLT: 0] se-Shelby County v. IKhomishini yalubek ’ inyathelo langaphambili lamaLungelo, elikhokelela kwimiqathango emitsha yokhetho. UJohn Lewis Voting Rights Agrence Act, ebizwa ngokuba yi-comporance, encodwe kwiBhunga lengingi, ukubuyiselwa nokuhlaziywa koMthetho wokukhusela. Ulungiso lwetyala lwezaphuli-mthetho luye lwafumana igalelo, ngemigudu yokuthetha ngomdla, ukunyanzelo olunyanzelekileyo, nokuphendula kwemithetho esemthethweni. IJanethi yemithetho elawula i-Policractic Act, ngelicard, ikhuselwe ngokugqibelelayo, i-octive i-octivel, i-evon, i-exective, i-encess ichaza ngokutyibility, iziphumo zemeko yexesha eliqhelekileyo, i-ethe yexesha elipheleleyo, i-

  • [FLT] Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Gqiba phantsi indlela esetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba zeziphi izithuba ezifuna ulawulo lwamaqumrhu phantsi koMthetho wamalungelo oluntu.
  • [FLT]] Amaqonga . United States [2018] Ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwindawo ekwiseli- embalini yogcino-lwazi, umthetho wemfihlo wemfihlo yamanani.
  • IBlack Lives Matter Movement (203-presente): Umbutho olungeleleneyo othetha ngobuhlanga, ugonyamelo lwamapolisa, kunye nohlobo olubanzi lobuhlanga.
  • UMthetho weLungisa we-George Floyd Justice kuMthetho wePolicition (ocetyisiweyo): UMthetho wokuthetha ngokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, ukukhusela ukunqanda ukufaneleka, nokusebenzisa imigangatho yonyanzelo.

Isiphelo: Ibali Elingenazintlupheko Lenkululeko YaseMelika

Iziganeko zembali eziphambili ekulweni inkululeko yabemi eMelika zityhila indlela yokulwa inkqubela esoloko ifunyanwa ngokulwa, ukuchasana, kunye nokuzincama. Isizukulwana ngasinye siye sazuza ilifa lamalungelo akhethekileyo alwayo ngaphambili, kwaye ngasinye siye sajamelana nocelomngeni lokukhusela nokunyusa loo malungelo ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezintsha. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwiingxoxo zamanani zanamhlanje, icandelo lenkululeko yoluntu alithinteleki; lenziwe ngabaxhasi bemi, abalawuli, abalawuli, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo abafuna ukuba ilizwe liphile kwimigaqo yalo yokusungula. Iimfazwe eziqhubekayo ngenxa yokufikelela ekuvoteleni, amalungelo okuvelisa inzala, ulawulo, ulawulo, nokulingana komthetho kubonisa ukuba eli balibaliweyo alipheliseki. Ukuqonda oku kulungiselela ukuba ukuthelekelela okufanelekileyo komsebenzi oqhubekayo wokulungisa imicimbi yembali