Ukwazisa: Ukwanda Kokubaluleka Kwemiboniso YeUK Mayoral

Unyulo lweMayoral eUnited Kingdom lusuka kuvavanyo olutsha lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni ukuya kuphawu oluchaza indlela yelizwe elibubupolitika. Ukususela ekuqalisweni kosibonda wokuqala owanyulwa ngqo ngo- 2000, olu khuphiswano lunike abavoti ithuba lokubumba imigaqo-nkqubo yezothutho, yezindlu, yezoqoqosho, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke kumgangatho wengingqi. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, olulawulwa luzizo zonke iimpahla zesizwe kunye neengxelo zelizwe, iintlanganiso zoomatilo-dolophu ngokufuthi zixhomekeke kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni, ubuntu bomntu obuzamvoti, kunye nengxelo eqikelelwayo ye-Cumbbenstates. Oku kubenza babe nento ebalulekileyo yenkcustomfo yoluntu, intsingalwazi oluphezulu lwendlela abangene ngayo abaxhasi bezobupolitika, abavoti, kunye neenkqubo zesizwe.

Kunezibonelelo zedolophu ngoku ezimiselwe kuzo zonke izixeko ezinkulu kunye namagunya adibeneyo, kuquka iLondon, iManchester, iNtshona Midlands, ingingqi yeSixeko saseLiverpool, kunye neTees Valley, olu nyulo lutsala ingqalelo enkulu kunye nenkcazo yephulo. Kwakhona lusebenza njengeebhedi zokuvavanya iinkqubo ezintsha zokuvota, njenge-Snodentium Vote (ngokukhawuleza eza kuthathelwa indawo yi-First Post phantsi kwe-Evolutions Act 2022), kunye nenkqubo yophuhliso enokuthi kamva iphembelela imigangatho yeqela lesizwe. Eli nqaku lihlola iimpembelelo zezobupolitika zokhetho lwe-UKral, ii-voteader, izicwangciso zeqela, kunye nokudlala phakathi kwemikhosi yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni kunye neyasekuhlaleni.

Imboniselo yokhetho lwe UK Mayoral Evolution: i-Evolution and Isakhiwo

Imbali Efutshane

Inkqubo yoosodolophu yale mihla enyulwe ngqo kwiUK yaqalisa ngoMthetho oKhulu we-U.S. owavelisa indima kaMayor waseLondon. Unyulo lokuqala lwenzeka ngowama-2000, lwaphumela ekubeni uKen Livingstone oyisele njengomntu ozimeleyo. Ukususela ngoko, imodeli iye yamkelwa zezinye izixeko kwaye idityaniswe nabaphathi abasebenzisa i-mendendu okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente olukhutshiweyo. Iziganeko ezingenakubonwa ziquka ukusekwa koomphathi-dolophu abasisibom bephondo abamanyeneyo ngo-2017, ukugquma iindawo ezinjenge-Greatercesterce, iMidlands, kunye nommandla wesiXhoverpool.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Unyulo Lwemayoral

Unyulo oluninzi lwe-UK lomphathi-dolophu lubanjwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, ngokuchasene okuphawulekayo kweLondon (yonke iminyaka emine ukususela ngo 2000, kunye nokulandelayo okufuneka ngo-2024). Kude kube mvanje, inkqubo ye-SDPP isetyenziselwa abalawuli boomatiloshe abanyuliweyo ngqo eNgilani, apho abavoti bachaza ukhetho lokuqala nolwesibini. Ukuba akukho mvoteki ufikelela ku 50% weevoti zokhetho lokuqala, izikhethelo zesibini zikhutshelwa ngaphandle. Ngoko, iEvotions Act 2022, i-swip kuP kunyulo lovotiotiosi, kunye nee-omatilorian ezikhoyo zitshintsha inkqubo yokuqala. Olu tshintsho lulindeleke ukuba lunciphise uvoteko lwezicelo lwezi neqonga elincinane.

Kukho abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho ezimeleyo, namaxesha athile asekuhlaleni.

Amandla Neembopheleleko

Amagxamesi ayahluka ngokwamandla awo axhomekeke kwiofisi. IMayor yaseLondon inegunya elikhulu kwizithuthi (i-Transport yaseLondon), iProtol (iGunya lamapolisa aseMetropolitan), izindlu, ucwangciso, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Abalawuli beMetro ediresi abadibeneyo bayakwazi ukulawula uqingqo-mali lwezithuthi, ubuchule kunye nenkxaso-mali yengqesho, kunye nokuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi, kodwa hayi iinkonzo zomlilo ngaphandle kokuba zivunyiwe. La mandla enza unyulo lomlawuli wedolophu lubangele unyulo lwemihla ngemihla lwezigidi, ukusuka kwimali yebhasi ukuya kumakhaya anokufikeleleka.

Utshintsho lweQela kwiUK Mayorals Races: Abadlali AbaneDominant kunye neMikhosi Edityanisiweyo

Umbutho weLabour

ILabour ilelilona qela liphumeleleyo kunyulo lweUK lomphathi-dolophu, liphethe uomatiloshe baseLondon (Sadiq Khan), iManchester (Andy Burham), iLiverpool City Rereant (Ste Renoram), kunye neWest Yorkshire (iBrabin), phakathi kwabanye. Isenzo esinamandla seqela kwimimandla yasedolophini kunye nomanyano lwalo lwembali kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunye namaqumrhu abathengisi siyenza ibe sisakhiwo esiqinile. Abameli beSixeko basoloko besenza iphulo kwiqonga lezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, ushishino lukawonke, kunye nemithetho esesikweni. Noko ke, ngaphakathi kwahlukana kwimicimbi enjengemibareji bengingqi kunye nolwalamano norhulumente wombindingqi kunye nomanyano lwawo maxesha athile.

Umgcobo OneeNkcukacha

Abameli bephondo abathathi nxaxheba bambalwa kodwa baneeofisi ezibalulekileyo, kuquka iTees Colley (Ben Houchen) kunye neNtshona Ntshona Midlands (Andy Street). Impumelelo yeqela kule ndawo ibonisa ukudityaniswa kwemeko zasekuhlaleni, njengo Houchen ukujolisa kwakhe kwiTeesside Freeport kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kwemisebenzi ye-SSI yentsimbi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendawo ze-odolas, kunye nemvelaphi ye- Street njengomphathi-mathengi. Inkqubela yemiqathango yezoqoqosho, inkqubela yeshishini, kunye nenkcaso ye-Labours projectivesss, zikwazenza izihloko ngezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente we-odolokhwe ukuvavanya i-HS2.

Abaphathi Abakhululekileyo

ILiberal Democrates inobukho obulinganiselweyo kodwa obuphawulekayo kunyulo lomphathi-mikhosi. Baye beza okwesibini kunyulo lokuqala lwedolophu yase London phantsi koSusan Kramer, kwaye kutshanje, baye bakhuphisana kwiindawo ezifana noMzantsi Yorkshire noMntla Mpuma. Umnikelo wabo uquka ukuxubaniswa kobuzwe, isenzo sokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuchaswa kweeLabour kunye neConservative. Kumilishopu ethile ephunyezweyo, baye bazuza ngokuthe ngqo, njengoMayor of Cambridgeshire noPeterboughe Concore Conter Coriventiventivery ngo 2017 (enziwe nguMphathiswa ka-2017).

Umgcobo oluhlaza

IGreen Party ayikawin'umgangatho okhethekileyo woomatiloshe abanyuliweyo kwi-UK, kodwa abatshayeli bayo baye benza ngamandla, ingakumbi eLondon (Siân Berry rhoqo bakhusela indawo yesithathu) nakwiNtshona yeNgilani. Amaphulo abo ajolise kwisenzo semozulu, abamelwane abangalawulekiyo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho eqhubekayo. Njengoko imozulu inyuka, amaGreens abeka unyulo lomphathi-dolophu njengendawo yemfazwe engundoqo yenkqubo yokusingqongileyo.

Imimandla ezimeleyo

Abo bazibonelelayo baye babalaseliswa kwimijaho yoosodolophu, eyona idumileyo uKen Livingstone ngonyaka ka-2002. Kutshanje, abaza kucela ukunyulwa abazimeleyo baye bafumana izihlalo kummandla odityanisiweyo wegunya elinguomatiloshe (umz., uMgada weBristol City --nakubeni loo ndima yapheliswa kamva). Amaqela esizwe afana neScottish National Party (SP) kunye noPymru awakhuphisani nonyulo lwamadolophu waseNgilani kodwa aphembelela impikiswano kwiimeko ezidibeneyo. URhulumente waseWales uthe uthelela abameli abanyulwe ngqo oomati be-Cardiffiffa kunye nezinye iindawo apho uPycrecrec.

Utyekelo lwezibonelelo nokuziphatha: ITurnout, iDemographics, kunye noTshintsho lobunyani

Imilinganiselo Yokujika

Unyulo lweVoter kunyulo lomphathi-mikhosi lusezantsi ngokuzingisileyo kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, lusoloko luwa phakathi kwama-30% nama-45%. Unyuso olusezantsi lusoloko lukwizinyuko zonyulo lwesithuthi okanye kudityaniswe abalawuli abasemagunyeni abanamandla angenamandla aphezulu. ILondon, ngentembo ephezulu kunye nonyulo olukhulu, ibona ibhabhamo-bhamo eliphezulu (42% ku 2021, 53% ngo 2000). I-Turrout iphenjelelwa ngokubaluleka okuqwalaselweyo, ukukhuphisana kogqatso, nomgangatho wephulo.

Utyekelo lobude bekhompyutha

Ngokwahlukileyo, abavoti abancinane (18934) baye babonisa ukubotshwa kwemitsha kunyuko lomamo-dolophu, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinemigaqo-nkqubo ejolisekileyo yolutsha enjengeyohambo ngebhasi yamahalalo engaphantsi kwee-25 eManchester okanye kumaphulo okufumana imali yokuhlala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abavoti abadala bahlala behleli befuna ukuvota kwaye bethanda abathathi-nxaxheba abathathwa njengabalungeleleneyo kwimiba ye-fiscal. Unyulo lwamaqela amaqela amaqela esizwe, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yomthetho neyoqoqosho kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho, i-Labourmour ngokuqhelekileyo uphumelele kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Noko ke, kukho imiqondiso yeConservativetived phakathi koo-Aus Caf kunye ne-Aftarian Caribean, ingakumbi kwimibandela yomthetho kunye neyolongo zoqoqosho.

Imbambano Ngokuthembeka Kweqela

Unyulo lwakutshanje lwedolophu luye lwabona ukwanda kwentsingiselo yokuvota okuqhelekileyo, apho iimbambano zezothutho zasekuhlaleni – ezothutho, izindlu, umgangatho womoya-kungaphezulu kokunyaniseka kwesizwe. Umzekelo, kuma-2021 eTees Valley, iConservative Ben Houchen yaphumelela kwilizwe elidukileyo phezu kwalo lonke umgangatho we-Labour's ukhokelo lwesizwe, ngenxa yokuba oku kubonakala ukuba uhlangula indawo yasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, uloyisoyiso lwe-Andray Street kwiNtshona yeMidlands ngonyaka wama-2021 kwabonisa ukuba i-Conservative in comment i-Cunity ingle ingxube yodwa ngokubhekisa phambili ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho lwengingqi. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuvotelweni kwesizwe ngokweendleko, apho ukurhoxiwa koorhobo lwe-Labour kuxhasa umgangatho wokhetho lwasekuhlaleni, okanye ukruphindo lwesizwe, okanye ukhetho oluqhelekileyo.

Ukusebenza ngobuchule kunye noMbhoxo wokuzidityanisa

Phantsi kwendlela yeSPreftice Vote, uvotelo lobuchule lwaluqhelekile, nokhetho lwesibini ludlala indima ecacileyo kukhuphiswano olusondeleyo. Ngo-2024, ukutshintshela kwiFirst Press i Post kunganciphisa lendlela yokuziphatha kodwa kungacinezela amaqela amancinane njengo loyiko “lokuvota”. Utshintsho lulindeleke ukungenelwa amaqela amabini amakhulu, nangona abavoteli abazimeleyo abanentembe ezingqino ezinamandla basenokuphumelela.

Impembelelo Yeepolitiki Zesizwe: Indlela IWestminster Eyibeka Ngayo Isithunzi

Ngoxa unyulo lwedolophu lubonakala lungabendawo, luphenjelelwa kakhulu lulawulo lwesizwe. Udumo lweqela elilawulayo lunganyusa okanye luthintele abaza kulwa kulo, ngelixa oosodolophu abaphezulu be-profile benokuba ngamanani esizwe kwaye bade bacel ’ umngeniswe ukuba balawule amaqela. Umzekelo, u-Andy Burham ulu bhedur-omeleleyo ekuhlaleni ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 kunye nemfazwe yakhe norhulumente we-Conservative kurhulumente kwii-triareas kwaye imiqathango ephakanyisiweyo yezobupolitika ezinyusiweyo kwisigaba sobuzwe. Ngokuphikisana noko, unyulo lwama 2021 – unyulo olubizwa ngokuba “nguLwesine olunolwenziwe ngolusuku lwaphakathi kurhulumente kaBoris Johnson, kwaye iziphumo zakhe zachazwa njengendawo yokuhlanganisa unyulo lonyulo-wonke-1919 nyaka okanye isilumkiso.

IBreexit iphumele indima ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinezijungqu ezinamandla njengeTees Valley kunye neNtshona Midwands, apho oosodolophu bamaLungu baxhasa ekuphumeni iEU kwaye baxhase “ukubuya ulawulo” lotyalo-mali lwasekuhlaleni. Oomatiloshe benqanawa abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala zihleli njengeLondon neGreater Manchester kwafuneka bahambe behamba behamba ngeminye imiba entso enzima, bebhekisa kwimingcipheko yezoqoqosho yeBrexit. Indleko yeengxaki zokuphila, iingxaki zenkonzo kawonke wonke, kunye nokunqongophala kwezindlu kuye kwaba yimixholo ephambili kumaphulo akutshanje, ngokufuthi kuboniswa ingxoxo yezopolitiko kodwa ngengxoxo yasekuhlaleni.

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye noosodolophu abanyuliweyo lusoloko lungumthombo wengxaki. Urhulumente wangoku weLabour uye wafuna ukomeleza utshintsho, kodwa ukungavisisani ngeenkqubo zemali, inkqubo yezothutho, kunye namaxhoba ezindlu kusekho. Abalawuli bedolophu abaphumelelayo njengoSadiq Khan noAndy Burnham baye baba ngamazwi aphambili ekuchaseni nenkqubo karhulumente, besebenzisa amaqonga abo ukuxhasa amandla noovimba abaninzi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukhetho Lwemayoral Kwinkcazelo

ELondon: UKumkani Wezobupolitika ZaseMayoral

IMayor yonyulo lwaseLondon ingulo oluphezulu kakhulu lokhuphiswano, itsala ingqalelo yesizwe yorhwebo kunye namaphulo aphinda-phindiweyo e-million. Ngo-2024, uSadiq Khan (uMlabour) waphumelela kwigama lesithathu eliyimbali, ukoyisa iKonsorvative Susan Hall phakathi kwempikiswano ekwi-ULEZ nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uloyiso lukaKhan lwagxininisa ulawulo lwe-Labour kwikomkhulu, apho iqela liye laphumelela khona lonke unyulo lomphathi-dolophu ukususela ngo-2009. I-Turrout ihlala iphezulu kuneendawo zonke, kodwa ukunyaniseka kwe-Labour kunamandla, nge-30% kuphela, ngokuvota phakathi kwamaqela abaphathi boomatila. Unyulo lwaseLondon lukwabalase indima ephambili yesizwe esiphakathi: 2024, uqikelelo olungeyokunyelwe-omatila, ukulinganisa i-orhorhorhorhosho olubalulekileyo.

IManchester Enkulu: IFektri Yokutshisa Ithumba

U-Andy Burnham usebenze njengoMayor weManchester enkulu ukususela ngo-2017 kwaye waphinda wakhethwa ngo-2024 ngobuninzi obunyusiweyo. Ukuthandwa kwakhe, okwakhiwa ngokuzinzileyo kwintelekelelo yokuthutha iBee Nethwekhi, ukungabi namakhaya, kunye nezindlu, kuye kwamenza waba ngumxhasi onokuba ngumphathi wesizwe solawulo lwe-Labour. Unyulo lwaseManchester lwathiwe Burham ngo-679% lwevoti, nangona iLabour ilahlekelwa lihlabathi kwenye indawo. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela umba wengingi eqinileyo yasekuhlaleni enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukuphelisa ukurhoxa kwesizwe.

ENtshona: Ugcino Olusemgangathweni Oluphantsi Koxinzelelo

Ander Street (Compervative) wafumana uloyiso olumxinwa ngowama-2024 ngokuchasene noRichard Parker kaLabour, waphumelela ngevoti ezingaphezulu nje kwezi-5000. Impumelelo yomgaqo wesitrato yakhiwa ngenxa yodumo lwakhe njengomphathi-dolophu ojolise phambili kwezoshishino noxhobisayo, kuquka ilifa leMidlalo yeCommonwealth. Noko ke, umda wawumncinane, ubonakalisa ukubuya kweLabour kummandla phantsi koKeir Starmer. INtshona Midwands ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kokuba abameli be-Conservatived bameod bameodoes babambe izihlalo zokuhlala kwanaxa umfanekiso wesizwe uthandwa nguLabour, ulungiselelwe kakuhle iimbambano zasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba i-athrou.

ISihlambo SeTes: Impumelelo Yomfanekiso Oqingqiweyo

Ben Houchen (Ikonsoli) yaphinda yakhethwa ngo-2024 ngokukhutshwa kwebala le-engile 73% yovoti, phezu kwako nje ukubonakaliswa okunamandla kwesizwe sikaLabour. Impumelelo kaHouchen ibangelwa kukusukela kwakhe ngamandla impumelelo yezoqoqosho, kuquka iTeessidenside Freeport, ukuvulwa kwakhona kwendawo ye-Redcar sitecriptions, kunye nokuchaswa ngamandla kwe HS2 ukurhoxiswa. Ukwakhe wavelisa isibheno sokunqamleziso sesizwe, ukuphumelela kwinkxaso yakhe ephuma kwimibini iConservative neLabour Revotion. I-Valley ibonisa indlela unyulo lomlawuli olunokuvelisa ngayo iziphumo ezijongela unyulo lwesizwe.

Indima yamagunya namaMetro adityanisiweyo

Ukusekwa koomatiloshe bemetro abamagcisa adibeneyo ngo-2017 bamele ukulungiswa okubalulekileyo kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Aba bodolophu baphethe igunya elidityanisiweyo, elidibanisa iinkokeli zebhunga elisuka kummandla ukuze zilungelelanise inkqubela yezoqoqosho, ezothutho, izindlu, kunye nobuchule. Ngoxa amandla abo elinganiselwe ngakumbi kunoMeya waseLondon, banolawulo oluthe ngqo kuBangasese Emfundo yoLawulo lwemfundo kunye neUK esandul' ukudalwa i-EUcreate Mars Fund (enze iNgxowaleko ye-EUS). Umbutho wolawulo wotshintsho odale le mithetho yoomatilo-omatilone, kunye norhulumente we-UK, ngokufuthi norhulumente we-Oficestery ye-Overiversity, i-Comgavity ne-Rhulument.

Abaphathi abadityanisiweyo abafani nebhunga lequmrhu; balumaleko lolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo oluhlala ngaphezulu kwamabhunga asekuhlaleni. Oku kuye kwadala uxinezeleko, kunye nezinye iinkokeli zebhunga ezivakalelwa kukuba zidibene. Noko ke, oomatiloshe bemetro baye bangqinelana ukuba banobuchule ekuphakamiseni imimandla yabo, ukutsala utyalo-mali, nokukhuthaza urhulumente omkhulu. Impumelelo yabameli be-metro ikhokelela ekubizeni ideko lokwenza utshintsho, kuquka ukulawula ii-franchisses, inkxaso yomsebenzi, kunye nezindlu ezibhexekileyo.

Imikhwa Yexesha Elizayo: Oko Kulindelwe YiUK Mayoral Evolution

Imodeli yesodolophu isenokunwenwa. Urhulumente weLabour uzimisele ukucutha ukucutha ujiko, ngezicelo zoomatiloshe abatsha kwiindawo ezifana ne Devon, Cornwall, kunye neMpuma Mbindini. Ukufuduka ukuya kuFirst Pres the Post kunganciphisa impembelelo yamaqela amancinci kodwa kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezithelekelelwayo, mhlawumbi ukuthoba umvoti. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukubonakala okukhula koomatiloshe ngexesha lengxaki – ukusuka kwixabiso lokuphila – kungakhuthaza ukubhaliswa okungakumbi.

Iphulo lamanani kunye nomvoti ojoliswe kumsebenzi oza kuqhubeka ukhula, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abaselula abasebenzisa amajelo eendaba oluntu ukuze bafumane ulwazi lwezopolitiko. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvela “kwezobupolitika” kubandakanya umgangatho ococekileyo womoya, wezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, nomgangatho wezindlu kusenokuwenza buthathaka ngakumbi ukunyaniseka kweqela. Kukwakho ingxoxo ekhulayo ngokubhekisele kulawulo lwabalawuli bedolophu: abanye baphikisa ukuba banamandla amakhulu kakhulu angathintelwa, ngoxa abanye bekholelwa ukuba bafuna ukuba asebenze ngakumbi.

Intsingiselo yeVoter icebisa ukuba lo gama nje unyulo lomphathi-mikhosi lusajoliswe kwiziphumo ezibonakalayo zasekuhlaleni, zizakutsala unyulo olwahlukileyo olunqumla imigca yeqela lesizwe. Ulonyulo lwezopolitiko lweUK lomawonga lungeyonto nje encinane eNtshona Koloni, kodwa ibala lemidlalo elinamandla elinika umvuzo kubuchule, ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, kunye namandla okuhambisa.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lweMayoral kwi-UK luye lwakhula kwisiganeko esibalulekileyo sokhetho, esidibanisa iimbambano zobuzwe kunye neemeko zezobupolitika zesizwe. Iqela lihlala liyisikhokelo esinamandla kwizinto ezikhethwayo zovoti, kodwa ukunyuka kovotelo olunamandla, abavotelwa abazimeleyo, kunye nokuziphatha konyuselo olusekelwe kwimigaqo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yonyuselo kufakelele ubuntsonko. UVoter ujika phantsi, nangona kusenziwa phantsi konyulo jikelele, ubonisa iimpawu zokunyuka phakathi kwemibutho emincinci nemincinane, ingakumbi apho oomatilo-mikhosi baye baxhasa khona imigaqo ekhoyo evakala ngqo. Ukudlala phakathi kwezobupolitika zesizwe nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kuya kuqhubeka nokumila, njengoko amagunya ajikelezayo oomatilo-dolophu ngokwawo.

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