Indlu yowiso-mthetho inendima esisiseko ekulungiseni urhwebo nolwazi lwabathengi. Ngokudluliselwa kwemithetho nemimiselo, inyulwa iziqu zimisela imida amashishini amele asebenze kuyo, iqinisekisa ukuba izibhengezo ziyinyaniso, azikho nyani, aziqhathani, kwaye zisesikweni. Eli nqaku liphengulula ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani kunye nokuchaneka kolwazi olufunyanwa ngabathengi, ukuqinisekisa ukwenza izigqibo nokukhuthaza ukuthenjwa kwemithetho yezorhwebo. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo, uqheliselo olukhohlisayo lungakonakalisa abathengi luze lucuthelise ukhuphiswano. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ekhoyo yemithetho emininzi ekulawuleni izibhengezo, ukuvavanyaza, ubuchule bokuqinisekisa, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo eziboniswa ngotshintsho lwamanani.

Isiseko Somthetho Wokubhengeza

Isiseko esisemthethweni solawulo lwentengiso sakhiwa kwimithetho emiselwe kumgangatho wesizwe, wesizwe, nowasekuhlaleni. EUnited States, umthetho oyintloko weKhomishoni yeFederal Trade Commission ka-1938, owadala iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) yaza yayinika igunya lokuthintela izenzo ezingekho sesikweni okanye iinkohliso okanye imicimbi yezorhwebo. Ngokunjalo, iBhunga landisa amandla e-FTC ngokulungisa intengiso olunjengoMphetho-Lea ka-mayela ka-1938, eyalela ngokucacileyo ukuba “izenzo okanye inkohliso okanye imicimbi ekhohlisayo” ekubhengezeni. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela imithetho yokukhusela abathengi egunyazisa imigaqo yokuthengisa, ukuchaza, ukuchaza, nokukhupha iprojekn

Imigangatho eGuqulela inyaniso

Imithetho eguqula inyaniso iphakathi kwezixhobo ezisisiseko zokukhusela abathengi. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba izibhengezo zibe zenyaniso, zingalahlekisi, kwaye, xa zifanelekile, zixhaswa bubungqina benzululwazi okanye obuyinjongo. “Izikhokelo Ze-FTC Ezibhekiselele ekuSebenzeni Kweziphene kunye ne-Uvavanyo lokuDisela. Zinika imizekelo ebanzi yoko kuqhelisela ukukhohlisa. Umzekelo, inkampani ayinakuthetha ukuba imveliso“ ingqiniwe ngokuchanekileyo” ngaphandle kokuba inezifundo ezithembekileyo ezixhasayo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza ukuba kufuneke ii-Reagrationsss zonyango, ukhuseleko, kunye nezibhengezo zokuthengisa. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphelisa imiyalelo, okanye ukuhambisa imiyalelo elungileyo, imigaqo yokuhambisa, kunye nee-dictionationsting, kunye neenkqubo ze-dictionation, transportsting, transted transteins.

Iimfuno eziBanzi

Izigunyaziso zomthetho zifuna ababhengezi babe “nesiseko esisengqiqweni” sokuzithethelela phambi kokuba basasaze. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba ngunobangela we-FTC, ungowona uphambili kumsebenzi wokunyanzelisa. Ababhengezi kufuneka babe nobungqina obuxhasa imiyalelo edluliselwa kubathengi. Umgangatho wobuthathi-nxaxheba obufunekayo ungohluka ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwento - umzekelo, intelekelelo yempilo efuna uvavanyo lwenzululwazi olungqongqo, ngoxa iziphumo zezolwazi ezifana “noncatho oluphambili” zinokuxhomekeka kuphando lwabathengi. Ngomgamphi we-antistanti yemiyalelo esemthethweni, izicelo ziqinisekisa ukuba abakhankanyiswayo abanako ukulahlekisa imbono enokuthi ikhohlise uluntu.

Iimfuno zokuLekta NezokuNcinwa

Izibhengezo zikwayalela ukuba kubhalwe iinkcukacha ezikhethekileyo ezimele zivele kwiirelamthi zemveliso nakwizibhengezo. Ezi mfuneko zinika abathengi amandla okwenza uthelekiso nokubona iingozi ezinokwenzeka. EUnited States, iPackwald and Leating Act (FPLA) ifuna ukuba izinto ezithengiswayo ziphawulwe ngobuninzi benenenethwekhi, ukuphawulwa kwemveliso, negama kunye nendawo yeshishini lomenzi, ipakethengi, okanye indawo yeshishini. I-Nittriating nomthetho wemfundo (NELEA) ifuna ukuba izidlo ezininzi ezidityayo zithwale “Izingqikelelo-ethi zemali ezikhoyo” ezithenjiweyo, iikilojoli, amafutha, iibhoti, nezinye izithako ezifunekayo. Izigqizo ezifanayo zikho ukwenzela imiqathango yeziyobisi, isongezo sokulungisa, kunye nemichiza yemichini yendlu yaseYurophu. [0] [0] Imithetho elungele ukuthengiswa kolwazi oluthenjiweyo, kunye nemithetho ecacileyo, kunye nezinye ii-ondo ezithenjiweyo, ezicacileyo, ezithenjiweyo, ezithe

Ukubethwa kwegama

UMthetho we-Taffiff wase-U.S. ka-1930 ufuna ukuba onke amanqaku emvelaphi yamanye amazwe aphawulwe ngegama lesiNgesi lemvelaphi yawo. Ngokukhawuleza, imigaqo-mthetho ichaphazele imveliso ezininzi, ingakumbi iimveliso zokutya, iimpahla, iimpahla, kunye neenqwelo-mafutha. UMthetho weSikolo soMgaqo-mthetho we-O. Umthetho ofana noMthetho we-Tariffiff ka-1930 ufuna ukuba onke amanqaku emvelaphi yangaphandle aphawulwe ngegama lengingqi yelizwe lawo lemvelaphi. Imithetho-mthetho idibanise ukufakwa kwezimfuneko zokutyhilwa kwento esenziwe ngokunyanzelwa komsebenzi okanye okuveliswe kwimimandla ekhuphikiswayo. Injongo yokuvumela abathengi ukuba bacinge ngemithetho engoko kwizigqibo zabo zokuthenga. Amandla okufuna iingxelo ezibonisa ugwebo olubanzi olubonisa ukuba intengo olusemthethweni luyimfuneko ngenxa yentengiso.

Ukulawula Izabelo Ezikhethekileyo

Ubuchule bokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (FDA) buye baphucule ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezithengwayo ngenxa yokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi okanye ukuntsonkotha kwemveliso yabo. Iimithetho imisela imithetho edityanisiweyo edityanisiweyo ehamba ngaphaya kwemithetho yenyaniso nemigaqo ekhoyo. Umzekelo, ishishini lecuba lilawulwa yimithetho elawula ukukhuthazwa kwamayeza agunyazisiweyo, isalathisi esilungiselelweyo esilungiselelweyo, esifuna ukuba sinikeze isishwankathelo esilungelele somngcipheko kunye neengenelo, kuquka “isishwankathelo esithelekelelekileyo” seziphumo ezisecaleni kunye nemigaqo-yo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwenyaniso. Ishishini lecuba liyathintelwa imiqathango phantsi kwemiqathango yokuthintela ukutsha nokulawula ukuThibilika kweentsapho kunye noLawulo lwecuba, nto leyo evaliweyo ekufuneni ukukhuselwa kwemiqatha kwezi zizinto ezithengwayo, ngokunjalo, ngokunjalo, izibhengezosiselo zezo zoomeli ezithenjiweyo zilawulwa zimele zikhuselwe ukuba zikhuselwe iindleko ezithenjizwe zoo ezo zithenjiswe kwimityiso ezithe

Ukukhusela Abantu Abaneengcupheko

Imithetho iye yasebenza ngokuzinzisa ukukhusela amaqela asengozini kwizenzo zokubhengeza ezixhaphakileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana abakwazi ukuyiqonda kakuhle intsingiselo yokuchaphazeleka kwenkcazelo eyinyaniso, ikhokelela kwimithetho emininzi yokumisela imida engqongqo kwizibhengezo ezijoliswe kuwo. ISicwangciso soluvo-moya sabantwana sonyaka-waka we-1990 eUnity, simisela inani lexesha lentengiso ngexesha lemfundo yabantwana kwaye sifuna izitishi zemfundo yolwazi. I-Umthetho we-Unitlbeclect (COPPA) ilawula ukuqokelelwa kolwazi lobuqu kubantwana phantsi kwe-13, ii-13, ngokungekho mthethweni nangezizo zemali, ukusetyenziswa ngokulula, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Malikentengiso atheneyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Addiod Medicine, i-ocesss, abantwana abangenwayo, kunye nabanga elingengongongongongongongo zabantwana abathenjiweyo, kunye nabanamatyala, kunye nezibhengezodwayoli

Ukubhengeza Kubantu Abakhulileyo Nakubemi Abaphezulu

Abemi abakhulileyo badla ngokujongwa zintengiso zobuqhetseba okanye ezilahlekisayo, ingakumbi kwimveliso yempilo, ukubuyiselwa kwezibambi-mali, namathuba okutyala imali. Amagunya akwalatha imithetho efaka uhlolo oluphangaleleyo kwizicelo ezijoliswe kubantu abadala. Umzekelo, izikhulu ze-CPU zimisela izigwebo ezongezelelekileyo zokuthengisa ngokuqhatha okuthe ngqo kwabakhulileyo. Ngokunjalo, iFederal Tradenti Commission Act, njenge-transformation, inika igunya le-FTC lokulandela inkampani ekwizenzo okanye izenzo zokukhohlisa abantu abangenamandla angakumbi. Imithetho emininzi ifuna izibhengezo-mdlazo ezicacileyo kwizibhengezo zezibhengezo zemali ezintluntluntluntwini, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo abatsha abangcwali beencungela ushicilelo olucothayo.

Izenzo Zokukhohlisa Nokunyanzelwa

Amandla owiso-mthetho akalinganiselwenga ekumiseleni imithetho; kwakhona amisa iindlela zokusebenza. IiLegislatures zidala, ingxowa-mali, kunye neegunya lamasebe anjenge-FTC, iFDA, kunye namagqwetha alawulayo ukuba ahlole izikhalazo, azise izenzo nxamnye nabaphula umthetho, kwaye afake izigwebo. Ukunyanzelisa kunokuzithabatha iintlobo ezininzi – ukusuka ekuyekeni ukuthotywa kwemiyalelo kunye nezigwebo zamakhaya zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukurhwaphiliselwa kwemiqathango yorhwebi ngenxa yorhobeko oluninzi. Kumazwe amaninzi, imigaqo-mthetho inika ilungelo elizimeleyo lezenzo, ivumela abaxhasi ukuba batshane iinkampani zezonothotho lwentengo ezibangelwa kukubhengeza intengiso. Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi nayiphi na imithetho yokuzibhengeza eqinileyo, exhomekeke ekunikezeleni imigaqo ecacileyo nemithetho yemithetho echane. Nokuba ngaba ngabasebenzi abakho na, ukuphuhlisa kweminye intengiso, intengiso, intengiso, ephuma ngokukhawuleza, ephuma ngokukhawuleza, ephuma ngokukhawuleza, nezinye iinte

Imali kunye nokuhlawulwa

Imithetho imisela isohlwayo sokwaphulwa kwemithetho yezibhengezo. EUnited States, i-FTC ingafuna izigwebo zabemi ezifikelela kwii-$3,792 ngosuku ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho ngokwemithetho ethile, njengeMail, i-Internet, okanye i-Fordernite Merchandise Source. Urhulumente “iFTC'S” ivumela ukonakaliswa kwemali kunye nentlawulo yamagqwetha. I-Union’s Confeir Commercissing Practics ifuna ukuba amalungu esizwe anyanzelele“ ukuphumeza, ukulingana kunye nokususa isigwebo". Ngokuqhubekayo, imithetho yomthetho ihlola ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluhle ngokwengeniso yenkampani, iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezinkulu zengeniso zixhomekeke kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Iziphumo zokunika ingqeqesho ezinamandla zifuna iziphumo ezithe ngqo ze-odrobignice.

Izibhengezo zamanani nobugcisa obudityanisiweyo

Indaleko ekhawulezileyo yezibhengezo zamanani iye yalucel ’ umngeni ulungiso lwemithetho yesithethe. Izibhengezo zenkqubo yokuthenga, kunye nokujolisa ixhoba ngokusekelwe kulwazi lobuqu kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo entsha ngokuphathelele ukuzimela, ukusebenzisana nokubonakala. Imithetho elawula imigaqo emitsha elawula ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi yokubhengeza ngezimilo. I-European’s General Data Protection Reggatement (GPR) ifuna ukuba iinkampani zifumane ulwamvo olucacileyo ngaphambi kokuba zisebenzise iinjongo zokwazisa, kwaye inika abantu ilungelo lokukhetha ukubhengeza izibhengezo ezithengiselwayo. I-ePrivracy Directivestionstionsting inguacesss (iect), kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswa yi-Acts, i-Active Resocials (CPA) exhasa i-octives sychments, i-octives systicial, kunye nezibhengezous systicial, i-A, i-A, i-A.

Ukubhengeza Ngempembelelo NangamaIndiya

Imithetho ikwafuneka ithethe ngokwanda kokuququzelelwa kokuthengwa okuxhasweyo okufana nezinto ezikhoyo zomhleli. IFTC ikhuphe imigaqo efuna impembelelo kunye needayamo ezicacileyo zokuchaza uqhagamshelwano lwezinto eziphathekayo – oko kukuthi, nabuphi na ubudlelane bemali okanye bohlobo olunokuthi luchaphazele ubunzima bokunconyelwa. Ukusilela ukuchaza uqhagamshelwano olunjalo lungaphathwa njengomsebenzi okhohlisayo. Isiseko somthetho solu luhlu lwemfuno sikwimithetho efanayo ye-FTC Act ekwalat''''''''' ingumthetho oyalelayo kwizenzo zobuqhetseleli. Ezinye iindlu zowiso, njengeFransi, iye yadlulisela imithetho efuna abaxhasi i-pakelelwa izithuba zokunyuselwa kwe---ofisi ze-ccompusttings projectivessss (A). Isiseko solawulo solawulo soburhulumente soburhulumente soburhulumente soburhulumente sobunyani soburhulumente soburhulumente. Le `iiiRhadiporfrading. Le mthetho si

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuphinda Kubekho Izibhengezo

Umthetho wentengiso awufani ehlabathini lonke; ubonakalisa imilinganiselo yenkcubeko yesizwe ngasinye, ezona ziphambili kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezithethe ezisemthethweni. EUnited States, le ndlela idla ngokugxininisa inyaniso kwizibhengezo nakwimilo yokhuphiswano, ingenayo imiqathango epheleleyo yokubhengeza okuqulathiweyo (ngaphandle kwemveliso efana nemidiza). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anezithethe ezingakumbi, ezivalela okanye ezithintela kakhulu izibhengezo zokubhengezo zotywala, zokungcakaza ukungcakaza, ukungcakaza, nokutya okungenampilo. IKhanada isebenza inkqubo exubileyo ngemithetho yesizwe neyo elawula ulawulo lwelizwe lonke, kuquka i-Unicomputha neyo imimiselo yokuzikongo yorhwebo. Ngokungephindo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe amele asebenze ngemithetho yentengiso.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwalo nje iqumrhu elibanzi lomthetho wentengiso, izibonelelo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Isantya sotshintsho lwezobugcisa sisoloko siphazamisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, sishiya izithuba ezinokuxhatshazwa ngabadlali abangalunganga. Isiseko esinzulu, i-AII-june-generate, ubuchule bokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuphatha ngokunempumelelo, kunye nobuchule bokusebenzisa obugqithisileyo bubangela uloyiko olutsha olukhoyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ekhoyo kusenokungathethi kakuhle. Ii-gxazulu kuphakamisa imibuzo engokokuziphatha okufanelekileyo nokuvuma. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemidanti kubangela ukulawulwa kwemiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango; ukuthunyelwa kwemiboniso olusetyenziswa kwelinye ilizwe kusenokubonwa ngabanye abantu abasebenzisa izilangazeleliimeko ezithe ngqo.

Ekuqukumbeleni, indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho ekulawuleni izibhengezo kunye nolwazi lwabathengi inamandla kwaye ibalulekile. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo yokuguqula inyaniso, imiyalelo echaza inyaniso, imithetho ecacileyo yezoshishino, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela abantu ababuthathaka, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zenza isakhiwo esisemthethweni esivumela urhwebo olufanelekileyo nolunyanisekileyo. Amandla olungiso olugunyazisayo amazinyo akunika le mithetho, ngelixesha inkqubela yolungiso lwemithetho yokulungisa idilesi entsha kunye nenkqubo yorhwebo etshintshanayo. Njengoko izibhengezo ziqhubeka zitshintsha, indlu yowiso-mthetho iza kuhlala ikho ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abathengi bafumane ulwazi oluchanileyo noluyinyaniso abalufunayo ukuze benze ukhetho olunolwazi. Amandla olwenziwe yimithetho eqinileyo akunika amandla okukhusela umdla kumsebenzi ohlala ukwakhiwa kwezorhwebo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga [ uMthetho weKhomishini yezorhwebo , EU Engenalwazi lwezoshishino Imisebenzi eDlulisayo[, kunye ECD izibonelelo ezikwimimiselo yezibhengezo.]