Ityala le Jury limela enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zesithethe somthetho wama-Anglo - America. Zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente, inkqubo yokuthatha inxaxheba ekugwetyweni koluntu, kunye nekhusi kubamangalelwa abajongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqaku lihlola umsebenzi wokuvavanywa kwamatyala agwebayo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, linikela ujongo olunenkcukacha kwindlela abasebenza ngayo, kutheni bebalulekile, kunye neengxaki abajamelana nazo kwiinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sovavanyo lokuQonda

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala libekwe kwityala letyala letyala kwi-United States, libonakalisa ukuzimisela kwabaseki ukukhusela abemi kwityala elizimeleyo. Icandelo III, Icandelo 2 linikela ukuba "ukuvavanywa kwalo lonke ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kwetyala le-Impeachment, kuza kuba nguJury," kunye IsiHlaziselo soMndululo-mthetho siqinisekisa ilungelo "lokukhawulezisa netyala likawonke wonke, ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethi-mthetho." Oku kukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kubonakalisa indawo esembini yomgwebi kwisigwebo saseMelika.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ijaji yale mihla ichaza imvelaphi yayo ukuya kwiNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, apho iAsgna Carta kaClarendon ngowe- 1166 yaseka inkqubo yamadoda asekuhlaleni awayeza kunikela ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kamva asebenze njengeengxelo zenyaniso. Kwiinkulungwane, abachopheli-mvoli-mvo baguquka kwiqumrhu lamangqina babe liqela elinobundindindi enikela ubungqina enkundleni. IMagna Carta yewaka elinamakhulu amabini anesihlanu, eyathembisa ukugweba ngoontanga, yaseka isiseko sokuqala samalungelo abachopheli-tyala, ezakuba nempembelelo kamva kwinkqubo esemthethweni yaseMerika.

Ummandla Wasekunene

Asilotyala ngalinye lolwaphulo-mthetho elifanelekela ukuchotshelwa ityala labachopheli-tyala. Inkundla Ephakamileyo igqibe ukuba uLawulo lweSithandathu lusebenza kuphela " ukuchanabeka" amacala]. Abo bathwele isigwebo esinokwenzeka sokuvalelwa iinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu. Izigwebo ezincinane, ezifana nabagwebi abancinane, bangavavanywa phambi komgwebi kuphela. Oku kulinganisela iimfuno zetyala lejaji ngokuchasene nomdla woontanga.

Kwinkcukacha ezithe zanentsingiselo engakumbi kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko, jonga i ICornell Informational Information Institute's Sixth Amendment comfision([FLT: 1]].

Umsebenzi Omninzi Weentlanganiso: Ukufumana Izibakala Nokumela Uluntu

I Juries isebenzisa iinjongo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Okokuqala, zisebenza njengezinto ezifumana inyani, zivavanya ubungqina obunikezelwa ngamacala omabini. Okwesibini, zimela isazela soluntu, zisebenzisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kwimibuzo yokuba unetyala okanye akanatyala.

Indima Efumana Inyaniso

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ijaji imisa imibuzo yomthetho, ngoxa abachopheli-tyala bemisa imibuzo yenyaniso. Eli candelo labasebenzi liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho engokwasemthethweni isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo ngoxa iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso ziconjululwa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo. Abachopheli-mthetho bakuva ubungqina obubonakalayo, bahlolisisa ubungqina obuphathekayo, kwaye bavavanye ukuthembeka kwengqina ngalinye. Bamele bagqibe enoba ukutshutshiswa kungqine inxalenye nganye yolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle komgangatho osengqiqweni [, umgangatho ophakamileyo wobungqina kumthetho waseMerika.

Umelo loLuntu

Juries ufumana igunya labo kwingcamango yokuba ummangalelwa makagwetywe ngecandelo elinqumla uluntu, hayi ngamagosa karhulumente. Lo mgaqo unika isigwebo sobunzima bokuziphatha: umgwebo wabemi abaqhelekileyo abalishumi elinesibini uthwala ngokomthetho omkhulu kunomthetho owiswe ngumgwebi omnye. Ukumela koluntu kuzisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwigumbi lokucetyiswa, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nayiphi na imbono enye ilawula iziphumo.

Indima yabachopheli-tyala njengommeli wengingqi ineziphumo eziluncedo. Abagwebi bangasebenzisa i- i-'dict' yokuphela kwetyala', apho bakhulula ummangalelwa onetyala ngokobugcisa phantsi komthetho ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umthetho ngokwawo awulunganga okanye usetyenziswa kakubi. Ngexa abagwebi benqabile ukuyala abagwebi ngala gunya, ihlala iyinkuthalo kwijaji ejongileyo.

Ukwakha IJury: Inkqubo Yokukhetha

Inkqubo yokuhlanganisa inkundla yabachopheli - tyala iqalisa kudala ngaphambi kokuba kuchotshelwe ityala yaye ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela acwangciselwe ukuvelisa iqela elinobulungisa nelingakhethi buso.

Ukushwankathela Nokubaluleka

Abachopheli bejaji abanokukhethwa kwimithombo efana neeroli zobhaliso lovoti, iirekhodi zelayisense yomqhubi, okanye iincwadana zerhafu zikarhulumente. Iincwadi zeposi zifuna ukuba abantu bavele kwinkonzo yejaji ngemihla echaziweyo. Ukufanelekela, umntu kufuneka abe ngummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ummi wesithili esigwebayo, kwaye akwazi ukuqonda isiNgesi. Abantu abanezimvo zetyala okanye iisiphene ezithile zengqondo okanye zomzimba banokuvunyelwa okanye banokugwetyelwa.

Udityaniso lohlobo lombane: Ukubuza iqela lenjongo ethile

Ngaxesha lithile, abaququzeleli bejaji bafumana i- i-oyile ekrakra, igama lesiFrentshi elithetha "ukuthetha inyaniso" Ngeli xesha, ijaji namagqwetha babuza abajaji abazakuba ligqibi ngemvelaphi, iinkolelo, kunye neembono ezinokubakho. Inkqubo ijolise ekutyhileni ikhethe elinokuchaphazela amandla omntu ohlala egqibini ukugqiba kakuhle. Umzekelo, ijaji elibe lixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo okanye elineembono ezinamandla ngokugcinwa komthetho ingacelw ’ umngeni.

Ucelomngeni: Ukuze Ube Nesizathu Sokwenza Izinto Uze Uzicinezele

Iindidi ezimbini zocelomngeni olusemthethweni zivumela amagqwetha ukuba abumbe isalathisi sokugqibela. Ityala livumela naliphi icala ukuba lisuse igqiza elibonisa ikhethe okanye elingakwaziyo ukungabi namkhethe. Akukho mda kule mingeni, kodwa ijaji imele ivume ukuba ibangele. [[FLT:] Ityala libangela imingeni [[[FLT:] Ivumela amagqwetha ukuba asuse inani elisikelweyo leejaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephezulu ibambe ukuba iingxaki azinakusetyenziswa ukukhupha iijaji ezisekelwe kwi-jaji ezisekelwe kuhlanga okanye ubufana, njengoko lento i-Claving Class ([FLT:]]]]]] ivumela amagqwetha eenkuphelo alinganiselayo ukuba asuse inani elilinganiselweyo ngaphandle kokwenza isizathu. Noko ke, ngoko, iNko-1986,[5]]

Iintlobo ZeeJuries: Petit ne Grand

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya iindidi ezimbini ezingafaniyo zemijukujelwa. igqiba ityala okanye ubumsulwa bommangalelwa ekuchotshelweni. Ijaji yesizwe ekwahluleleni iquka amalungu alishumi elinesibini, nangona amanye amaphondo esebenzisa amacandelo amancinane kwityala elincinci. Isigqibo sawo kufuneka sivumelane. [[FLT:] iijaji zejaji zejaji zejaji ezi-'ziquququ'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'''''', ngokwahlukileyo, ungagqibi natyala. Endaweni yoko, ahlola ubungqina obunikelwa ngabatshutshisi-mtshutshisi bomtshutshisi bokwenza ityala elincinci kwaye aqhubeke ityala. Udidi lwejajingalo lunamalungu angamashumi amabini anesithandathu namathathu, kwaye izifungo zabo zisisikhundla.

Isiseko Setyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda indlela ukutyala okuvela ngayo kunceda kucacise indima yabachopheli betyala kwiqonga ngalinye. Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lulandela indlela eqinisekisiweyo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini athetha amatyala awo kakuhle.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala liqala ngokuvula iingxelo ezivela kwityala nakukhuselo. Ingxengxezo ithetha kuqala, ichaza ubungqina eceba ukubunikela nokuxelela abachopheli-tyala oko ilindele ukukungqina. Ukhuseleko lunganikela ingxelo yalo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva koko okanye lulinde de umtshutshisi agqibe ityala lakhe. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa endaweni yoko aziyomibhobho yendlela enceda abagwebi baqonde oko kuza kwenzekayo. I-Attarney ayithethi okanye ifikelele kwiziphelo ezikhoyo xa kuvulwa iingxelo; baqwalasela nje izibakala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Isiseko setyala sixhomekeke ekunikezelweni kobungqina. Ityala lithwala umthwalo wobungqina, ngoko linika umzekelo walo kuqala. Ubungqina buthatha iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: ubungqina obubonisa ukulinganisela [ obuvela kumangqina kunye [ nobungqina benkqubo okanye ubungqina obuyinkqubo [ njengezixhobo, izivumelwano, okanye iingxelo ze-ocentic.

AmaNgqina avavanywa ngapha ngokungqalileyo liqela eliwabizayo, elilandelwa uhlolo lomnqamlezo [ liqela eliphikisanayo]. uvavanyo lomnqamlezo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ukuthembeka nocoselelo lobungqina. Ijaji imigaqo ephakanyiswe ngamacala onke, iqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina buhlangabezana nemilinganiselo esemthethweni yobunyani kunye nokunyaniseka.

Emva kokuba ityala liphelile, ingxengxezo isenokunikela ubungqina balo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokungangqini, yaye abachopheli-mthetho abasenokungafumani ngcamango iphosakeleyo kweso sigqibo. Ukuba ukhuseleko lunikela ubungqina, umtshutshisi anganikela ubungqina bokuphendula.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Akuba omabini amacala enze bonke ubungqina, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano zokuvala. La ngamathuba okugqibela amagqwetha okucenga abachopheli-tyala. Bashwankathela ubungqina, bagxininise ukungangqinelani kwetyala eliphikisanayo, baze baphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-mvo bafikelele isigqibo esithile. Ngokungafaniyo neentetho zokuvula, iimpikiswano zokuvala ziquka iintetho ezisengqiqweni ezisuka kubungqina kunye nokubhenela kwimvo yabachobi yokulunga. Kodwa amagqwetha ayalelwa ekuphoseni ubungqina okanye ukukhupha amanqaku aqinileyo.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala baqalise ukuququzelela, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yobuxoki . Le miyalelo icacisa umthetho osebenza kule meko, kuquka iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho nomthwalo wobungqina. Ijaji ichaza amagama asemthethweni afana "nokuthandabuza ngokusengqiqweni" kwaye ichaza indlela abagwebi abamele bavavanye ngayo ukuthembeka nobungqina obubo. Imiyalelo ibalulekile kuba abalawuli kufuneka basebenzise umthetho njengoko kuchazwe ngumgwebi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziimbono zabo zobuqu ngokomthetho kufuneka ube yiyo.

Isigqibo

Umsebenzi wejaji uba mkhulu kakhulu emva kokuba ijaji idlulisele imiyalelo kwaye ithumela kwigumbi lokuququzelela. Kulapho abachopheli bemvo baguqula khona ukusuka kubabukeli abangenzi zigqibo.

Inkqubela Yesithinteli

Abalawuli bakhetha umlawuli okhokelayo ukuze alawule ingxubusho nokunxibelelana nenkundla. Bahlola ubungqina, baxubushe iimbono zabo zobungqina, baze baphikisane ngokusetyenziswa komthetho kwizibakala. Isigqibo singathabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala nakumlinganiselo wokungavumelani phakathi kwejaji. Ijaji inganikela imiyalelo eyongezelelekileyo ukuba abachopheli-mthetho bacela ukucacisa imibuzo, kodwa imbopheleleko engundoqo ixhomekeke kubagwebi ngokwabo.

Ukungaphili Neempepho Ezineentambo

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angoorhulumente nakumatyala amaninzi karhulumente, isigqibo kufuneka sivumelane. Bonke abagwebi abalishumi elinesibini kufuneka bavume ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo ngenxa yokuqiniseka. Ukuba abachopheli bejaji abanako ukufikelela kwisigqibo somcimbi emva kokuba begqibile, ijaji ingavakalisa [ ityala ngenxa yetyala le-"ijaji." Kweso siganeko, ingtshutshiso ingakhetha ukulizama kwakhona elo tyala phambi kwejaji entsha. Abanye bathi bavumela ukuba kugwetywe izigwebo ezingabanga-ulu-lu-lulo kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifune ukungahlangani kwetyala elinzulu ([FLT:]] Rhos. v[FFFF]]]]20], 2020).

Imiphumo Enokwenzeka

Ijaji ibuyisela esinye seziphumo ezintathu. [[FLT: 0] iziphumo zetyala zithetha ukuba abachopheli-tyala bafumanise ukuba ityala liyingqinela ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obufanelekileyo. alilotyala [[[FLT:]] lithetha ukuba abachopheli-mthetho babengaqinisekanga kakuhle; oku kuphumeza ekuvalweni, kwaye ummangalelwa akanakuphinda abekwe ecaleni elinye ngaphantsi kweBhobe likaVini le Jeopdity Clause. A [[FLT:]] uphumeza umgwebi womthetho ogwetyiweyo

Amandla Nobuthathaka Benkqubo Yobunjubaqa

Akukho lungiselelo ligqibeleleyo, yaye inkqubo yabachopheli - tyala iye yatsala abakhuseli abanamandla nabahlalutyi abachasayo.

Amandla: Ukubonisa ngaphaya kunye nokunika inkxaso

Iimvavanyo ze Jury zikhuthaza [[[FLT: 0] umahluko ngokuzisa inkqubo yokusesikweni kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke. Abami abakhonza kwiijaji bafumana amava obuqu kwinkqubo yomthetho, bekhuthaza ukuthembana kwimisebenzi yayo. Le nkqubo ikwayi abemi ekulawuleni , bezalisekisa intsingiselo yedemokhrasi yokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo bafanele bathabathe inxaxheba ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla karhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, imfuneko yokuba abatshutshisi beyise abantu abalishumi elinesibini abalahlikiweyo betyala inikezela uvavanyo olunamandla nxamnye nokunganyaniseki okanye ukugxelelwa okunelisa okungendawo.

Ubuthathaka: Ukuntsonkotha Nokuntsonkotha

Abahlalutyi bachaza ukuba abachopheli bejaji bangazisa ucalucalulo olungaqondanga [ kwigumbi lokucinga elisekelwe kuhlanga, kudidi, okanye kumava obuqu. Ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwe-voir brain, ikhethe elibhabhalekayo. Enye inkxalabo yi uknaniso olungaqondakaliyo [: amatyala angoku abandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothile, iirekhodi zemali, okanye iingcamango zobuchule ezinokudidanisa okanye ukudidanisa okanye ukudibanisa ingthssss. Umngcipheko wokungaqondi kakuhle okanye imiyalelo engalunganga ye-mgwebi ye-jaji.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba yamatyala aphezulu ikwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungakhethi buso. Abagwebi abasenokuba bafunda okanye bajongile ukubhengezwa okugqithisileyo kwaphambi kwenkundla, benza izimvo ngaphambi kokuva nabuphi na ubungqina. Iinkundla zikuthetha oku ngokujongana nobunzima, ngokutshintsha kwendawo, okanye ukucela abachopheli betyala ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubeka kumatyala abhiyozelwayo.

Ukuvavanya okulungeleleneyo kwamandla kunye nobuthathaka benkqubo yejaji, bona uhlalutyo lweMelika Bar kunye kwiJournal yaBagwebi.

Ingqikelelo enxulumeneyo: Iimvavanyo ze Jury kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho

Izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni zithetha ngombandela wokuba nenxaxheba ekugwetyweni kolwaphulo - mthetho ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

I-United Kingdom

INgilani neWales, indawo ekuzalelwa kuyo abachopheli-tyala abaqhelekileyo, igcina iityala zamatyala anzulu etyala lejaji kwiNkundla yetyala. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamatyala ejaji kuphelile ngokuhamba kwexesha. UMthetho weSigwebo soMphathi-mthetho uvumele ukuchotshelwa ngaphandle kwetyala lobuqhinga obuthile obuntsonkothileyo kwaye kwiimeko apho kukho ubungozi bokuphanga ijaji. Amatyala aququzelelwa amalungu alishumi elinababini e-UK kwaye amele afikelele kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo, nangona inkundla isenokuvuma isigqibo esininzi emva kwexesha elithile lokuqulunqwala ityala ukuba akunanzeki.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane

Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu alandela isithethe somthetho wasekuhlaleni asebenzisa iinkundla ezidityanisiweyo kunokuba zigwetywe ngokwesithethe. EJamani naseFransi, abagwebi abangoogcisa bahlala ecaleni kweejaji eziqhelekileyo ukuze bagqibe zombini iityala kunye nesigwebo. Abagwebi abangoogxa baba nenxaxheba ekuncipheni amangqina nokungavumelani nabagwebi abangoogqirha, ukudibanisa ubuchule bomthetho nenxaxheba entlalweni. Amanye amazwe, njengeSpeyin neJapan, aye amkela iinkqubo zejaji eziphelo eziphenjelelwe yimo yetyala yaseMerika kodwa avumelana nezithethe zawo ezingomthetho.

Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla yeSigebenga yeZizwe ngezizwe neNkundla yeSigebenga yeZizwe Ngezizwe yelizwe elalisakuba yiYugoslavia, azisebenzisi izigwebo. Endaweni yoko, amacandelo abagwebi abangoogcisa agqiba ukuba netyala kunye nesohlwayo. Oku kubonisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nocelomngeni lokuhlanganisa abachopheli beejaji abameli kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Kwimboniselo yothelekiso, abafundi bangajonga ukungeniswa kwe-Encclopedia Britannica kwinkqubo yabachopheli-tyala.

Ikamva Lezilingo Zobu Juliya Kwihlabathi Elitshintshayo

Uvavanyo lwe Jury lujongene neengcinezelo ezivela kutshintsho lobugcisa, iimfuno zomthwalo, kunye nolwandiso lukawonke-wonke. Isifo se-COVID-19 esikhawulezileyo sovavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokukhetha abachopheli betyala kwaneemvavanyo ezizinyani, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba iziphumo zamanani zingalondolozwa kusini na kwiingenelo eziqhelekileyo zokucinga.

Uphando lwezenzululwazi lwezentlalo luyaqhubeka luhlola indlela abachopheli bejaji abasebenza ngayo. Uphando olusetyenziswa kumaqumrhu ahlekisayo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lwasemva kwetyala luye lwabonisa indlela abasebenzi bejaji abaqhuba ngayo inkcazelo, indlela amaqela achaphazela ngayo iingcinga, kunye nezibakala eziphembelela izigqibo. Olu phando lwazisa utshintsho olufana nokuvumela abachopheli beejaji ukuba babhale amaphetshana, bebuza imibuzo yamangqina ngokubhala, kwaye benikela imiyalelo yokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuvavanywa.

Inkqubo yokucel'ityala ingucelomngeni olukhulu. Ngaphezu kwama-95 ekhulwini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States aconjululwa ngezivumelwano kunokuba avavanywe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuthotywa kwamatyala abachopheli kunciphisa umsebenzi wokuhlola iijaji kwaye kunikel ’ ingqalelo kwizandla zabatshutshisi. Abaxhasi besicelo sokucebisi ngempumelelo kunye nokufezekisa iziphumo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwempumelelo kunye nelungelo lokuvavanywa kwejaji luza kuqhubeka lubumba inkqubo yomthetho.

Isiphelo

Ityala le-Jury lihlala lisesona siseko sobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe aqhelekileyo omthetho. Zisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo: ukumisa izibakala, ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yoluntu, ukukhangela igunya likarhulumente, kunye nokunika abemi inxaxheba kulawulo lobulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela iimvavanyo zabachopheli-mgaqo-mthetho ezisebenza ngayo ngezantsi ngokusuka kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko ngokukhetha, ukuvavanya, kunye nokuqwalasela (‘i-equipsss) ukuxabisa amandla kunye nokulinganiselwa kweli qumrhu lihlonelwa. Njengoko inkqubo esemthethweni iphenjelelwa ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni olutsha, indima yabachopheleli-msigqhinga ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kuvumelana, kodwa injongo yayo engundoqo yokuqinisekisa umgwebo olulungileyo ngabantu abaqhelekileyo imele ihlale.