Ukwazisa: Ikhorista Entle

Inkqubo elindelekileyo imele njengenye yeyona migaqo ihlala ihleli kwaye ibalulekile kwinkqubo yomthetho-demokhrasi. Isebenza njengekhusi ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kobuzwilane kwamandla karhulumente ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo esesikweni nesemthethweni. Lo mgaqo asiyomfuneko yobuchule nje; ngummiselo obekekileyo wokuthembana phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuva okufanelekileyo, isaziso setyala, kunye nomxhasi ongenamkhethe, inkqubela efanelekileyo, uphakamisa umthetho womthetho kwaye ukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Kwihlabathi apho igunya likarhulumente linokuba likhulu, inikeza inkqubo efunekayo ukuze ulungelelanise amandla obuqu.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Imilinganiselo Emibini Engafaniyo

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela inkululeko, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda amacala ayo amabini angundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Ngelixesha zombini zisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esinye somgaqo-siseko, zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukulinganisela izenzo zikarhulumente.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukuqinisekisa Iindlela Ezilungileyo

Inkqubo yentsingiselo efunekayo ibhekisa kwi engoomogos urhulumente kufuneka alandele phambi kokuba asuse ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla yomntu. Kukusesikweni kwinkqubo ngokwayo. Iimfuno ze-procedology ziquka:

  • Inqaku lophawu: Umntu kufuneka axelelwe ngesenzo esicetyiweyo kunye nezizathu zaso. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esaneleyo, umntu akanako ukulungiselela ukhuseleko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ithuba elibalulekileyo lokunika ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, nokuphikisana nesenzo sikarhulumente. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka ekuchotshelweni okanye ekucinyweni.
  • Isigqibo- somenzi-siqendu: Umntu okanye iqela lenjongo ligqiba ukuba ityala limele libe nobundilele, ngaphandle komdla wobuqu okanye wemali kwisiphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo kwiSicelo: Kwimicimbi emininzi enzima, abantu banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olulungileyo.

Ezi mfuneko azinakuqina; yiyiphi inkqubo exhomekeke kumongo. Umzekelo, umfundi ojongene nothutho olufutshane angafumana ukhuseleko oluncinci lwemvelaphi kunokufumana umntu ojamelene nesohlwayo sokufa. Umzekelo wophawu olubonakalayo . Goldberg v. Kelly[FLT]] [1970]) umelwe kukuthi phambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise intlalo-ntle, kufuneka inikezele inzala ecacileyo ngokuchasene nomthwalo wolawulo karhulumente. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo elungeleleneyo isebenza kubungakanani bokungaphazanyiswa.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Ngelixesha inkqubo efunekayo yokuyila ilawula indlela imisebenzi karhulumente, imida encinci yenkqubo efunekayo oko urhulumente angakwenza. Ithintela urhulumente ukuba angaphazamisani neenkululeko ezithile ezingundoqo, nokuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Inkqubo efunekayo ekhusela amalungelo “ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga” kwaye nebalulekileyo ekuyalelweni kwenkululeko. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Privitacy kunye ne-Autonomy: ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo zobuqu malunga nomtshato, ukuzala, ukuthintela ukuthintelwa komzimba, nokuzala umntwana.
  • Ingqibelelo yosapho: Ilungelo lokuhlala kunye njengentsapho ngaphandle kokuphazamisana kwemeko engekhoyo.
  • Ingqibelelo engokwasemzimbeni: Ilungelo lokwala unyango lonyango kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngomzimba wakho.

Inkqubo esisiseko ephantsi isoloko ibandakanya uphando olungqongqo: nawuphi na umthetho ophazamisa ilungelo elisisiseko kufuneka ugwetywe nomdla onyanzelisayo karhulumente kwaye kufuneka ulungiswe ngokumxinwa ukuze uphumeze loo mdla. Lo mgxobhozo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zikarhulumente ezinokuziphazamisa inkululeko yobuqu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efunekayo encinane efunekayo isenokukhokelela ekuphathweni yinkundla, kodwa abaxhasi bayo basoloko besithi luvavanyo oluyimfuneko ekungeneleni kwemithetho kwinkululeko engundoqo.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwenkqubo

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ibuyela emva kwiinkulungwane, isuka kumthetho - siseko wamaxesha aphakathi isiya kumthetho wale mihla. Ukuqonda le mbali kusikhanyisela isizathu sokuba lo mgaqo usekelwe ngokunzulu kwizithethe zezomthetho zaseNtshona.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Intetho yokuqala esemthethweni yenkqubo efanelekileyo yavela kwiMagna Carta, eyatyikitywa eRunnymede. Isahluko 39 somthetho siseko wantlandlolo savakalisa oku: “Akukho mkhululi uza kuthathwa, afakwe entolongweni, asuswe, angabikwasemthethweni, agxothwe, okanye nangayiphi na indlela atshabalaliswe... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Eli binzana ```````Inkqubo yangaphambili yomthetho''''''''''." Lo myalelo wenziwa nguMagna' owaziwaziwa ngokuba yisiseko somthetho-omthetho-omthetho-o-okna kumkani akakwazi ukuthatha nxaxheba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ibinzana elithi “umthetho welizwe” lathi chaza ukuba yinkqubo emiselwe ngumthetho kuphela enokuthi umntu onikwe inkululeko okanye impahla.

IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) kunye namaTshati aMarhamente

Kwiinkulungwane kamva, iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo yaqinisa ukhuseleko kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga kunye nokuvalelwa ngenkohlakalo. Abathathi-nxaxheba baseMerika, abaqhelene nezi zithethe zomthetho oqhelekileyo, baquka imigaqo efunekayo kwimithetho yabo yobukoloni. Umzekelo, iMassachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) kunye neSindululo samalungelo eVirginia (776) soobabini bavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu unokuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

ISigqibo seFindth Amendment (1791) senze inkqubo efunekayo yezomgaqo-siseko isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko kumgangatho wesizwe: “Akukho mntu oya kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine (1868) lwandisa le mfuneko kumazwe:“... akukho naliphi na iLizwe eliya kumhlutha nabani na umntu ophilayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. [11] [11] ulwandiso oluphambili kusungulwe yinkqubo ye-Rhulumente, iBhibe isebenza kurhulumente we-omgano ye-omganethi.[3] [12] [3] INkquluvos.[3] INKT] ivumela ukuba iNkukhuselwane yoMXokanye neNXokanye neN, inguqulu-E) i-Empe: [124] xa kuthelelwa kumthetho-Empe:[F.[3]

Inkqubela elindelekileyo ekuqheliseni: Ityala lophawu lwelizwe kunye nezinto eziyinyaniso zemihla ngemihla

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyonjongo engaqhelekanga; isetyenziswa yonke imihla kwiinkundla, kwizikolo nakumasebe karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States itolike izivakalisi ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi eziphawula iziganeko zembali, ibumba indlela lo mgaqo osebenza ngayo kwiimbambano zehlabathi lokwenene.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Ngelixesha ityala lokhuseleko elilinganayo, uBrown wathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo efunekayo ngokuvavanya iziphumo zokwahlula izithuba kumathuba emfundo. INkundla yathi amaziko emfundo awalingani ngokwemvelo, igxininisa ukuba abantu abanakuphulukana nenkululeko, kuquka ilungelo lokufumana imfundo elinganayo.)
  • . UMenda v. Arizona (66)] (6): Eli tyala limiselwe ukuba phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya, amapolisa kufuneka azise abarhanelwe ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala athule nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ngaphandle kwezi zilumkiso, naziphi na izivumo ezifunyenweyo zixelwa ukuba ziyanyanzelwa kwaye ziphule inkqubo efanelekileyo. Amalungelo abizwa ngokuba yiMirnda aye aba ngundoqo wokuzikhusela ngokwesiko kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Roe v. Inkundla yamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lobuqu phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo, igalela imithetho eyathi yakwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuqhomfa. Nangona kamva yawiswa ngumthetho, uRoe wabonisa indlela inkqubo encinci ekhusela ngayo izigqibo zobuqu ezimalunga nentsapho nengqibelelo yomzimba.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly[[FLT: 1] (70): Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, le meko ifuna ukuba neemeko zokuva okucacileyo phambi kokuphelisa iingenelo zentlalo-ntle. Yandisa ingqiqo “yokukodwa” ukuquka iinzuzo zikarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lweprocedtura lulandela nakuphina ukuncitshiswa kobomi.
  • [[NTLT:0] Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997): INkundla yaxhasa umthetho karhulumente ovaliweyo wokuncedisa ukuzibulala, kodwa yaphinda yachaza indlela yobulumko yokufikelela kwinkqubo efunekayo efunekayo (-------ephakuhthi ukuba amalungelo asisiseko “asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga.” Le meko ibonakalisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngendlela yokuchaza umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kumaqumrhu olawulo

Ngapha koko, inkqubo efanelekileyo ilawula iinkundla zezolawulo ezininzi. Xa iSocial Security Administration ingavumi ukungenelwa kwiziphumo zokukhubazeka, umntu kufuneka anikwe isaziso kunye nokuchongwa. Xa umbutho wolawulo ubeka imvume, ixhoba linelungelo lokunikela ubungqina. Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo yokulawula iyimfuneko ukuze kukhuselwe ngokusesikweni kurhulumente wale mihla apho izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi babantu zisenziwa ngabasemagunyeni kunokuba zibekwe kwiinkundla.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokufundisa: Ukudala Izikolo Ezintle

Umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo unentsingiselo enzulu kwizikolo zikarhulumente, ezisebenza njengamaqumrhu karhulumente xa kuqeqeshwa okanye kusenziwa izigqibo zemisebenzi.

Amalungelo Abafundi Nengqeqesho Yesikolo

Abafundi abawashiyi amalungelo abo angokomGaqo-siseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Gos v. Lopez [185] yakholelwa ukuba umfundi wesikolo sikawonke-wonke ojongene nokuthuthwa kwemiqathango kufuneka anikwe isaziso esincinane esifunekayo: umlomo okanye esibhaliweyo sobugqeba, ingcaciso yobungqina, nethuba lokuphendula phambi kokuba i-indleko isebenze. Kwimingxube okanye i-enkuphelo ebanzi, imigaqo eninzi efana , ``indlela ecacileyo yokuva-/ikhuselwa ngolwazi-ukungakhuselwa. Intethelekiso enjalo iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abakhutshwe ngokulula kwimfundo, nto leyo ichazwa njengendawo ekhoyo nenzala ekhutshwayo.

Amalungelo Abafundisi Eesigqibo Zomsebenzi Ezifanelekileyo

Abafundisi kunye nabaphathi bakwanandipha ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ingakumbi xa bephethe iprojekthi okanye benezivumelwano ezibangela ukulindela umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba isithili sesikolo sigxothe umfundisi- ntsapho oqeshiweyo, kufuneka sinikezele:

  • Isaziso esibhaliweyo sezizathu zokuphelisa.
  • Wamphulaphula ngokupheleleyo phambi komzimba ongakhethi buso.
  • Ilungelo lokunikela amangqina nobungqina.
  • Ithuba lokubhenela kwisigqibo esingesiso.

Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo ingekho kwizikolo, imekobume yemfundo iphela ngenxa yokuba abafundi nootitshala bephelelwa yintembelo kwinkqubo.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Nangona isiseko simile, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene neengcinezelo eziphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama-21.

Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo kukarhulumente nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Kulo msebenzi wokulwa nobugrogrisi okanye ukukhusela imida, maxa wambi oorhulumente bangayigcini inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuvalelwa ngokungenasiphelo kweentshaba ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufihlakeleyo kwizicelo zokufuduka, kunye nokusetyenziswa koluhlu ngaphandle kokuhlola okunentsingiselo konke kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu efunekayo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko yingxaki eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ekhompyutha ekho iinkundla ziqhubeka zihamba.

Ukungabikho Kwezibonelelo Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Inkqubo efanelekileyo efunekayo ifuna umelo olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni. Kodwa ii-ofisi ezininzi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke ziphantsi kweliso eliphantsi, zinyanzela amagqwetha ukuba aphathe imithwalo emikhulu. Kwimeko yoluntu, ilungelo lokucebisa aliqiniseki, ukushiya abantu abafumana imali ephantsi bengenalo uncedo olusemthethweni xa bejamelene nokugxothwa, ukulahlekelwa zinzuzo, okanye amadabi okugcina abantwana. Ii-ethematina ezininzi zokhuseleko zikawonke-wonke zinokunciphisa ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo ekuphucuthelweni kwemicimbi engekho semthethweni, ukucutha inkqubela efanelekileyo yenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba

Ukungalingani Kwendlela yokusebenza

Ikhethe lobuhlanga, loqoqosho, kunye nentlalo linokugqwetha ukusebenza kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abanemibala basengozini yokufumana iinguqu zendalo, izigwebo ezingqwabalala, kunye neenkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Ikhethe elipheleleyo phakathi kwabagwebi okanye abagwebi lingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga naxa iinkqubo zilandelwa. Ukuthetha ngezi zinto zingekho mthethweni kufuna kungekuphela nje utshintsho olungokwendalo kodwa olubanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo isebenza ngokufanayo kumntu wonke.

Ukungasetyenziswa kobugcisa kunye nenkqubo elindeleke ngamanani

Ukuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kunika imibuzo efunwayo. Ii-algoric zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ekugwebeni ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwizigqibo zebheyile, kunye nokuva iiva okugqithisileyo . kodwa ezi nkqubo zisoloko zithe nqa kwaye zisenokulichaphaza ilungelo lomntu lokwazi isiseko sesigqibo. Ubugcisa bobucuntsula-lwazi, obufana nokuqaphela ubuso kunye nokulandelela icell phone, ziyakwazi ukukhupha amalungelo eyimfihlo phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa kukarhulumente ubungqina bamanani kunganyusa inkxalabo yobuqu ngokunyaniseka kunye nelungelo lokuhlola imithombo. Imanyano ye-Literany Bar , iinkundla kufuneka zilungise imilinganiselo efunekayo kuqikelelo lohlobo lokuqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo wobulungisa.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukuzivumelanisa Noxinezeleko

Ukukhangela phambili, umgaqo wenkqubo ofanelekileyo uza kuqhubeka uguquka. Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokubonakala kobugxwayiba korhulumente, ukuzenzela, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo luza kubumba indlela ekufuneka ichazwe ngayo kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo.

Amalungelo amanani nobulungisa bemithetho-mthetho

Abaphengululi nabalandeli bemithetho baqhubela phambili imigaqo emitsha efunekayo kummandla wamanani. Izihlomelo ezifana nenkqubo “yokusetyenziswa kwe-Algorithmic Account Programme". Umbutho oxhasa ukubonakala, ukuphendula, kunye nokuphatha koluntu iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo. Umzekelo, xa urhulumente esebenzisa i-algorithm ukugqiba ukuba inzuzo yokungaqeshwa imele ifumaneke, umntu kufuneka abe nelungelo lokuqonda indlela i-algorithm esebenza ngayo nokuvavanya ukuchana kwayo. Ngaphandle kokuzikhusela okunjalo, ubugcisa bunokuba sisixhobo sokwenza umsebenzi woburhulumente osisilumkiso.

Ukungena nokuQhubelana

Umthetho wokuthambisa ubuyindawo yedabi kangangexesha elide kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Izigqibo zenkundla zexesha elizayo ziyayicacisa inkqubo efunekayo yokhuseleko, kodwa umlinganiselo wala malungelo uncitshiswa ngokushushu. Ukungazinzi ngaphandle komanyano, ukususwa komcimbi, nokusetyenziswa kweziva kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokufikelela ngokusesikweni kobulungisa. Izigqibo zenkundla yexesha elizayo ziya kucacisa inkqubo ekhoyo ngenxa yokugxothwa kwelizwe/umbandela wenkululeko enkulu yobuqu.

Ukuqhubeka kobuGcisa kunye namandla eZiko

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente, amaqumrhu enkululeko yabemi, kunye nonxulumano lwebhari zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubo efanelekileyo. Zinika ingxengxezo kwiimeko zovavanyo, zifundisa uwonke-wonke, kunye nentshukumisa yotshintsho oluqinisa ukhuseleko lwe-proced. Umzekelo, ACLU rhoqo zifakela iifayile ezicel ’ umngeni ukuchasa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwinkqubo efanelekileyo echongiweyo ekubacholisweni, ekuvinjweni, ekuhlolweni, nasekujongweni. Oku kuqinisekisa okokuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ihlala ingumgaqo ophilayo, hayi ongokwembali.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lokunganyaniseki

Imodeli ithetha okungaphezulu kwendlela yomthetho, kwaye isithembiso sokuziphatha ukuba wonke umntu uza kuphathwa ngesidima nangobulungisa xa urhulumente esebenzisa amandla akhe nxamnye nabo. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwingqinipho yomgaqo-siseko yangoku, ingcamango engundoqo ihlala ingatshintshanga: akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, kwaye urhulumente kufuneka athethelele izenzo zakhe ngemigaqo elungileyo necacileyo. Njengoko kuvela iingxaki ezintsha, ukusuka kubukrelekrele bokufuduka ukuya kuqikelelo, isibopho sokuqhuba inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhokele indlela. Ukukhusela lo mgaqo-siseko kuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ayinikelwanganikelwanga ngenxa yokukhulula okanye ukhuseleko. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, inkqubo engoko ayiyo ayithinteli kwimithetho esesikweni.