Ilungelo lokumela isigwebo esisemthethweni limi njengentsika esisiseko yeenkqubo zokugweba zanamhlanje, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ababandakanyeke kwiimbambano zomthetho bayakwazi ukufikelela kubameli abanobuchule abanokukhusela izilangazelelo zabo baze baxhase imigaqo esesikweni. Ngaphandle kwesiluleko esifanelekileyo somthetho, intsingiselo yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni iba yimpompoza, njengoko abamangalelwa besoloko bengenalwazi, oovimba kunye nobuchule bokulawula imigaqo entsonkothile esemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo komelo olusemthethweni enkundlelweni, ukuqwalasela indaleko yalo, ukuhlalutya iziphumo zayo ezithe ngeenkcukacha ezithe ngqingqo, nokumelana nemiqobo engapheliyo ethintela abaninzi ekufikeleleni kweli lungelo libalulekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Komelo Olusemthethweni

Umelo lwasemthethweni lusebenza njengesikhuseli nxamnye namandla orhulumente azimeleyo kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuzimela ihlala ilungelelanisiwe. Kwinkqubo yokushukumisa, ukutshutshiswa kuzisa ubuncwane obuninzi (ii-asverstariges, iingcali zokhuselo-mthetho, kunye namagqwetha anamava, (lo gama abamangalelwa, ukuba abangeniswanga, bamelana nalo matshini kuphela. Igqwetha elinobuchule lizigqabhuli le ngxaki ngokunikela:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uphando kuMthetho: Abaphathi banentsingiselo enzulu yemimiselo, umthetho womzekelo, imithetho yobungqina, kunye neemfuno zesithethe. Bangabona iimpazamo ezisemthethweni, iintshukumo zefayile ezifanelekileyo, kwaye bacel ’ umngeni ihambo engafanelekanga ngokutshutshiswa.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: Ukususela kwixesha lokubanjwa ngokuvavanywa nokubhena, igqwetha liqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa `njengelungelo lokuzichasa, ilungelo lokudibana namangqina, nelungelo lokujamelana netyala elikhawulezayo/ukuvavanywa.
  • Ukhuselo lwe-Strategic: Ityala ngalinye linikela izibakala ezikhethekileyo kunye nemibandela engokwasemthethweni. Igqwetha liphuhlisa ubuchule obulungiselweyo, nokuba lithetha ngesicelo, liphikisa unyanzelo lobungqina, okanye linikela ukhuselo olunamandla xa livavanywa.
  • Access kwiZibonelelo kunye ne Nenethwekhi: Iingcali zomthetho zingabiza abaphengululi, amangqina ochwepheshe (umz., amanani amanani aphezulu, iingcali zezamayeza, iingcali zeblollars), kunye neeparalema zokwakha imeko enyanzelisayo. I-Profigtators azinakufumana inkxaso enjalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso engokwasemzimbeni kunye noLungcelo: Ukujongwa kumatyala asemthethweni kudinisa uxinzelelo. Iinkqubo ezicacisayo, ulawula ulindelo, kwaye unceda umxhasi enze izigqibo ezinolwazi, ukunciphisa inkxalabo kunye nokwandisa inxaxheba kwenye i’ uzikhusela.

Uphando olungokweminxeba luqinisekisa ukuba ukumela abamangalelwa kungcono kakhulu kunabo bahamba bodwa. Umzekelo, 2020 ingxelo ebekwe yi- Melikan Bar Association ifumanise ukuba abameli abangamelanga kwimicimbi yamakhaya basengozini enkulu yokuphulukana namatyala abo, ukungagqibeki kwemigwebo, okanye ukuphulukana nokugcinwa komntwana. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, umahluko ude ube ngowodwa: abamangalelwa nabakhuseli-mthetho okanye abagcinwayo bafumana izigwebo ezilula kwaye basenokuba banokulahlwa okanye bancitshiswe.

Imeko - ngqangi yembali yomelo lomthetho

Ingcamango yokuba nelungelo lokucebisa ayizange ivele ngesiquphe. Kwimbali emininzi, abamangalelwa babephikisana ngamatyala abo, ngokufuthi beneziphumo eziyintlekele. Indaleko yomelo olusemthethweni ibonisa ukuvuma kancinane kodwa ngokuzinzileyo ukuba okusesikweni kufuna ukuba umntu afunde ngokungqongqo.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo Neyamandulo

Kuthene yamandulo, i-ligitars zathetha ngokwazo, nangona zazinokuqesha [[FLT: 0] umqwalaseli wezifundo ukuba abhale iintetho. Umthetho wamaRoma wavumela ukuba avume avume ukungxengxezela abanye, kodwa yayililungelo kubatyebi abafumileyo. Ngexesha lamaXesha aphakathi, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waphuhlisa ingcamango ye ̴ Applice & #821; kuphela yentambo; abamangalelwayo kumatyala efelon babengavumelekanga ukuba negqwetha i-gqhinga de kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17. [FLD:4] [12] [125] [umgaqo oqhelekileyo]

Isiseko Sangoku

Ixesha elichithiweyo lafika ngokukhanyiselwa namalungelo abantu ngabanye. IsiHlanziso seSithandathu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1791) saliphakamisa ilungelo lokucebisa ekumangaleleni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukanti kwinkulungwane ye-19 eli lungelo lalilinganiselwe kwabo babenokukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha. Sathabatha ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. [[FLT:]] Geonv. [[FLT] [12] [FLT]] [1963] [1963]] [iSivumelo sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe] ukunyusela ilungelo lokuya kwityala elikwityala lasemthethweni, ukuseka inkqubo yezomthetho ekwalawulu, ukumisela inkqubo yokhuselo yoluntu. [iiii-FLT] Ityala eliyi-Genegalelo lomthetho-omatika-mthetho-Mgaqonga (198] [19] noMvumeno wezizwe zezizwe ngezomthetho-omthetho-omatiko (196) kunye noMgaqonga, omabini kweyaseYurophu, iqinisekisa uku

Incopho yokophula

  • [[UMTL: 0] Magna Carta (1215): iseke imigaqo efunekayo yenkqubo eyathi kamva yasekela ilungelo kwisiluleko.
  • IsiHlalisi soMgqibo (1791): ngokuphandle] iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunceda ngesiluleko kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]): ixhotyiswe ukuba ithi inikezela ngamagqwetha kubamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuwathenga.
  • [ Imovements zoncedo zoncedo (20th Century): Imigudu neenkqubo zikarhulumente zandisa uncedo lwasemthethweni lwasekuhlaleni kubantu abafumana intsebenziswano ephantsi, iqonda ukuba okusesikweni kudlulela ngaphaya kweenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IZizwe eziManyanisayo Imiphakamiso eBanzi kwiNdlela yamaLawyers (1990): yaseka imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe yokufumana ingcebiso nenkululeko yomsebenzi osemthethweni.

Impembelelo Yomelo Olusemthethweni Kwizilingo Ezifanelekileyo

Ukufumana isiluleko esifanelekileyo asiyonto ilula; yimfuneko yokufumana ityala elifanelekileyo.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Umgaqo wokulingana ufuna ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, imeko, okanye imfundo, afumane ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo. Umgangatho womelo olusemthethweni kwibala lokudlala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izityebi namahlwempu ngokufanayo bangabuvavanya ubungqina, amangqina anqamlezayo e-examine, kunye neempikiswano ezikhoyo. Ngaphandle kwamagqwetha, i-“ ukulingana ̵ inkundla yenkundla iintsomi entle, iyakusoloko imqinisa ummangalelwa.

Ukuncitshiswa Kweminqamlezo Yokusesikweni

Iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo zezona zikhoyo, kwaye ukuswela umelo olusebenzayo kungunobangela ophambili. Iprojekthi ye-Invoce ibhale amakhulu eengxelo ngobungqina be-DNA, namatyala amaninzi abandakanya icebiso elingelulo elisemthethweni. Igqwetha elifanelekileyo liya kuhlola iinkqubo zamapolisa, livavanya ukujongwa kwamehlo apholileyo, lifunise ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kwaye licebisana ngezicelo eziphepha izigwebo ezigqithisileyo. Ngokufutshane, amagqwetha asebenza njengovavanyo olugxekayo kwingingqi ejaji kunye nempazamo yejaji.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo ngolwazi

Abameli bajamelana nokhetho olunzima: enoba baza kungqina, bamkele isicelo esithelekisayo, okanye bawalahle amalungelo athile. Abameli bachaza iziphumo ngolwimi olucacileyo, beqinisekisa ukuba abaxhasi bayavuma ukuba banikwe ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, ummangalelwa ocela ityala ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo zokulinganiswa kwetyala, ukuphulukana nelayisensi yobuchule, ukubhaliswa kwephepha-mvume elingokwabela isondo.

Ubulungisa

Iinkqubo zomthetho zintsonkothile kwaye azixoleli. Ukungawuchasi umsebenzi wecawa, ukungaphumeleli ukuphikisa uluvo, okanye ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwemiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala kungaphazamisa ityala. Abalawuli basebenzisa ezi nkcukacha zobugcisa, bagcina imiba yokubhena nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhubeka ngokomthetho. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amaqela amele imiyalelo yenkundla asengozini kakhulu yokuthobela, ukuphucula ubuchule benkqubo yokulunga.

Indima yeAttorney yokhuselo kwinkcukacha

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kucacisa isizathu sokuba umelo lubaluleke kakhulu.

Uphando Nokulungiselela Ityala

Ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala, igqwetha liqokelela izibakala: ukubuza amangqina, ukutyelela imiboniso yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufumana iingxelo zamapolisa, nokuhlola ubungqina bamanani. Ziphawula ukungangqinelani, amangqina, okanye ubungqina bokungahoywa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uphando lokuqala lwamapolisa luluncedo olunye; isiluleko sokuzikhusela sinikela umlinganiselo ofunekayo ophikisanayo.

Ukuxilonga nokukhupha ithambo lomqolo

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aphela ngokufaka isingqiniso, kungekhona ukuvavanywa. Igqwetha elinamava lingathetha ngezityholo ezincomelayo, izigwebo ezifutshane, ukuvavanywa kwetyala endaweni yentolongo (ukuvalelwa kwetyala elincinci) ukuba ummangalelwa ophambili akanakuze aphumelele. Umtshutshisi uyazi ukuba igqwetha liya kubeka urhulumente umthwalo walo wokungqina, ngoko linikela ulwabo olungcono. Ngaphandle kwesiluleko, abamangalelwayo basoloko bevuma izibongozo ezingekho mthethweni ngenxa yoloyiko okanye ukungazi.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ekumangalelweni, igqwetha lilawula ivoir ekhwankqisayo (ukhetho lobuxoki), linikela iingxelo zokuvula, ihambo ngqo nokuxilonga, liphikisa, lithatha iintshukumo zokuphikisa, lize lifake iintetho zempikiswano. Zifaka ingcebiso kwaye zigxininise ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kwanabona bamangalelwa bathetha kakuhle abanawo umthetho wokuqeqesha ukuphatha imithetho yobungqina neyokuziphatha okufanelekileyo enkundla.

Ukugweba Nokubhenela

Emva kokuqiniseka, ukumela kusabalulekile. Abameli basoloko bechaza izinto ezizizobelayo ``flock, obfti, amaqhina entsapho, imiba yempilo yengqondo--(ukuyeyisela ijaji kwimiba yempilo-mpilo). Bakwagcina iimpazamo zokubhenela, iindleko zokufaka isibheno okanye izivakalisi ezingezoza semthethweni. Inkqubo yokubhenela ithelekelelwa ngobuchule kakhulu; bambalwa abamangalelwa abanokuyisebenzisa kuphela.

Ucelomngeni Ekufumaneni Umelo Olusemthethweni

Nangona ibalulekile, izigidi zabantu zijamelene nemiqobo emikhulu ukuze zifumane icebiso elingomthetho, yaye ezi zinto zibangela ukuba kungabi nasiqinisekiso sokuba kuyakuba nokusesikweni okulinganayo.

Indleko Nomsantsa Wokusesikweni

Amagqwetha azimeleyo ahlawula iindleko eziphezulu, ngokufuthi amakhulu ee-dola ngeyure, etshixa abantu abaphantsi naphakathi. Kwimicimbi yoluntu (iimfuno, i-hostry, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala, ukufuduka), akukho mGaqo-siseko welungelo lokunika isiluleko samahhala, ngaphandle kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo. I-Arejionts yoMbutho [FLT]] iingxelo zokuba ama-80% abantu base-Melika abafumana imali ephantsi, abafumanangafumananga ncedo okanye olungenalo olusemthethweni lweengxaki zabo zamakhaya kwiminyaka yakutshanje . /awumbini we-i-i-i-partment ebizwa ngokuba yi-̴ umsantsa.” nalapho kukho abakhuseli-omatilorvey, basoloko besebenza naphantsi kweminye.

Uxanduva lokhuselo lukawonke-wonke

Kumazwe amaninzi, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke baphatha amakhulu emeko ngonyaka. Baswele ixesha lokuphanda, lokuphendula amangqina, okanye lokudibana nabaxhasi. Amanye amazwe aye agweba ngempumelelo ukunciphisa uxanduva, kodwa amaxande angaphantsi kwemingxuma ayaqhubeka. Eli thuba lithetha ukuba abamangalelwa abaninzi abangoonxantathu bafumana kuphela umelo oluninzi olulukhulu, ngokunempumelelo oluyi- ̴meet Øem kwaye bance ̰” & #821; ukusondela.

Imiqobo YezeeNgingqi Neyolwimi

Imimandla yasemaphandleni isenokuba namagqwetha ambalwa okanye angenawo amagqwetha aqhelisela ukhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye uncedo olusemthethweni. AmaMelika amaIndiya asemagqagani ajongene nokungabikho kwamagqwetha, njengokuba kunjalo kubantu abahlala kude. Ukongezelela, izithethi ezingeyosiNgesi zitsala nzima ukufumana amagqwetha anxibelelana ngolwimi lwawo, kwaye iinkonzo zokutolika zisoloko zingenako ukufikelela kwityala elifanelekileyo.

Ukungajongwa

Abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba banelungelo lokucebisa, okanye bakholelwa ukuba ngabantu abanetyala kuphela abafuna amagqwetha. Le mfundiso ikhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwasekunene kwe-/maxa wambi ngokungazi. Abanye abathembani ngokupheleleyo nenkqubo yomthetho kwaye bakhetha ukuzimela ngokwabo ngenxa yoloyiko lokuba igqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla alizukuba kwicala labo. Ukufumana ingcebiso nemfundo kubalulekile ukuphelisa oku.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Kumelo Lwasemthethweni

Ngoxa ilungelo lokunikela isiluleko ligqalwa ngokubanzi, ukuphunyezwa kwalo kuyahluka gqitha kwiinkolelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

I-United States

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ukuba iSindululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuba icebo likwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa inkqubo ineempazamo ezinzulu: abakhuselweyo, ubunjani obungalungelelaniyo, kwaye akukho lungelo lokululeka kwiimeko zabemi ngaphandle kokuba ukuvalelwa kwesohlwayo kunokwenzeka (umz., ukunyanzeliswa kwabantwana). INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ayivumanga ukusasaza [[FLT: 0] Gideon kummandla wasekuhlaleni, ishiya umsantsalo omkhulu.

I-United Kingdom

Inkqubo yoncedo lwasemthethweni ye-UK, eyayikhe yaphana, iye yasikelwa umva onzulu ukususela ngo-2010. UMthetho woNcedo lwasemthethweni, iSigwebo neSigwebo soMgaqo-nkqubo wama-Ofisi 2012 wasusa imicimbi emininzi yasekuhlaleni, kwaye inani labanikezeli bolwaphulo-mthetho bezonyango liye lehla ngokungqongqo. Ukufikelela kwisiluleko, ingakumbi ngecebiso lamandulo, kuye kwakhutshwa, ukubhenela ukugxekwa kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu.

EYurophu Ekwilizwekazi (Iinkqubo Zemithetho Eqhelekileyo)

Amazwe afana neJamani neFransi aqinisekisa ukuba anikwe isiluleko kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho yaye ngokufuthi anikela uncedo olusemthethweni kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni esekelwe kwingeniso nakukubaluleka kwayo. Iinkqubo ze-Inquisitiontion zibeka imbopheleleko engakumbi kwijaji ukuba iphande, kodwa amagqwetha akhuselayo asenendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko phantsi kweGatya 6.

IiNkqutyana zeMali

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zehlabathi lonke (umz., iNkundla yeZizwe Ngezizwe Yezolwaphulo-mthetho, i-ICTT) zinikela uncedo olubanzi olusemthethweni kubamangalelwa, ziqonda ukuba amalungelo afanelekileyo okuvavanywa kufuneka ameleke ngokungqongqo kuyo yonke imida. Oku kumisela umlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke, nangona imiqathango yoovimba isekho.

Isiphelo

Ukumela okusemthethweni asikokungalandeli nje okusemthethweni, kungumqobo nje owenziweyo, kunye nesithuba esiphezulu sokugweba. Ukufezekisa idinga lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kwazo zonke iimvavanyo. Kuyo yonke imbali, indaleko yelungelo lokunika isiluleko iphawule ukuzinikela okukhulayo kwebutho labantu kokusesikweni nokulingana. Kodwa namhlanje, loo sibopho sivavanywa yimiqobo engapheliyo: iindleko eziphezulu, iinkqubo ezinzima, umahluko wezwe, kunye nesithuba esibanzi sokulungisa. Ukufezekisa idinga lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kwazo zonke iimvavanyo, oorhulumente kufuneka bafake inkxaso kawonke-wonke, bandise uncedo lwamakhaya, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bonke abantu abangenayo ingeniso okanye imvelaphi esemthethweni esemthethweni. Okunye kukwinkqubo yokulungisa okufanelekileyo apho iziphumo zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo omnye we-& #217; iipayibhula, ukungcakaza kwemigaqo yemigaqo yeenko ezimele ukuxhasa imigaqo.