Indima YamaNgqina Aneengcungela Kumatyala Okugwetywa Kwabemi

Amatyala okuzibophelela amakhaya asoloko exhomekeke kwizibakala ezingaphandle kolwazi lwemihla ngemihla lwabagwebi nabagwebi. Enoba ingxubusho ibandakanya isiphako esintsonkothileyo sokwakha, imilinganiselo yezonyango, okanye umgangatho wezemali, umqwalaseli wenyaniso kufuneka axhomekeke kwingqiqo ekhethekileyo ukuze afikelele kwisigqibo esifanelekileyo. Oku kulapho ingcupheli ingqina libaluleka khona. Ingcungela izisa ulwazi olucacileyo, uqeqesho, namava enkundla, ukuguqulela ubungqina obungobuchule kwiindlela eziqondakalayo zempilo, nokunika iimbono eziluncedo ezilawula iziphumo zemeko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebalulekileyo yamangqina angoonolwazi kwingxelo yoluntu, imilinganiselo elawula imigaqo esemthethweni elawula ukukhethwa kwawo, inkqubo yokulungisa nokulungisa, kunye nocelomngeni abajamelana nayo.

Ukuchaza Ingqina Eliyingcaphephe

Ingqina eliyingcaphephe ngumntu onolwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, amava, okanye imfundo kwimimandla ethile engaphaya komntu oqhelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namangqina aqhelekileyo, anokunikela ubungqina obungobungqina obuye babubona ngokobuqu, amangqina angoochwepheshe ayavunyelwa ukuba anikele iimbono ngezantsi ezisekelwe kwimigaqo ethembekileyo kunye neendlela. Isiseko esisemthethweni sobungqina obungoochwepheshe kwinkoliso ye-U.S. imithombo ekhoyo ifumaneka kwi-Federal Sourcence of Expoint 702, ethi ingcebiso elifanelekileyo lingangqina ukuba (a) ingcaciso ekwaziyo iya kunceda umntu aqonde ubungqina obuncinane okanye afumanise nyaniso kwimbambano; (b) ubungqina obusekelwe kwizibakala ezaneleyo okanye kwii-data; (c) ubungqina bufumaneka kwimveliso yemigaqo ethembekileyo nemigaqo-siseko esithembekileyo; kwaye (dd) imigaqo yemigaqo esetyenziswa kwezo meko.

Amangqina angoogxalachala-mthetho akamelanga naliphi na iqela; amele anikwe umsebenzi kwinkundla ukulungiselela uncedo olunenjongo, olungacaciyo. Le mbopheleleko isesikweni iyabahlula kwamanye amalungu eqela elinobuxoki kwaye ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba.

Isakhiwo Esisemthethweni Sobungqina Obubalaseleyo

Ukungafezeki kobungqina obungoononkcubeko kulawulwa sisakhiwo somthetho esiqinileyo esilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imbono ezithembekileyo nezifanelekileyo zifikelela kwijaji. Iimigangatho ezimbini ezingundoqo eUnited States zingumgangatho weFLT:0] Frolise [ umgangatho (ukusuka [[FLT]] FY]FY]FYVE v. United States, 1923]) kunye nomgangatho we-[FLT: 4.] (ukusuka ku [FLT:]] DAUMGAWUMB. . . . . . . . .[FRRRKLT][FLT]

UDaubert

Phantsi komgangatho weFrye, ubungqina obungoongcaphephe bungakholeleki kuphela ukuba imigaqo yenzululwazi ekuyo “yamkeleka ngokuqhelekileyo” kwingingqi yenzululwazi enxulumene nayo. Le ndlela iye yagxekwa ngokuba ingqongqo kakhulu, isenokususa ingcaciso kodwa isebenza. Umgangatho we-Daubert, ngoku ulandelwa kwiinkundla ezininzi zesizwe neenkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente, ibeka ijaji kwindima “yomgcini-majoni.” Ijaji kufuneka ihlole ukuba indlela yolwazi iyasebenza ngokwenzululwazi kwaye iyasebenza na kwizibakala zetyala. Izinto eziqwalaselweyo ziquka nokuba ingcamango okanye ubuchule buye bavavanywa, buyelwe, buye bawazisa iingxelo zoontanga, iimpazamo ezaziwayo, kwaye buye bamkele jikelele.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, amanye amagunya ayaqhubeka esebenzisa iFrye, lo gama amanye efumene i-Daubert okanye i-droguck. Abalawuli kufuneka bawuqaphele umgangatho osebenzayo kulawulo lwabo. Icebo eliluncedo lokuqonda ezi mahluko yi- i-Melikan Bar Association yoshwankathelo lolwazi lobungqina.

Iindidi ZamaNgqina Aneengcungcu Ezimatyala Asemakhaya

Amangqina afanayo abonakala phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yelifa lemveli. Ubuchule obufunekayo buxhomekeke kwimo yempikiswano. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

Ukwakhiwa noonjineli

Iimeko zesiphene solwakhiwo, izibhengezo ezilibaziselayo, kunye nokudibana kwemisebenzi emikhulu kudla ngokufuneka igalelo lolwakhiwo, iingcali zenzululwazi yejiyografi, kunye nabaphathi bolwakhiwo. Ezi ngcungela zivavanya izicwangciso, umsebenzi, kwaye zifumanise unobangela wokusilela okanye ukulibaziseka. Iimbono zazo zinokuba baluleke kakhulu kwimbopheleleko ekhoyo phakathi kwabakhi, abasebenzi abancinane, kunye nabayili.

Iingcali zonyango nezonyango

Amatyala onyango anzima kakhulu ngaphandle kobungqina obuyingcaphephe. Ugqirha ofanelekayo ofana nommangalelwa kufuneka amisele imigangatho esebenzayo yenkathalo kunye nokwenza i-opine enokuba ukuphambuka kubangele umonakalo othenjiweyo. Ngokufanayo, iingcali ekunyamekeleni, ubungcali, unyango lwezamayeza, kunye nolawulo lwempilo lungabizwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya izibhedlele okanye iindawo zokunyamekela iinkonzo zexesha elide.

Iingcali zezemali nezezonyango

Kwiimbambano zezorhwebo, amatyala abandakanya ukuxabisa ishishini, ukulahlekelwa yingeniso, okanye ukonakaliswa okudla ngokuxhomekeka kubenzi beencwadi, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye neengcaphephe zokuxabisa. Ezi ngcali zihlolisisa iingxelo zemali, zisebenzisa iindlela ezamkelekileyo, zibonelela ngoqikelelo lwengozi.

Iingcali Zemekobume Nezenzululwazi

Ityhefu yetort ethethayo, amatyala okungcoliswa kwemekobume, kunye neempahla zemveliso zifuna igalelo kuthemikhali, iingcali ngetyhefu, iingcali nge-epidemi, kunye neenzululwazi ngezoshishino. Ezi ngcali zinceda inkundla iqonde indlela yokwenzakala, ulwalamano lwethamo, kunye nokuthembeka kophando lwenzululwazi.

Inkqubo YamaNgqina Akhutheleyo: Ukuyeka Ukunikela Ubungqina

Ukunikela ubungqina kwingcali yeqonga elininzi kubandakanya ukucwangcisa nokusebenzisana nokucebisana kwasemthethweni.

Ingqiqo noqikelelo lobu buchule

Xa iqela lichaza imfuneko yoncedo lobuchule, icebiso liya kubuza kubuza abo baza kuba ziingcali. Igqwetha lihlola iingxelo zengcali, imbali yangaphambili, ukukwazi ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo, kunye neengxabano ezinokuba ngumdla. Iingcali zisoloko zigcinwa emva kweleta ebhaliweyo echaza umlinganiselo womsebenzi, imbuyiselo, kunye neembopheleleko zokufihla imfihlo.

Uhlalutyo lobungqina kunye nozinzo

Emva kokuzigcina, ingcaphephe ihlola amaxwebhu anxulumene netyala, kuquka ukuncedwa, izinto zokufumana, iingxelo zobungqina, kunye nobungqina obubonakalayo. Ingcaphephe isenokuqhuba iimvavanyo ezizimeleyo, uhlolo lwezinxulumani, okanye uhlalutyo lwezamayeza. Kubalulekile ukuba ingcali ihlale izimisele kwaye ayilandeli ingcamango yegqwetha. Iinkundla ziya kuhlolisisa enoba uluvo lwale ngcali luzimele okanye lusekelwe nje kwisikhundla somthengi.

Isicwangciso sengxelo

Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba amangqina anikezele ingxelo ebhaliweyo equlethe ingxelo epheleleyo yazo zonke izimvo, izisekelo nezizathu zawo, ugcino-lwazi oluqwalaselweyo, kunye nayo nayiphi na imiqondiso esetyenziselwa ukushwankathela okanye ukuxhasa iimbono. Umthetho woLawulo lwezibonelelo zoluntu 26(a)(2)(B) (B) umisela ezi mfuneko kwimicimbi karhulumente. Le ngxelo mayisayinwe yingcali kwaye isoloko inguxwebhu olungundoqo olusetyenziswayo ngexesha lokufaka isiqinisekiso kunye novavanyo oluthe ngqo. Ingxelo elungelelanisiweyo ayisokuze icacise nje kuphela ingqiqo yengcaciso kodwa yenza ukuba kungeneke ukujikeleza nokulawulwa.

Ukubekwa Kwemiqathango Nobungqina Bokuvavanywa

Isiluleko sokuphepha sinelungelo lokukhupha ingcaphephe phambi kokuvavanywa. Icebo lokufumana sisixhobo sokufumana esisetyenziselwa ukutsolisa iimbono zochwepheshe kunye nokungaphanda kwendlela esetyenziswayo. Iingcali ezinempumelelo ziyayazi indlela yokuphendula imibuzo ngokungqalileyo ngaphandle kokunikela ulwazi olungeyomfuneko. Ekulingweni, ingcali ichaza iimbono zayo ngokuxilonga okungqalileyo, ilandelwa kukuvavanya okunzima okulungiselelwe ukuvavanya ukuthembeka, indlela yobugcisa, kunye neengcamango ezichanekileyo.

Ukulungelelaniswa nokugcinwa kwesango

Phambi kokuba ingcaphephe ingqine, ijaji yetyala kufuneka igqibe enoba ingcaphephe ifanelekile okanye ingqina elicetyisiweyo lihlangabezana nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuthembeka. Lo msebenzi wokugcina amasango ubalulekile ukukhusela amaqumrhu ekuphenjelelweni “yinzululwazi engekho semthethweni” okanye uluvo olungenakuphikiswa.

Ijaji ihlolisisa imfundo yengcaphephe, amava obugcisa, iimpapasho, iimfaneleko zangaphambili, kunye nobulungu kwimibutho enxulumene nayo. Noko ke, uqinisekiso lwemfundo oluqhelekileyo alusoloko luyimfuneko; amava asebenzisekayo anokuba anele. Khotay Co. v. Carmichael (1999), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. icacisa ukuba oothunywa beDaubert abasebenzi kubungqina obungokwenzululwazi kuphela kodwa nakolunye ulwazi lobugcisa kunye nolunye ulwazi olukhethekileyo.

Ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo kukungabikho kolwazi yi “imfuneko ekhoyo okanye ugcino-lwazi” phantsi koMthetho 702(b). Iinkundla zikhuphe iingcali ezixhomekeke kulwazi olusuka kumacala omntu okanye kwiinkcazelo ezingaqinisekiyo. Kubalulekile ukuba iingcali zisekele iimbono zazo kubungqina obuthi zombini zifaneleke kwaye zithembeke. Ukhokelo oluninzi oluneenkcukacha kulo mxholo, abaphengululi bangabhekiselela kulwazi lwenkqululo yencwadi yenzululwazi kwiZiko lombhali zincwadi zezobuGqikelelo-mthetho. [[FTLTLT:3]]

Ucelomngeni Lokunikela Ubungqina Obubalaseleyo

Kwanaxa sele ingcaphephe ifanelekile yaye ubungqina bayo buvunywa, bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu ebudeni betyala.

Ungcoliseko

Icebiso elifanelekileyo liya kukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwengcali ngokubalaselisa nabuphi na ubugwenxa kwindlela esetyenziswayo, ukunqongophala kwamava angqalileyo, iingxelo ezingqubanayo kwiimeko zangaphambili, okanye izikhuthazo zemali. Indlela yodidi lokunqumla-ngezokuhlola kukubonakalisa ukuba uluvo lwengcali asiyomveliso yemigaqo ethembekileyo kodwa kunoko yisigqibo esifikelelwayo sokuxhasa umxhasi. Iingcali eziLungileyo zilindele ezi ndlela zinokukhusela umsebenzi wazo ngaphandle kokuzikhusela okanye ukuphepha.

UBhahasa Nokungakhethi Buso

Ingcaphephe ebonakala iphangalele, kodwa ingakumbi leyo imbuyekezo yayo ixhomekeke kwiziphumo, iza kuphulukana nokuthembeka. Imithetho yengcali ifuna ukuba iingcali zingangeni kwiindleko zokuhlawula. Kufuneka ziphephe ukusetyenziswa ngokweemvakalelo kule meko. Amagqwetha akrelekrele ayakuqinisekisa ukuba iingcali zawo zihlala zibonakala zingenabundilele ngokuvuma iingongoma ezifanelekileyo eziphakanyiswe licala eliphikisanayo kwaye ngokuvuma ukulawulwa xa indawo ethile ingaxhaswa bubungqina.

Iingxaki Neentshukumo Ezibangelwa Yilimine

Phambi kokuvavanywa, iqela eliphikisanayo lingayila intshukumo yokukhupha ubungqina bengcali iyonke okanye inxenye. Ezi Daubert okanye iindlebe ezincinane zisoloko zisiba ziintlanganiso ezincinci kwindlela yolwazi. Ingcaphephe ingafuneka inikele ubungqina phambi kwejaji ngaphandle kokuba ikho ijaji ikhoyo. Ukuba inkundla ifumanisa ubungqina bungathembekanga, buza kususwa, bungaphazamisa umxhasi wetyala. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha isazi sendlela enamandla, inzululwazi yezonyango kusisigqibo esibalulekileyo sesinye sezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo ekuphelisweni.

Ukucingisiswa KwamaNgqina Aneengcaphephe Ngoosomashishini

Amangqina angoogqwirha akwindawo ekhethekileyo. Ngeli xesha egcinwe kwaye ehlawulwa liqela elinye, umsebenzi wabo oyintloko yinkundla. Le mbopheleleko idibeneyo ibangela iingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. I- I-American Academy of Expert AmaNgqina [ kunye neminye imibutho yobugcisa inikela imigaqo yehambo egxininisa ukubaluleka kokunyaniseka, inkululeko, kunye nobuchule. Iingcali akufunekangayazi ukuba zinikezi inkcazelo engeyonyaniso, zikhuphe izibakala-mali, okanye zikhuphe iimfaneleko zazo.

Enye imbambano yendlela yokuziphatha kukusetyenziswa kakubi kobungqina obungoongcaphephe ngesiluleko. Abalawuli abafanele bakhuthaze iingcali ukuba zitshintshe iimbono okanye zibonise ubungqina obubububuxoki. Ingcaphephe imele iqinisekise ukuba ubungqina bayo buhlala buyinyaniso kwaye buchanile ngokwenzululwazi. Iinkundla zigunyazise amagqwetha neengcali ngokuchasa imithetho efunyenweyo okanye ukunikela inkcazelo eqanjiweyo.

Ukuxubusha ngokucokisekileyo ngemisebenzi yendlela yokuziphatha, Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yephondo elipapashwayo kwingcaphephe zemithetho engqinelana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha linika izikhokelo eziluncedo.

Amacebiso Aluncedo Okukhetha Nokusebenza NamaNgqina Akrelekrele

Qala kuselithuba

Musa ukulinda de kufike ixesha langaphambi kokuba uvavanyo lufumane ingcali. Iingcali ezingcono zisenokuba nocwangciso lwengxabano, kwaye ukhetho olungxamisekileyo lusoloko luphumela kuhlalutyo oluncinane. Ukuzinza kwangethuba kuvumela ingcali ukuba inike igalelo ngexesha lokufumana nokunceda ukuyila ubuchule bokwenza ityala.

Hlakulela Ubuchule Bonxibelelwano

Isazinzulu esikrelekrele esingenakukwazi ukuchaza iingcamango ezintsonkothileyo kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala zisetyenziswa ngokulinganiselweyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yodliwano-ndlebe, cela ugqirha onokuba yingcaphephe ukuba achaze umgaqo wobugcisa ngokungathi kumntu ongengomntu okhethekileyo. Ingcali ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa ii-athologis kunye nolwimi olucacileyo iya kuba nempumelelo engaphezulu kakhulu kunalowo uxhomekeke kwisixhobo esisetyenziswayo.

Uvavanyo Lwenkululeko

Buza ingcaphephe indlela abaza kusingatha ngayo ubungqina obuphikisana noluvo lwabo lokuqala. Ingcaphephe elungileyo iyakuvuma ukuba ikho into ephosakeleyo kwaye izakusekela uluvo lwabo lokugqibela ngobunzima bobungqina, kungekhona kwisiphumo esimiselwe kwangaphambili. Ukuba ingcali ikhangeleka izimisele kakhulu ukuxhasa imeko yakho, isenokubonakala ijongeka ichenga kwinkundla.

Cwangcisa Ukungatyiki

Sebenza ningcali ukuvelisa uluhlu lweengongoma zokuhlasela ezinokwenzeka. Ukuhlola okunqamlezileyo usebenzisa amagqwetha angadibaniyo ukulingisa amathandabuzo achaseneyo. Ingcaphephe kufuneka ivume imilinganiselo esengqiqweni yobuchule bayo kwaye kufuneka yazi xa iza kuthi “Andazi” ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukuthembeka kwabo.

Isiphelo

Amangqina angoovimba abathembekileyo akwimeko elungileyo yesigqibo sobugqibi betyala lobuchule, inzululwazi, okanye ulwazi oluthile. Avala umsantsa phakathi kobungqina obuntsonkothileyo kunye nokuqondwa koojaji kunye neejaji, enika iimbono ezisekelwe kwindlela ethembekileyo kwaye zinikelwe ngomoya woncedo olungakhethiyo kwinkundla. Imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni yokungaguquguquki. Imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni yokufumana izivumelwano. "ukungabi nangxaki" phantsi kwedaubert, okanye umbuso olinganayo/ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunikelwe ubungqina obusemgangathweni kuphela. Kwangaxesha elinye, iingcali kufuneka zijonge amathemba afanelekileyo kwaye zijongene nemingeni enzima echaseneyo. Xa zinyuselwe, zilungiselelwe, zinikwa, zinikwe nezicangcaphephe ezifanelekileyo, ziphumele iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zokufumana iingxelo ezifanelekileyo zezobulungisa, nezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo: ukunceda inkqubo esemthethweni yolwazi, iimvo ezifanelekileyo.