Umzabalazo wamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ubuyintsebenziswano eqhubekayo nechazayo yembali yaseMerika. Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe, uxinezeleko phakathi kweenjongo eziphakamileyo zenkululeko kunye nenyaniso yocalulo olulawulwayo luye lwaqhubela phambili intsebenziswano yoluntu kunye nesenzo sowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko kunye nokupheliswa kwawo kubekwe isiseko, yayingomthetho obalulekileyo wokuba uninzi lwezi zithembiso luguqulelwe kumalungelo aqikelelwayo. Ezi zenzo azizange zivele kwikhamaca; zaziyimveliso yamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobugqaliselo, ukuqhankca, kunye nemithetho yezopoliti. Eli nqaku lihlola iziqwenga elibalulekileyo eliye lalungisa ngokubhekiselele ngokwendlela indlela esemthethweni yamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko eUnited States, ukuhlolisisa izicwangciso-omatiko, iimpembelelo eziphambili, neefatyiso ezihlala zihleli.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

UMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1942 umi njengendlela etshintsha ngayo eyona nxalenye yomthetho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika. Watyikityelwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ngoJulayi 2, 1964, waba ngumphumo othe ngqo woxinzelelo olungapheliyo loburhulumente, kuquka uxinzelelo lwamaMatshi eWashington kunye nongquzulwano logonyamelo eBirmingham. UmThetho owawujolise ekupheni ukupheliswa komthetho wecawa nokucalulo olwenze lwaqhubeka phantse inkulungwane emva kolawulo lwamalungelo abantu.

IZihlomelo eziPhambili namalungiselelo

UMthetho wahlulwe waba zizibizo eziliqela, nganye ijolise kwindawo ethile yobomi babantu:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isihloko I: Inqanda ukungalingani ukusetyenziswa kwemfuno zobhaliso lovoti. Ngelixesha ilinganiselwe kwisiphumo esikhawulezileyo, yabeka isiseko soMthetho wobuNciphini Bomthetho wonyaka ka-1965.
  • Isihloko II: ucalucalulo olucacileyo kwindlu kawonke-wonke, njengeehotele, iivenkile zokutyela, kunye nemidlalo yeqonga, ngokwebala, imibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Oku kwaba luhlaselo olungqalileyo kuJim Crow Converqwex.
  • Title III: urhulumente othenjiweyo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangavumi ukufikelela kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isihloko se IV: Ikhuthaza uhlanganiso lwezikolo zikawonke-wonke kwaye yagunyazisa i-Attorney Jikelele ukuhambisa iisuti ukunyanzelisa ukhuphiswano.
  • Isihloko VI: uthintelo localulo kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi efumana uncedo lwemali yezwe. Eli lungiselelo linamandla lavumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba anqumle inkxaso-mali kwimibutho ekhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] ITitle VII: ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi evaliweyo ngabaqeshi bobucala, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namaqumrhu emisebenzi asekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Yaseka i- eququlunqwe yi-Equalic Opportunity Commission (EOC) ukuphendla nokunyanzela umthetho. Ufakelo lwe-"sex'x''''' yayiyi-mnethi okokugqibela ecetyikiswe kwinteli, kodwa yaba lukhuselwayo olubalulekileyo kumabhinqa.

Ukunyanzeleka Nocelomngeni Lwangaphambili

Umthetho wajongana nocelomngeni olukhawulezileyo lomthetho. uva isandi seAtlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) kunye Katzenbach v. UMcClinder [1964], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umgaqo-siseko weSihloko II phantsi koMlawuli worhwebo Clauslease, iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linamandla okulawula amashishini achaphazela ushishino lwamazwe. Ezi zigqibo zaphelisa ixesha le "I-"I-locate" kwaye zaqinisekisa indima karhulumente kumthetho ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu.

Isiphumo Sexesha elide

UMthetho waMalungelo ka-1964 awuzange ulususe ngoko nangoko ucalucalulo, kodwa ngokusisiseko waguqula ubume bomthetho kunye nobume bentlalo. Wanika abantu amandla okumangalela ucalucalulo, ukulungiselela ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lwamagunya karhulumente, kwaye wamisela iqhinga lomthetho wamalungelo abantu wexesha elizayo. Lo Mthendeleko wakhuthaza inkqubela engakumbi, njengokufakwa kobudala kunye nokukhuselwa kweziphene kwimimiselo yamva. Ilifa lawo libonakala kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo emsebenzini, kwiinkqubo zokulwa nokruthaniso, kunye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo we-EOC.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Nangona uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 ka-1946 wawuthetha ngocalulo lokuvota kwiSihloko I, wangqineka unganele ukoyisa imiqobo eqinileyo. Amazwe aseMazantsi aqhubeka esebenzisa iimvavanyo zokubhala nokubhala, irhafu yokuvota, kunye neqhinga loloyiso lokususa iBlack Pototice. I-Voting Rights Act, eyatyikiselwa emthethweni ngoAgasti 6, 1965, yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo koku kuxhatshazwa oku, ingakumbi ukucinezelwa ngogonyamelo kwamalungelo abantu eSelma, eAlabama.

Amalungiselelo

  • Uguqulelo 2: lwabonisa nawuphi na uqheliso lokuvota olucalula ngesiseko sohlanga okanye sombala. Eli lungiselelo lisebenza kwilizwe lonke kwaye liyanyanzeliswa ngolu khuphiso.
  • Ulwahlulo 4: lumisele indlela yokuchaza ulawulo nembali yocalulo. La mazwe ayephantsi kwemfuneko yokuzicacela kwangaphambili kwecandelo 5.
  • Uguqulelo 5: lufuna amagunya athile ukuze ufumane imvume yorhulumente kwi-U.S. General Athorney okanye iNkundla yeSithili phambi kokuzalisekisa naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yokuvota okanye iinkqubo. Le "kuvela phambili" yayisisixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela iinguqu zokukhupha.
  • [[Ukhetho:0] Udidi 203: Lunikezele uncedo lolwimi kubavoti abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iilwimi ezincinane zingathatha inxaxheba kunyulo.

Imiphumo Ekhawulezileyo Nehlala Ihleli

Umthetho weVoting Rights Act wandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubhaliswa kovoti kunye nokujikwa phakathi kwama-Afrika. EMississippi, ubhaliso olumnyama lwanyuka ukusuka malunga no7% ngo1949 ukuya ngaphezu kwama-60% ngo1968. Lo Mthetho wakhokelela ekunyulweni kwamagosa amnyama kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Actstyle ijongene nokurhoxa okuphawulekayo. [[FLT: 0] Iphondo lovoti le-Slayiti le-[FLT] [[FLY:1] [2013], iNkunyusela phantsi isicwangciso seCandelo seCandelo 4 seCandelo, ngokuneyo, ukunikezela ngeCandelo 5 kungazange idlulise umthetho omtsha. Esi sigqibo sikhokelele kwimiqatha yomthetho wokuvota.

Ukuphakamisa kwaNgoku

Imigudu yokubuyisela uMthetho wamaLungelo, onjenge-John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, ibalaselisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokukhusela i-franchise. Lo mThetho uhlala uluphawu lokukhusela ukuvota kwamaziko orhulumente kunye nesikhumbuzi sokuba ilungelo lokuvota alimelezinqumli ngokwalo.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Ucalucalulo lwezindlu yayiyingxaki eqhubekayo eyathi i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ayizange ithethe ngqo. UMthetho we-Fair House Act, owamiswa njengeSihloko seSine seSine seSigqibo samaLungelo saMasipala ka-1968, watyikitywa njengomthetho ngoAprili 11, 1968, kanye iveki enye emva kokubulawa kukaGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. Wawunenjongo yokuphelisa ucalucalucalulo kwiindawo zokuthengisa izindlu nokukhuthaza ubuhlalisane babantu.

Imikhwa Ecetyisiweyo

Lo mThetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, okanye ekuxhaseni ngokuxhaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, kamva ukukhubazeka kunye nemeko yobugorha (eyenziwe ngo- 1988). Ngokungqalileyo, ziyawugweba:

  • Ukungavumi ukuthengisa okanye ukuqesha indlu emva kokuba uthengiswe ngenye into.
  • Ukungacaluli ngokwemibandela, iimeko, okanye amalungelo okuthengisa okanye ukuqesha.
  • Ubhengezo okanye ukwenza amagqabaza abonisa ukhetho olukhethekayo.
  • Ukudutyulwa kwemingxuma ngezantsi, ukuthengiswa kwabanini makhaya ngokumela ukuba abantu beklasi ekhuselweyo bafudukela kummandla.
  • Ukungafikeleli okanye ukuba lilungu lombutho wezezindlu.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu kunye noPhuhliso loMsebenzi (HUD) lijongene nokunyanzelisa uMthetho weZindlu Ezinendawo Ezintle. Abantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa bangafaka isikhalazo nge-HID, enokuphengulula kwaye izame ukucombulula le ngxaki ngokuququzelelana. ISebe leMithetho yeJaji linako ukuqulunqa amatyala kwiimeko zomgaqo okanye ukucalucalucalucalulo. Lo Mgaqo ukhokelele kwiindawo ezininzi ezizimeleyo ezibonisa inkcaso, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla yokulwa kwe-scrinicarensi, ukuqhuba, kunye nokukhupha izithuba.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Naphezu koMthetho, ukwahlulwa kocalulo lwezindlu kusahlala kusenzulu kuluntu lwaseMerika. Ucalulo olungacaciswanga luyaqhubeka, njengokuqhuba abathengi bezindlu abambalwa ukuya kummandla othile okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo kwemali ebolekiweyo. Ukuphumelela koMthetho kulinganiselwe kukunyanzeleka komthetho ophantsi kwanokuxhaswa ngemali encinane. Sekunjalo, kusekho isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ucalucalulo lwezindlu nokukhuthaza amathuba okufumana indawo yokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo.

AmaMerika Anesenzo Sokukhubazeka Sowe - 1990

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo wahambela phambili kwiminyaka yee-1970 kunye neyee-1980, ophumela ekudluleni kwamaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) okhubazekileyo ngoJulayi 26, 1990. Watyikitywa nguMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush, i-ADA ngumthetho obanzi wamalungelo abantu olwalela ucalucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu.

Abahlanu AbakwiADA

  • Isihloko I (Indlela): Ibonisa ucalucalulo ngabaqeshi bobucala abasebenzi abakwi-15 okanye abangaphezulu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abameli bemisebenzi, kunye namaqumrhu abasebenzayo. Abaqeshi kufuneka banike abantu abafanelekayo abaneziphene indawo yokuhlala, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenjenjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko.
  • ITitle II (Iinkonzo zePublic): ucalucalulo ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwaye kufuneka ukuba iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, iinkqubo, kunye nemisebenzi ifikeleleke kubantu abakhubazekileyo. Oku kuquka ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, ezifana noduladula kunye neenkqubo zololiwe.
  • Title III (Izikhundla zePublic): Ifuna amashishini anceda uwonke-wonke (umz., iivenkile zokutyela, iihotele, iivenkile, iiholo zemidlalo, iiofisi zezamayeza) ukwenza utshintsho olusengqiqweni ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela nokususa imiqobo yokwakha apho kulula ukufikelela nokukhupha imiqobo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isihloko seIV (Iindlela zonxibelelwano): Imisebenzi enikezelwa ziinkampani zemfonomfono-mfono enikezela ngeenkonzo kubantu abangevayo okanye abangakwazi ukuva.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isihloko V (Ezidityanisiweyo): iqulathe amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo, kuquka ukhuseleko ekuziphindezeleni nasekunyanzeleni, kwaye icacisa ukuba iADA ayifuni abaqeshi ukuba baqeshe abantu abangakufanelekanga.

Impembelelo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

I-ADA ikhokelele kutshintsho olusasazekileyo kwimeko-bume yokoqobo .ukusikwa kwendalo, ukupakisha okufikelelekayo, ukutyikitywa kweBraille, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-apps ngoku kuxhaphakile. Ukucalucalulwa emsebenzini phantsi kwe-ADA kuye kwandisa ukuphaphela kweendawo zokuhlala, ezifana nemimiselo ethambileyo kunye nobugcisa obuncedayo. Umthetho uye wakhuthaza ukuphuhlisa ulwakhiwo lwendalo yonke, unceda kungekuphela kwabantu abanemiqobo kodwa abantu abanobulwelwelwelo. Noko ke, iingxaki zisaseleyo: ukuphicotha ngenxa yoko kukuthi "indawo ebanzi" isoloko ixhaphakile, kwaye abantu abaneziphene ezihlala zihleli zihleli zihleli phezulu kwaye abajongene imiqobo engapheliyo.

Uhlaziyo olulandelayo

Umthetho weSichibiyelo ka-2008 (ADAA) wandisa ingcaciso yesiphene saza sabhukuqa izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziye zaxina ukhuseleko lomthetho. IBhunga eliqinisekisiweyo leADA liqinisekisa injongo yokunikezela ngentlawulo ebanzi nokugxininisa enoba ucalulo lwenzekile kusini na kunokuba umntu ahlangabezane nengcaciso engqongqo yesiphene.

UMthetho Wekhefu Lentsapho Nezonyango Wowe - 1993

Ngoxa imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu igxininisa kunyango olulinganayo nokungabikho kolwaphulo-mthetho, iFram and Medical Let Act (FMLA) yowe-1993 ithetha ngomlinganiselo owahlukileyo wenkululeko: ilungelo lokuzinyamekela wena nentsapho yakho ngaphandle kokuncama ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho. Ityikitywe kumthetho nguMongameli uBill Clinton ngoFebruwari 5, 1993, iFMLA yayingumthetho wokuqala wesizwe ukunikela ikhefu lomsebenzi elingahlawulwayo ngenxa yezizathu zentsapho nezezonyango. Yaqonda ukuba iimfuno zomsebenzi kunye nentsapho zisoloko zingquzula, kwaye abaqeshwa abamele bakhethe phakathi komsebenzi wabo nempilo yabo okanye abathandekayo babo.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungabi nakusebenza, Izicelo zabaqeshi abasebenzi abangama-50 okanye ngaphezulu. Abaqeshwa bafanele ukuba basebenzele umqeshi ubuncinane iinyanga ezili-12 kwaye ubuncinane iiyure ezili-1,250 kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ezingaphambili.
  • Uhlobo lwekhefu: Ukufikelela kwiiveki ezilishumi elinesibini zekhefu elingahlawulwanga ngonyaka ukwenzela:
    • ukuzalwa okanye ukwamkelwa komntwana;
    • Imeko enzulu yempilo yomqeshwa;
    • Ukunyamekela iqabane, umntwana, okanye umzali onemeko enzulu yempilo;
    • Imisebenzi eququzelelayo evela kwinkonzo yomkhosi yelungu lentsapho elisebenzayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ikhefu loMnakekeli woMnakekeli: Abasebenzi abanokufumaneka bangathatha iiveki ezingama-26 zekhefu elingahlawulwayo ukunyamekela ilungu lenkonzo eligqunyiweyo elinomonakalo onzulu okanye ukugula.
  • [[Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi: 0] Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi: Abaqeshwa banelungelo lokubuyela kwindawo enye okanye elinganayo, enentlawulo elinganayo, inzuzo, kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-inshorensi yeHealth: Abaqeshi kufuneka bagcine ityala le-inshorensi yempilo yeqela ngexesha lekhefu ngendlela efanayo ngokungathi umqeshwa uqhubeke esebenza.

Impembelelo Nemilinganiselo

IFMLA incede izigidi zabasebenzi baseMerika ukuba zithathe ikhefu elifunekayo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphulukana nemisebenzi yazo. Kuye kwanceda ngokukhethekileyo abazali abatsha, abasebenzi abanezigulo ezinzulu, kunye nabo banyamekela abazali abalupheleyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iFMLA iphucule indlela yokusebenza kwaye inciphe ipesenti yabasebenzi. Noko ke, umthetho unezithuba ezibalulekileyo: awugubungeleli ikhefu elihlawulwayo, kwaye abasebenzi abaninzi abaphantsi abakwazi ukuhlawula ikhefumfa. Ummiselo wemisebenzi engamashumi amahlanu amahlanu awukhutshelwa ngaphandle malunga ne-40% ye-U.S. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo ehlawulwayo ukuze athethe ngezi mpazamo, kwaye kukho ukubhatasa okuqhubekayo kwekhefu elihlawulwayo.

Ukudibana namanye Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

IFMLA incedisa amanye amalungelo okhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, uMthetho woPanama oDala ufuna abaqeshi ukuba baphathe ukukhulelwa njengezinye iziphene zokwexeshana, ngelixa iFMLA inikeza ikhefu elikhuselweyo lomsebenzi kwiimeko ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa. Indawo yokuxhasa iWage ne Hour Division yeMsebenzi inyanzela iFMLA inyaniswe kukhokelo lokuthobela.

Isiphelo

Umthetho obalulekileyo ohlolisiswe kweli nqaku. "Umthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, iSivumelwano samaLungelo saMalungelo eSiko lobuLungu lowe-1965, iSivumelwano se-Fair Howard Act ka-1950, kunye noMthetho weNtsapho kunye noMcimbi weNdlu yeNkcubeko weNtshona Koloni ka 1993, unika izithuba ezithe rhoqo zokwazisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba isidima somntu ngamnye kunye nokulingana kunyanzelekile ukukhuselwa. Kodwa ukuphumelela okuthelekelele ekulweni kwemeko ekhoyo embalini kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwezobupolitika kuyafuna ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo, kwaye kuguqule ngokunzulu ubomi baseMelika. Baye baburhoxilonga ngokusemthethweni, bavula izigidi zezindlu, bavula izithuba, izithuba ezi-mathene zezindlu zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, benza ukuba abantu bafumane ilungelo lokuzisebenzela ngokwabonke. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni akuyiqhubeki ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho nokuncitshiswa kwemithetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemeko yezo.