Table of Contents

Inkxaso-mali yenkamkelo iyenye yeenkalo ezinempembelelo neziphikisanayo zolawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla. Ukuhamba kwemali ngamaphulo ezobupolitika akujongi nje kuphela ukuba ubani obalekela isikhundla nendlela anxibelelana ngayo nabavoti, kodwa kwanohlobo lomelo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bemali yezentengiso .

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemali nezobupolitika luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, luguqulwa ukusuka kwimisebenzi yephulo elithobayo ukuya kushishino lwezigidi-zigidi zeerandi olusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo, ukubhengeza, kunye nemisebenzi ebanzi esekelwe kwimiba ebanzi. Le ndaleko ivuselele iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendima eyiyo yemali kwidemokhrasi, umlinganiselo phakathi kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokulingana kwezobupolitika, kunye nokuphumelela kwenkqubo yokulawula enzelwe ukunqanda ukonakala ngeli lokulondoloza inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.

Isiseko Semali Yephulo Kulawulo - melo

Inkxaso-mali yekampeni inceda imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Kwinqanaba layo elisisiseko, imali yenza abatshayeli bakwazi ukudlulisela imiyalezo yabo kubavoti ngezibhengezo, ngeziganeko nangeenkqubo zokufumana ingeniso. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso efanelekileyo, kwanabona bafanelekayo banokuzama ukufikelela abavoti kwiimeko zosasazo ezahlukeneyo. Imali yemirhumo yokubhengezo yedemokhrasi nezokubhengeza kwemichiza yezentengiso kumabonwakude, ingeniso yabasebenzi, kunye nemigudu yokuvota.

Imfuneko yokuxhasa iphulo lenkxaso-mali ibangela uxinzelelo olusisiseko kwingcamango yedemokhrasi. Kwesinye isandla, amaphulo amakhulu ezobupolitika afuna ubuncwane obuninzi ukuze asebenze ngokunempumelelo kwimeko-bume zale mihla zolawulo-ndaba. Kwelinye icala, imfuneko yokubonelela ngemali idala i-[93] phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba nabanikeli, iphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba ngabasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo ekugqibeleni basebenze kwisebe labo okanye abaxhasi babo bezemali. Olu xinezelelelo luye lwaqhubela phambili kumashumi eminyaka yemigudu yotshintsho kwaye luyaqhubeka luyila impikiswano malunga nemithetho yezemali yezempempempe-mali.

Amaphulo ezobupolitika aye abiza imali eninzi ngokuhamba kwexesha, eqhutywa ziindleko ezinyukayo zamajelo eendaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamaphulo obugcisa, nokwanda kwemilo yokhuphiswano. Ngoku rhoqo amaphulo obuongameli anyusa kwaye achithe amawaka ezigidi zeerandi, ngoxa iintlanga zokhuphiswano zinokubiza izigidi zabantu. Oku kuhlahlela kwiindleko zephulo kuye kwabangela inkxalabo ngakumbi ngempembelelo yabasebenzi abanobutyebi nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, ngoxa kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba inkqubo yangoku ibangela imiqobo yokungena kwabo ngaphandle kokufikelela kwimibutho yemali epheleleyo.

Imithombo yeNgxowa-mali yeCandelo: Ikhampasi eBalulekileyo

Ukuyiqonda le mithombo yemali yezoshishino kuyimfuneko ukuze siqonde indlela amaphulo akhoyo asebenza ngayo kwaye nendlela abadlali abahlukeneyo abanempembelelo ngayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Iminikelo Yomntu Ngamnye

Abanikeli ngabanye basisiseko sokubonelela ngenkxaso yezehlo eUnited States. Abantu ngabanye banganikela malunga nama-3,500 kunyulo kwiNdlu yase-U.S. okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yamaKhala ye-U. Ngenxa yokuba umjikelo wonyulo wama-2025-2026 ubala oyintloko noqhelekileyo njengonyulo olwahlukileyo, abantu banganika abatshatekileyo ii-$7,7 000 umjikelo ngamnye. Le mida iyatshintshwa ngamaxesha athile ukuze kuncitshiswe ukunyuka kwemali, ibonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa inkxaso yephulo nenkxaso malunga nempembelelo yabanikazi abaninzi.

Iminikelo nganye ivela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiminikelo emincinci yesixhobo sombane eyenziwe kwi-intanethi ukuya kutsho kwintlawulo ephezulu evela kubaxhasi abazizityebi. Unyuko lwezibonelelo zemali ezisebenzisa amaziko asebenza ngedemokhrasi luye lwanika iphulo elinikezelwe ngokwedemo-demokhrasi, linceda amaphulo okunyusa intlawulo enkulu kumanani amakhulu abantu abancinane abanikelayo. Olu tshintsho luye lwaba lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kubathand ’ ukuqhutyelwa kwemibhobho yotya, luzivumela ukuba bakhuphisane ngemali ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kuphela kwizityebi okanye kumaqela anomdla.

Igalelo lomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo luquka iminikelo ebalulekileyo. Iqabane ngalinye lifumana igalelo elahlukileyo, nokuba liqabane elinye kuphela elinengeniso, livumela amaqabane amabini anikele ngokusuka kwingxelo yetyala elihlangeneyo ukuba anikele nge-R1 000 ukuya kumntu oza kungena kwi-R34 000. Ngaphezu koko, akusekho mgaqo-mda wento umntu anokuyinikela kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, i-PACs kunye nekomiti yeqela zidityanisiwe, zilandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eMcCcheon v.

IiKomiti Zezenzo Zezobupolitika (Ii-PAC)

IiKomiti zePhondo zimela imigudu elungelelanisiweyo yeenkampani, imibutho yezengqesho, iimbutho zorhwebo namaqela eengcamango adibanisa iminikelo kunye nabaxhasi abahambelana neenjongo zabo. Ikomiti yezopolitiko (PAC) yikomiti ephelisa irhafu engama-527 enikela ngeli phulo lamalungu kwaye inikela ngaloo mali kumaphulo okanye ngokuchasene nawo, amaphulo okulwa okanye okulwa, okanye umthetho.

I-PACs eqhelekileyo esebenzayo phantsi komlinganiselo ongqongqo womnikelo. Umlinganiselo womnikelo osebenzayo kwiminikelo esuka kubantu ukuya kwi-PACs yorhulumente awukho kwisalathisi sokwehla kwamaxabiso emali kwaye uhlala ku-R35 000 ngonyaka, kwaye umlinganiselo womnikelo weminikelo osuka kwii-PAC zomantyilo nyaka ngamnye kumaziko afumana intsebenziswano emali-mali eninzi oya kumaqumrhu azimeleyo ushiyeka kwii-R35 000 (R49 000) kunyulo ngalunye. Le midabi iyahlula ii-PaCs ngokwesithethe kwi-"upper PAC" isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo.

I-PACs isebenzisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ecwangcisiweyo kwimekobume yezobupolitika. Ii-Corporate PAC zivumela amashishini ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko ngokudibanisa iminikelo evela kubalawuli nabalawuli. I-PACs ivumela ukulungiselela ukusebenza okulungelelanisiweyo ukuxhasa abasebenzi abasebenza kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. I-PAC yezopolitiko iqhubela phambili imimiselo ethile yemigaqo emiselweyo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni imekobume yendalo ukuya kumalungelo empu. Olu hlobo lwe-PAC lubonisa ukukhuphisana okuzinzileyo kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika, apho izilangazelelo ezininzi ezilungelelanisiweyo zikhuphisanayo ukuze ziphembele.

Iminikelo Yeqela Lezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni inkxaso kwimali yephulo, axhasa abo bathe bathathi-nxaxheba ngeminikelo engqalileyo nangenkcitho elungelelanisiweyo. Abantu ngabanye banokunikela malunga nee-$4,300 ngonyaka kwikomiti nganye yeqela lesizwe, njengeKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic okanye iKomiti yeSizwe yeRiphabliki. IiParties ziyakwazi ukuseka ii-akhawunti ezikhethekileyo ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile, nabantu abakwaziyo ukunikela malunga ne-R340,900 ngonyaka kwikhalenda nganye ukunikela ngekomiti yeqela lesizwe kwiinjongo ezikhethekileyo.

Iikomiti zeqela zinikela izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kumaphulo, kuquka ugcino-lwazi lwabavoti, imisebenzi yasemasimini, kunye nokhokelo olucwangcisiweyo. Zingenza iminikelo engqalileyo kwimibutho efuna ukuvota neyalungelelanisiweyo, apho iqela lichitha imali ekudibaniseni nephulo. Ikomiti yeqela lesizwe nekomiti yalo yeCandelo loLawulo inganikela kwiphulo elingu-R362 000 edityanisiweyo kwisebe ngalinye elikwisebe ngalinye leNdlukwano yeNtlanganiso, linikela inkxaso ephawulekayo kwimilo yokhuphiswano.

Inkqubo yeqela yenza inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika, inceda ekuququzeleleni amaphulo kwiiqonga ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ukubonelela ngemibutho yamaqela kukwanikezela nangenkqubo yokusasaza ubuncwane kwiintlanga ezininzi, abamele baxhase abanokuzama ukunyusa imali ngaphandle kwemiqathango.

Iinguqu eziphambili

Ii-PAC eziphezulu zimela enye yezona ziphuhliso zibalulekileyo nezinempikiswano kwimali yephulo lale mihla. I- Independent-expentiture-kuphela kweekomiti zezobupolitika (ngamanye amaxesha ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"Super PACs") zingamkela iminikelo engenasiphelo, kuquka imibutho yemibutho kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. Lo buchule bokubonelela ngentsebenzo obungenamida buguqule iprojekthi yezemali, ibangela imigangatho engathethekiyo yokuchitha kunyulo lwezwe lwamaqumrhu.

Ukwanda kwee-PAC ezinkulu kwalandela izigqibo zenkundla ezingundoqo ngo-2010. Isigqibo seNkcubeko Now-FearC siye safunyaniswa ngabaphengululi neentatheli njengesona sizathu sokwanda kwe-PAC enkulu, ukuphelisa imida kwiminikelo yeekomiti zezobupolitika ezenza iinkcitho ezizimeleyo. Isikali somsebenzi omkhulu wePAC sikhule ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuveleni kwazo. Kunyaka wama-2024 wonyulo, kwakukho ii-PC ezingama-2,248,768,955,955 kwaye kwachithwa ii-R42,777.77.

I-PACs ephezulu isebenza phantsi komthetho oqatha: ayinakunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba okanye balungelelaniswe namaphulo. Ii-PAC eziphezulu zinganyusa iimali ezingenasiphelo ezivela kubantu ngabanye, kwimibutho, kumaqumrhu, nakwamanye amaqela ukuchitha kwizibhengezo ezikhuthaza okanye ezichaseneyo nolawulo lwezobupolitika, kodwa azivunyelwanga ukunxibelelana okanye ukunikela ngqo kumaphulo aqhutyelwa phambili okanye amaqela ezobupolitika. Le mfuneko yokuzimela ngokwayo ijolise ekunqandeni ii-PAC ezinkulu ekusebenzeni njengesongezo samaphulo, nangona abagxeki bephikisa ukuba imiqathango yemigaqo-ntlalo isoloko ithintelwa ekusebenzeni.

Ukuzixhasa Nobutyebi Bobuqu

Amarhamente anokutyala ubutyebi bawo ngaphandle kokulinganisela. Abathathi-nxaxheba bangachitha imali yabo kwiphulo labo ngaphandle kwemida, kodwa kufuneka baxele imali abayichithe kwi-FEC. Eli lungiselelo libonisa izikhuseli zoLungiselelo Lokuqala lwentetho yezobupolitika, njengoko kuqinisekiswe kwisigqibo sesazisi iBuckley v. Valeo.

Ukuzingca kunganika inzuzo ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiqondo lokuqala lamaphulo xa uqatshelwa igama kunye noqhubeko lokuqala lubalulekile. Abavumi bangayigqitha inkqubo enika ixesha lokuqokelela, babavumele bajolise kwinkcazo yokufumana nokuphuhlisa umyalezo. Noko ke, ukuziqhayisa kwakhona kunyusa inkxalabo malunga neplutocracy nokuba ubutyebi bunganika iingenelo ezingundoqo zezobupolitika kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ubuchule bokuzingca bohluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwabahlohli kwaye bangaphembelela abakhetha ukubalekela isikhundla. Ngelixesha abanye abatshakazi abazizinyusi befumene impumelelo ekhethekileyo, ubutyebi bobuqu bodwa abuqinisekisi uloyiso. Abaxhasi bangajonga ukuzingca okugqithisileyo ngokuthandabuzayo, ukubuza enoba abathathi-nxaxheba abazizityebi bangathetha ngenkxalabo eqhelekileyo.

Impembelelo Yemali Kwimiphumo Efanelekileyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemali echithwayo kunye nempumelelo yokhetho luntsonkothileyo yaye luneembono ezininzi. Ngoxa imali ibandakanya ngokucacileyo kwezobupolitika, impembelelo yayo isebenza kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo yaye ingummeli wezinye izinto ezininzi, kuquka umgangatho wokufuna ukuthotyelwa, imekobume yezobupolitika, nokhuphiswano lweentlanga.

Ukwamkelwa Kwamagama

Inkampane yenkxaso-mali ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukubonakala kwabanyuki. Abanemiqathango yemali eninzi bangathenga amaphulo amakhulu okubhengeza anqumla amaqonga amaninzi osasazo, ukusuka kumabonwakude nakunomathotholo ukuya kumanani nakumajelo eenkqubo. Esi sibhengezo sikha igama, iindawo zonxibelelwano lwemigaqo, kunye neembono zomvo oziintloko-mali. Kwimimandla exineneyo okanye kwimijaho ebonisa imingeni encinane engaziwayo, amandla okufumana ukubonakala kwizixhobo ezihlawulwa ngamajelo-ndaba angangqinelana nento.

Ukusingqongileyo kwale mihla kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kusasaze abaphulaphuli kwiqonga elininzi, kusenza umvoti obanzi afumane imali eninzi. Amaphulo kufuneka ngoku agcine ubukho kwisixhobo sokusasaza semveli, iteknoloji, iqonga lamanani, imithombo yezentlalo, kunye nokunxibelelana ngqo nabavoti. Ngamnye kula maziko ufuna utyalo-mali, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kumaxabiso e-media ukuya kuthengela amaziko eendaba. Abangenayo imali eyaneleyo emalini bangazifumana bengakwazi ukufikelela kwicandelo eliphambili labavoti, ngokuphumelelayo ukulinganisela ukukhuphisana kwabo.

Igama iinzuzo zolwaluko zidla ngokuthandwa ngabantu abafumana inkxaso-mali, abangenelwayo kusasazo oluqhubekayo lwe-theminali kunye neenkonzo ezikhoyo. Abachaniseki kufuneka bachithe imali eninzi ukufikelela ukubonakala okulinganayo, ukuvelisa ingxaki yemali engokwemvelo. Le misebenzi inamandla ingaqinisa iingenelo ezinzima kwaye inciphise ukhuphiswano lokhetho, lungamisela umda ukuphenduliswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Nokulungelelaniswa Kwephulo

Ngaphandle kokubhengeza, inkxaso-mali yenkxaso yenkxaso yenkxaso esisiseko yentlangano. Amaphulo anamhlanje asebenzisa iinkcubeko ezintsonkothileyo zolwazi ukuchonga nokufaka ixhoba kwimiba, ukukhuthaza nokunika abaxhasi abafanelekileyo. Bagcina ii-ofisi zasemasimini kwiindawo eziphambili, baqeshe abasebenzi abangoochwepheshe ngobuchule obukhethekileyo, kwaye babala iinkokeli yokuchola ukuze balandele iimvakalelo zovoti kunye nemiyalezo yokuvavanya.

Ukuqulunqwa kwemisebenzi yephulo kunyuse ukubaluleka kwemali eyaneleyo. Ngoku inkamkelo isebenzisa rhoqo izazinzulu zedata, iingcali zamanani, oogqirha bothungelwano, kunye nabaququzeleli bentsimi. Olu ncedo lobugcisa lungakhulisa iphulo elibalulekileyo, kodwa lufuna ubuncwane bemali obuninzi. Abangakwazi ukuhlawula iphulo lobugcisa bangazama ukukhuphisana neentshaba eziphucukileyo ezinobuchule obuntlukwano kwintlangano.

Imisebenzi yemidlalo yomhlaba ngezantsi kwendlu yocango lwesango, ibhanki yemfonomfono, kunye nomvoti ulungiselela imigudu yokuzilungiselela ngezantsi ukuxhasa ngemali kunye namandla okuzithandela. Ngoxa ihlombe lengca linokuthabathel ’ indawo inxalenye kwimisebenzi ehlawulwayo, amaphulo amaninzi okhuphiswano adibanisa imigudu yamatsha - ntliziyo nabasebenzi abahlawulwayo ukuze baphumelele. Ubuchule bokuxhasa imisebenzi yentsimi ebanzi bungangqina ukuba igqibelele kwiintlanga ezikufuphi apho imida igqiba iziphumo.

Imida Yempembelelo Yemali

Naphezu kokubaluleka okucacileyo kwemali, ukuchithwa kwemali akuqinisekisi impumelelo yonyulo. Iimeko ezininzi ziphembelela iziphumo zonyulo, kuquka ubunjani bokungenelela, imekobume yezobupolitika, ukwenziwa kwesithili, kunye neziganeko zangoku. Abathathi bemali entle baye balahleka kubachasi abafumana izinto ezimbalwa xa ezinye izinto zikhetha umvo ophantsi kwesikhundla.

Uhlaziyo olusemgceni kwimali echithwayo kwiphulo lungancipha kumgangatho ophezulu. Xa abathathi-nxaxheba befumana ukubonakala okusisiseko kwaye benako ukudlulisela imiyalezo ngokunempumelelo, ukuchitha imali okungakumbi kungavelisa iinzuzo ezincinci zolwandiso. Kumaqela eentlanga abonakalayo, njengokhuphiswano lomongameli okanye intlalo-ntlalo yeNtlanga ekhuphisanayo, abathathi-nxaxheba bobabini abathathi-nxaxheba banokufumana ubuncwane obaneleyo bokufikelela kubavoti, benako ukulinganisela uncedo lwemali engcono.

Izigqibo zomsebenzi weqonga zibonisa ulwazelelelo oluninzi olungaphaya kokuthumela imiyalezo yephulo. Ukuchazwa kweqela, iimpawu zomvo, iinkqubo, kunye neempembelelo ezibanzi zezobupolitika zonke eziphembelela ukhetho lokhetho lobunyusi. Ukusetyenziswa kwekampathi yekampathi yenkamsa kungabumba ezi mbono ezisemacaleni, kodwa kusebenza phakathi kwezithintelo ezibekwe phantsi kwezibakala zezobupolitika. Iphulo elicetyisiweyo alinakoyisa lula iingozi ezisisiseko kumgangatho wengeniso okanye imekobume yezobupolitika.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokulungiselela kunye neemfuno zokubonisa ngaphaya

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali eUnited States ubonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo: ukukhusela intetho ekhululekileyo, ukukhusela ukunganyaniseki, ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwezobupolitika, nokuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe. Ulawulo luye lwavela ngomthetho, ngezigqibo zenkundla, nangemithetho yolawulo, ukuseka inkqubo entsonkothileyo yemirhumo elawula iminikelo, iinkcitho, kunye nokutyhilwa.

UMthetho weCandelo loNnyulo loManyano kunye neMveli yayo

IKhomishini yoNqumlo loManyano-Mgaqo-nkqubo (FEC) inyanzelisa uMthetho weSimi seNkqutyana soNkxaso ka-1971 (FECA), olinganisela ukuba yimali kangakanani na umntu ngamnye kunye nemibutho yezobupolitika enokuyinika kwi-omatiloshe abanokuyisebenzisela ukubhalisa isebe lesebe lesebe. IFECA yaseka isiseko esisisiseko somgaqo wezemali wale phulo, kuquka imiqathango yomnikelo, iimfuno zokwambula, kunye nemali kawonke-wonke kumaphulo obungameli.

Ucwangciso lomthetho lutshintshwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho kunye nezigqibo zenkundla. UMthetho weCampaign Changement ka-2002, owayaziwa ngokuba nguMcCain-Fangeold, wamela umgudu omkhulu wotshintsho owavala iminikelo yemali ethambileyo kwiikomiti zeqela lesizwe kwaye wathintela iindidi ezithile zezibhengezo zezopolitiko. Noko ke, izigqibo zenkundla ezalandelayo, ingakumbi iZingameli ezimanyeneyo ngo-FeC, ngokuphawulekayo waguqula umhlaba ngokususa imiqathango yenkcitho ezimeleyo kwimibutho nemibutho.

Qeqesho rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, iKhomishoni yoNqumlo yoManyano ihlaziya imida ethile yomnikelo emiselwe ekuncipheni kwamaxabiso, iqinisekisa ukuba imida igcina ixabiso layo lokwenene ngexesha. Le ndlela yokubonisa isalathisi ibonisa ulwamkelo lokuba imida emiselweyo yeerandi iya kuba yeya kuba yeya kuba yeya kuthintela ngakumbi njengoko ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto kuphelisa amandla abo okuthenga.

Iimfuno zoMngxuma Nezokuba Bhexesha

Imfuno ezicace gca zenza isiseko somgaqo wezemali. Inkamkelo kufuneka zisoloko zinikela ingxelo yokubonelela nokuchitha imali kwiKhomishoni yoNcocotho loManyano, zichaza ubukho babanikeli abanikelayo ngaphezu kwemiqobo ethile. Ezi mfuneko zotyhilo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni inkxalabo yemali kawonke-wonke, zivumela abavoti ukuba bahlole iimbambano ezinokwenzeka zenzala baze baqonde ukuba ngubani oxhasa amaphulo ezobupolitika.

Iminikelo ye-PAC ephezulu, kunye nenkcitho, i-FEC kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo enjenge-Opensecrets. Oku kulandelelwa kwemiqolo kwenza ukuba iintatheli, abaphandi, kunye nabemi bagocagoce iziphumo zemali zephulo baze bachaze abanikeli abaphambili kunye nenkqubo yokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Iintlangano ezifana neOpensecserets neCampaignical Mecance Institute zenze iphulo lemali ifikeleleke ngakumbi, ikhuthaza uluntu ukuba luqonde indima yemali kwezobupolitika.

Noko ke, izimfuneko zokubona ngaphaya zijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Phezu kwayo nje imithetho etyhiliweyo, iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika zifumene iindlela zokuhamba zijikeleze, zifihle umthombo wokwenene wemali ngokunika ingxelo engeyongeniso okanye inkampani ekhupha imbumbulu njengomniki. Le "Imali efihlakeleyo" ivele njengenkxalabo ebalulekileyo, njengoko inceda abanikeli ukuba baphembelele unyulo ngeli lixa bephepha uhlalutyo lukawonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzelwa

Ukusebenza kwemithetho yezemali yephulo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekunyanzelweni komthetho. IKhomishini yoNlamlo yoManyano inomthwalo oyintloko wokumisa imithetho yezemali yephondo, kodwa eli qumrhu liye lajamelana nokugxekwa okuqhubekayo ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kwalo. Isakhiwo se-FEC, esifuna isivumelwano se-bipartiss kwizenzo ezininzi zonyanzelo-mthetho, maxa wambi siye saphumela ekubulaleni ityala lempikiswano.

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwamaphulo kunye namaqela ekuthiwa azimeleyo amela imbambano enzima kakhulu yokunyanzelisa. Ngoxa ii-PAC ezinkulu zikwalelwe ngokusemthethweni ekuququzeleleni amaphulo, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi imiqathango yomanyano isoloko ithintelwa ngokweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Amaqela anokubonakalisa ekuhleni iimfuno zawo kunye namaqhinga, amaqela azimeleyo anokuthetha ngaphandle kokunxibelelana ngokucacileyo. Ubunzima bokungqinelana okungagunyaziswa ngokungekho mthethweni bungagunyaziswanga kukwahlula-mthetho kule ndawo.

Umthetho wezemali womgangatho wemali wongeza olunye ulwaleko lwezintsonkotha. Ama-odolo agcina eyawo imithetho yezemali yephondo nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, edala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho eyahlukeneyo neemfuno. Amanye amazwe amisela imiqathango engqongqo kunemithetho karhulumente, ngelinye ixesha eminye imiqathango emincinane. Olu tshintsho lubonisa izabelo zomgangatho wombuso owahlukileyo malunga nendlela yokulungelelanisa imicimbi yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokuthintelwa kokonakala.

Indima Yemali Emnyama Kumaphulo Anamhlanje

Imali emnyama .(iindleko zezobupolitika) zemibutho engatyhili abo banikela ngeminikelo yabo .* iye yabalasele kakhulu kunyulo lwaseMerika. Le nto iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokubonakala nokuziphendulela kwezobudemokhrasi kwezobupolitika, njengoko iimali ezininzi zichithwa ukuphembelela unyulo ngaphandle kokuvota oyaziyo ukuba ngowuphi na umxhasi oxhasayo.

Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Imali Engenamsebenzi

Imali emnyama iphuma kwimibutho engafunekiyo ukuchaza abanikeli bayo. Le mibutho, idla ngokuyilwa njenge 501(c)(4) "intlalo-ntle-ntle" okanye 501(c)(6) iimbutho zorhwebo, inokubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wezopolitiko logama nje ingeyonjongo yayo yokuqala. Ingachitha imali kwinkupho yokhuphiswano-mthetho, kwezinye iimeko, ngokungqalileyo izibhengezo zezopolitiko, ngelixa igcina imfihlelo lwazo lobuGcisa.

Unxulumano phakathi kwamaqela emali amnyama nee-PAC eziphezulu lubangela ukuba kubekho ukuntsonkotha okungakumbi. Ngoxa ii-PAC ezinkulu kufuneka zityhile abanikeli bazo, zingafumana iminikelo evela kwimali emnyama engaziveliyo, iphumeze ingeniso yasekuqaleni. Unyulo lwama-2020 lwatsala umlinganiselo wengxelo yeminikelo esuka kumaqela emali amnyama ukuya kwiikomiti zezobupolitika ezifana nee-PACs eziphezulu, ezibalaselisa isikali sesi siganeko.

Imali echithwayo inyuke kakhulu kumjikelo wonyulo wakutshanje, nangona kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba akukho nkcazelo ichanekileyo. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba amakhulu ezigidi zee-dola ezikwimali emnyama achithelwa kunyulo ngalunye lomjikelo worhulumente, kunye nemali epheleleyo enokuba ngaphezulu kakhulu. Oku kusetyenziswa kwenyani kungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ukhuphiswano lwemijaho, ingakumbi xa kugxininiswa kwimilo engundoqo.

Iimpikiswano Nemali Emnyama

Abameli bemali emnyama bathi ukunikela ngemfele kufeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Baphikisa ngelithi imfuneko yokutyhilwa kwemiqathango yezopolitiko inokubangela ingxwelerha ngokuchanaba abanikeli bezopolitiko okanye ngokuziphindezela. Imizekelo yembali yabanikezeli abajongene nokukhuthuzwa okanye izisongelo emva kokuba iminikelo yabo yezobupolitika ixhase ezi zinto. Inkxaso yobuqu, amangqina aphikisayo, yenza abemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela.

Abahlalutyi baphikisa into yokuba ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kubalulekile ekuphenduleni idemokhrasi. Abaxhasi banomdla ofanelekileyo wokwazi ukuba ngubani oxhasa amaphulo ezobupolitika kunye nemigudu yokuxhasa imicimbi yezopolitiko, njengoko le nkcazelo inceda bona bahlole ukuthembeka kwemiyalezo yezobupolitika baze bachaze iimbambano ezinokuba nomdla. Imali emnyama, abahlalutyi, baphikisa, banika izilangazelelo ezityebileyo zokuphembelela unyulo, kodwa bephepha ukuqwalaselwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, behlisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi yokubonakala nokuziphendulela ityala.

Ingxoxo emalunga nemali emnyama ibonisa ungquzulwano olunzulu olukhoyo kwinkqubo yezemali yephulo phakathi kokuzimela-cala nokubonakala kwangaphandle, kunye phakathi kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nokulingana kwezobupolitika. Olu ngquzulwano alunaso isigqibo esilula, njengoko imilinganiselo efanelekileyo ixhasa amacala omabini engxoxo. Ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke ekuqwalaseni kokubaluleka okunxulumene nokuzibandakanya kwalowo unikelayo kunye nokubonakala kwasekuhlaleni, kunye nesigwebo sobungcaphungu beziphumo zokwenene zemfuno yezopolitiko.

Uphawu lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziphazamisa iMali

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yadlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni umthetho wezemali ngemiqathango yeziganeko eziphawulayo eziye zachaza imida yomgaqo-siseko. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indlela iNkundla echaza ngayo indlela yokukhuselwa koMphetho-mthetho wokuqala wokuLandlwa kwentetho yezopolitiko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemali yokubhaka.

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Buckley v. Valeo waseka isiseko somthetho wezemali wale mihla. Inkundla yaxhasa imiqathango yomnikelo njengendlela yokuthintela ukonakala okanye imbonakalo yorhwaphilizo, kodwa yawisa imida kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo kunye nokuzifunela ulonwabo. Lo mahluko phakathi kweminikelo nenkcitho yeliphulo uye wayila imiqathango yemali ukususela ngoko.

Isigqibo sikaBuckley savuma ukuba iphulo lemimiselo yezemali libandakanya inkxalabo zoMthambeko Wokuqala, njengoko imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko imisela intetho yezopolitiko. Noko ke, iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba umdla karhulumente wokuthintela ukunganyaniseki okufanelekileyo, njengoko iminikelo emikhulu kubavulele umngcipheko wokunganyaniseki okuthenjiweyo okanye ukubonakala kwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkcitho yemali ezimeleyo, icingelwa ukuba ayinakuvelisa iingozi zokunganyaniseki, njengoko isenziwa ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa nabo.

Isakhiwo sikaBuckley siye saba nempembelelo kwaye sabangela impikiswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umahluko phakathi kweminikelo nenkcitho ayisetyenziswanga, njengokuba zombini iintlobo zokuchitha imali zingaphembelela unyulo kwaye zibangele ubungozi borhwaphilizo. Ukhuseleko lwesigqibo senkcitho ezizimeleyo ezingenamdaka luye lwanceda ukunyuka kwePaC enkulu nezinye iindlela zokuchitha imali ngaphandle apho abagxeki beyijonga njengeempembelelo ezonakalisayo kwidemokhrasi.

Abemi Manyene/-5C (2010)

IKomishini yeNkqutyana yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni imela esona sigqibo sephulo lezemali liphikiswayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. INkundla Ephakamileyo eyayalela ukunyanzeliswa kwamacandelo eCampaignment Reformation Act ka-2002 eyayikwale ukuthotyelwa kweenkcitho zezezopolitiko kwiphulo lezobupolitika, ivakalisa ukuba yayingeyomfuneko ukuthintela imibutho kunye namaqhina ekusebenziseni iimali zabo zobuncwane obuqhelekileyo ukukhuthaza okanye ukuncedisa kwi-PAC.

Isigqibo soMphathiswa wamaZwe aManyeneyo sasisekelwe kumgaqo wokuba intetho yezopolitiko ayilahlekelwa lukhuselo loMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala osekelwe kwiqumrhu lesithethi. Uluvo loninzi, olwaqatshelwa nguJaji uAnthony Kennedy, lwagxininisa ukuba uMmiselo Wokuqala ukhusela intetho eqinileyo yezopolitiko kwaye imiqathango enxulumene neenkcitho zenkampani nemali ezizimeleyo ngokungekho mthethweni ilinganiselweyo. Isigqibo sashiya imiqathango epheleleyo kwiminikelo yequmrhu, igcina umahluko phakathi kweminikelo yemali kunye neenkcitho ezizimeleyo.

Izakhamuzi ezimanyeneyo zavusa impikiswano enzulu ngendima yemibutho yeenkampani kwezobupolitika nendalo yentetho yezobupolitika. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi isigqibo esikhuselwe kakuhle kumalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokuba imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwemali eshishini yayiyimiqathango yenkcubeko yezobundlobongela kwintetho yezobupolitika. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi isigqibo sasiya kwenza ukuba iinkampani zikwazi ukulawula amaphulo ezobupolitika, ukumilisela ngaphandle amazwi anyelwayo nokugqwetha iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Iziphumo eziluncedo zesigqibo zihlala ziphikiswa, ngokunika ubungqina obudityaniweyo obudityanisiweyo ngempembelelo yazo kwimisebenzi yezobupolitika neziphumo zonyulo.

Intetho Ngoku.org v. FEC (2010)

Ngoxa iMissic ifumana ingqalelo engakumbi kawonke-wonke, iNkundla yeNkcubeko yeNkqutyana yeZibheno yeD.C. iFearly Court yabangela ukuba kuveliswe iPCs enkulu. Inkundla yathi iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PAC) namanye amaqela enza iinkcitho ezizimeleyo, kodwa kungekhona iminikelo kwiikomiti okanye kumaqela, anokuyamkela iminikelo ngaphandle kokuthintelwa imvelaphi okanye ubukhulu.

Ngoku intetho eyakhelwe kwingqiqo yeManizens United, igqiba kwelokuba ukuba inkcitho ezizimeleyo aziyilenzi ilahleko ityala elaneleyo lokuthethelela ukuchithwa kwemali, ngoko igalelo kumaqela enza iinkcitho ezizimeleyo ngokukwanjalo ayinakulinganiselwa. Olu qikelelo luyila isiseko esisemthethweni seePAC ezinkulu, ezinokuthi zinyuse imali engenasiphelo nakuwuphi na umthombo logama nje zingabi negalelo ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba okanye kumaqela.

Ukudityaniswa kweMisebenzi yaseManyeneni neyaseSpeech ngokusisiseko kwayiguqula indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho imali eninzi kakhulu ekunyulweni. Izigqibo zibonisa umbono othile weSinyulo Sokuqala esibeka phambili ukukhuselwa kwentetho ngokulingana kwezobupolitika okanye impembelelo yonakalisa imali kwezobupolitika.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

McCutteon v. FEC yasusa imida yomnikelo okhutshiweyo eyayisele ibeke iliso inani labantu ngabanye ababenokunikela kubo bonke abatsha neekomiti zikarhulumente zidibene. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba le mida igalelweyo ayiwuncedi urhulumente ekuthinteleni ukungonakali kwemiqathango eququzelelwayo, njengommiselo womnikelo kumntu ngamnye oza kufikelela kuloo ngxaki.

Isigqibo seMcCutcheon sandisa ngakumbi umlinganiselo wephulo lezemali elivumelekileyo, senza ukuba izityebi ezinikelayo zinikele kumanani angenasiphelo abaza kubhaptizwa neekomiti. Ngoxa imiqathango yomnikelo ngamnye kumntu ngamnye ihleli endaweni, ukupheliswa kwemida egawuliweyo kuvumela abanikazi abaninzi ukuba basasaze iminikelo kwiintlanga ezininzi, benokuthi bandise impembelelo yabo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imida esetyenziswayo isebenza ngaphandle kokuthintela ukulingana kwemeko-ntle, kuquka ukuthintela impembelelo epheleleyo yabanikeli abazizityebi nokuthintela ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango yomntu ngamnye ngokusetyenziswa kweekomiti ezixhasa intsebenziswano. Inkxalabo encinane yeNkundla ekujongeni ukungonakali okuthe kratya okuthe kwabuzwayo, kunokuba ixhalatyelwe kakhulu kukulingana kwezobupolitika okanye ukubonakala korhwaphilizo, yabonisa indlela yayo yokukhusela inkcitho kwimimiselo yezentengo.

Imali yokuxhasa iDollar encinci kunye neMikhankaso yeNkcubeko

Ukunyuka kwamaqonga asebenzisa amanani aqokelela imali yenkxaso-mali yephondo yecandelo lolawulo-demokhrasi ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, nto leyo enika abathathi-nxaxheba ithuba lokunyusa intlawulo enkulu ukusuka kumanani amakhulu abanikeli abancinane. Le nkqubela-phambili inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwinkxaso yezemali yephulo kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba nabaxhasi.

Imvukelo Yemali Yamanani

Ukusebenzisa iplatfomu ekubonelela ngemali kucuthe intlawulo eninzi ngokuphawulekayo emalini yokuthengiselana ngeminikelo emincinci yezopolitiko. Abanikazi bangafak' isandla ngoku ngokucofa izihlandlo ezimbalwa kwi-website okanye kwi-app ehambayo, besusa ukhuphiswano olunxulumene neendlela zesithethe zokubonelela. Oku kulula ukunikela kuye kwenza ukuba amaphulo acelwe aze afumane iminikelo evela kubaxhasi abangazange banikele ngamajelo esithethe.

I-imeyile kunye ne-media yezentlalo iye yaba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokuxhasa izimali, ezivumela amaphulo okufikelela abanokubonelela ngako ngqo nangokuphindaphindiweyo. Imisebenzi ephumelelayo yokubonelela ngeemali isebenzisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo, kuquka ukuthunyelelwa komsebenzi ocetyiweyo, izibongozo zongxamiseko, kunye neenkqubo ezingqinelanayo. Ubuchule bokuhlanganisa ngokukhawuleza abanikeli abancinane bezixhobo zokuxhasa inkxaso ngenxa yokulwa okanye ukuhlasela kwaba lubuchule bephulo.

Abanye abatsha baye babonakalisa impumelelo ephawulekayo ngokuqokelela i-odolar encinane, ukunyusa amashumi okanye amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngokuyintloko ngeminikelo engaphantsi ko-R260. Le mpumelelo iye yacel ’ umngeni ubulumko obuqhelekileyo malunga nemfuneko yabanikeli abazizityebi abathandanayo kwaye incede abo batshateyo ukuba bakhuphisane ngemali ngexa begcina inkululeko kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo. Ukuphumelela kwemali encinane edityanisiweyo edityanisiweyo kuyahlukahluka kwiimeko ezithenjiweyo, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokubhena kwemali, imeko yezobupolitika, kunye nezixhobo zephulo.

Ukufuna Inkululeko

Ingxowa-mali yelanga encinane enika abangenisi-mali abanokunyusa inkululeko yabo kubanikeli abazizityebi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Abanyusi bemali yabo abanyusa ingakumbi kwimali yabo evela kwabanikeli abancinane basenokuziva bengenamdla nakuwuphi na umnikeli okanye iqela elithile labanomdla, njengoko kungekho mnikeli unika inxalenye enkulu yobuncwane babo. Le nkululeko inokwenza abathathi-nxaxheba bakwazi ukuthatha iindawo ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zabo nakwizilangazelelo zabo ezikhethekileyo kunokuba bakhethele abani babo.

Ngoko, ulwalamano phakathi kwemithombo yokuqokelela kunye nokuziphatha komvotelwa luntsonkothileyo. Kwanabo bathe baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiminikelo emincinci ye-dilor kufuneka babhenele kwisiseko somnikeli wabo, ekungasayi kuba ngabameli bonyuselo ababanzi. Abanikeli abancinci be-dilor badla ngokugqithisa kune-avareji ephakathi yokuvota, enokuba nengcinezelo yokuba abazamkeli bafumane iindawo ezithe tyaba. Imfuno yokulondoloza umdla womni ngokubheno rhoqo kunye nohlaziyo isenokuthabatha ixesha elibalulekileyo nengqalelo.

Ukuzinziswa kwemodeli ezincinci ezidityanisiweyo zeplanga elijikelezayo kuhlala kungaqiniseki. Ngelixesha abanye abatsha bephumelele ngokuphawulekayo, abanye baye bazama ukwakha inkxaso elinganayo ye-dilollar misebenzi encinci. Indlela isenokusebenza ngcono kwiintlobo ezithile zabaphumeleleyo ./abo banesibheno sengqiqo esinamandla, iingxelo zobuqu, okanye ubume bokuzimela kwenqanawa. Ukuphumelela okude kwengxowa yemibhobho yebhatha yelanga encinane njengemodeli yemali yelizakhono ziya kuxhomekeka kusini na ukuba ingaphinda-phinda-phinda idityaniswe na ngabathathi nemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zokuQokelela nokuQeqesha uLuntu

Amanye amagunya aphumeze iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke ezandisa iminikelo emincinane ngeenkqubo ezingqinelanayo. Ezi nkqubo zinika imali kawonke-wonke ukulingana neminikelo emincinane kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nesithandathu ukuya ku-1 okanye isi-8 ukuya ku-1, nto leyo enyusa ngokuphawulekayo ixabiso leminikelo emincinane kubathathi-nxaxheba. Iinjongo zenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke zokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabanikezeli abaninzi ngelixa kukhuthaza iingca ezinika ingxowa-mali.

Iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali zikawonke-wonke zifuna abathathi-nxaxheba abamele bamkele imida yokuchitha imali neminye imiqathango etshintshiselanayo ukuze bafumane imali kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yemali karhulumente, eyamiselwa ngowe-1970, iye yaphelelwa yintsebenziswano ngokubanzi njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bekhethe ukuphepha ukuchitha imida. Noko ke, ezinye iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni zihlala zisebenza kwaye zibonise isithembiso sokukhuthaza ukuxhasa nokuncitshiswa kwempembelelo yabanikeli bemali abaninzi.

Ukusebenza kwenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenziwa kwenkqubo kunye nomgangatho wenkxaso-mali. Iinkqubo ezinika imali kawonke-wonke ezaneleyo okanye ezibeka imiqathango engqongqo kakhulu yokusebenzisa zingasilela ukutsala ukuthabatha inxaxheba. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo kufuneka zilungelelanise ukubonelela ngoovimba abafanelekileyo bemibutho yokhuphiswano kunye nokugcina imbopheleleko kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ikamva lezemali likawonke-wonke liza kuxhomekeka ekubeni ngaba imigaqo yomthetho ikhuthaza ngokunempumelelo ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngoxa kuthethwa ngexabiso nangempumelelo.

Iimbono Zehlabathi Ngemali Yephulo

Iinkqubo zemali zephulo zahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zolawulo-bume, zibonisa izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika, imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko, kunye nezigwebo malunga nendima efanelekileyo yemali kwezobupolitika. Uhlolisiso lwezenkcazo zezizwe ngezizwe lunika umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda inkxaso-mali yephulo laseMerika nokukhetha ezinye iindlela zokuyila imigaqo-nkqubo.

Imilinganiselo Engqongqo Nezenzo Zoluntu Kweminye Imiqathango

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lumisela imiqathango engqongqo kakhulu kwimali echithwayo neminikelo kune-United States. Amanye amazwe ayavalwa okanye athintelwe ngokuqatha ukubhengezwa kwezobupolitika kumabonwakude, athintela amandla amaphulo okusebenzisa imali kumajelo-ndaba ahlawulwayo. Amanye anika inkxaso engakumbi yemali kawonke-wonke kumaqela ezobupolitika nakwabo bathathi-nxaxheba, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiminikelo yangasese. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kweenkxalabo zenkululeko yokuthetha kunye neenjongo zokulingana kwezobupolitika.

Ngokomzekelo, iUnited Kingdom ibeka imida engqongqo yokuchitha ixesha kumaphulo epalamente yaye inika amaqela ezopolitiko ixesha lokusasaza ngesisa ngoxa imisela imiqathango yokubhengeza kwezobupolitika ehlawulwa kumabonwakude. IKhanada ilinganisela imiqathango yokunikela nokusebenzisa imali encinane, isebenzisa imiqathango encinane yokunikela nokuchitha iipepiki kumaphulo karhulumente. Ezi nkqubo zizimisele ukucutha ibala lokudlala phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye zinciphise impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, nangona zikwajongene nokugxekwa ngokumisela ukubeka umda ukuthetha nokuxhasa ezopolitiko.

Inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke idlala indima ephambili kwimimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi yaseYurophu kunaseUnited States. Amazwe anjengeJamani neSweden anikela inkxaso kawonke-wonke engakumbi kumaqela ezobupolitika esekelwe kwimisebenzi yawo yokukhetha, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwamaqela kwiminikelo yangasese. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa imbono eyahlukileyo yamaqela ezobupolitika njengemibutho yoluntu ekhonza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi, kunokuba anxulumane nabantu.

Ukuthelekisa nokuphuma korhwebo

Ukuvavanya ukuphumelela okunxulumene nenkqubo yezemali yephulo lezemali ehlukeneyo kulucelomngeni, njengoko iziphumo zixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezingaphaya kwemithetho elawulayo. Iinkqubo ezinemida engqongqo nemali ethe kratya yoluntu zinokunciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli abazizityebi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, kodwa zisenokumisela ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko kunye nokuthandwa kwamaqela amisiweyo. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uxhomekeke ekuxabiseni ukuba ubani ubeka kuphi umgangatho ophezulu nendlela acinga ngayo izinto ezikhuphisanayo.

Imiqathango ephawulekayo yephulo lemali elibalulekileyo lokubumba iphulo lezemali kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Izithintelo zoMgaqo-siseko zeSihlaziyo sokuqala esinamandla se-United States ukwenzela ukuthethela imicimbi yezobupolitika zilinganisela umlinganiselo wommiselo ovumelekileyo kunakweminye imimandla emininzi yolawulo-melo. Amazwe anezithethe ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko anokuba nobugocigoci-siseko obunokukwazi ukumisela imiqathango engakumbi ekusebenziseni iphulo negalelo ekulondolozeni ukulingana kwezobupolitika okanye ukuthintelwa kokonakala.

Iimeko zenkcubeko nezezobupolitika zikwaphembelela iinkqubo zezemali. Amazwe anenkqubo yezemali eyomeleleyo namalungu ezobupolitika angomelelanga kakhulu angakufumanisa kulula ukuzalisekisa inkxaso-mali nemali kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo esetyenziswayo yezemali eUnited States, egxininisa kubantu abaza kubhaptizwa kunokuba abe ngamaqela, adala amandla ahlukeneyo kunye nocelomngeni lomgaqo wezemali.

Ikamva Lotshintsho Lwemali

Iphulo lezenkcitho lisaqhubeka lingummandla onempikiswano noguquguqukayo wengxoxo yezomthetho. Iizicelo ezininzi zokuguqula zijikeleza kwiingxoxo zenkqubo, zibonakalisa uhlolo olwahlukeneyo lweengxaki zangoku kunye nemibono eyahlukeneyo yokuphuculwa kwemiqathango yezemali. Ulwalathiso lwexesha elizayo lwemiqathango yezentlalo yezopolitiko, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nesimo sengqondo sikawonke wonke ngemali kwezobupolitika.

Utshintsho Nemathemba Alo

Izindululo zotshintsho ziquka ulwahlulo olubanzi, ukusuka kuhlengahlengiso lolwandiso ukuya kulwahlulo olusisiseko lweenkqubo zezemali zephulo. Abanye abaguquli baxhasa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iManyano nokwenza umgaqo-siseko obanzi wokusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswa kwiphulo. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kufunyanwe iimfuno ezithe kratya, kuquka ukunikezelwa ngokukhawuleza kweminikelo nenkcitho kunye nemithetho engqongqo yamaqela efuna imali engekho mthethweni. Ulwando lwezezimali, ngokulungelelanisa iinkqubo okanye iinkqubo zokuxhasa, lumela olunye ulungiso olungundoqo.

Amathemba ephulo elikhulu lezemali elifuna utshintsho lujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko, njengoko ichazwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yangoku, imisela umlinganiselo womgaqo ovumelekileyo. Imiqobo yezobupolitika ilingana ngokulinganayo, njengoko ukuhlaziywa kwezemali kufuna inkxaso kumagosa anyuliweyo aye aphumelela phantsi kwemithetho ekhoyo kwaye asenokungakuthandi ukuguqula iinkqubo eziye zasebenza ukuze ziwancede. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke olungezolo lwezemali luntsonkothile, ngokuxhaswa ngamandla kwemigaqo elungelelaniswayo kodwa lungavumelani okulula.

Iziguqulo ezingephi zingangqineka zinokwenzeka kakhulu kuneemfuno ezibanzi zokufumana inkcazelo epheleleyo. Ukuqinisa iimfuno zokutyhilwa, ukuvala ukungahambelani kwemithetho elungelelanisiweyo, kunye nokuphucula ukugcinwa kwe-FEC kusenokulungisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okanye ukulungiswa okusisiseko. Ulingelo lwelizwe kunye novavanyo lwasekuhlaleni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkqubo zemali yoluntu kunye nemiqathango yeminikelo, kunganika ubungqina obubalulekileyo malunga namaqhinga otshintsho olusebenzayo.

Ubuchule bezobugcisa nezomphumo wexesha elizayo

Utshintsho lobugcisa luza kuqhubeka lubumba intsebenziswano yemali enzima ngendlela engaqinisekiyo. Izibhengezo zamanani kunye namajelo onxibelelwano olungokwentlalo sele ziguqulelwe kwiphulo, kuveliswa imijelo emitsha yokusebenzisa kunye nemingeni emitsha yomgaqo-siseko. Ubuchule bokuhlawula bungabangela ukuba kungabi lula ukutyhilwa nokugcinwa kolwazi. Ubuchule bokwenziwa kunye nogcino-lwazi luza kukhulisa amandla amaphulo okujolisa kunye nokucenga abavoti, nto leyo enokuba inyusa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwemali yephulo.

Zifanele zibekwe ngokwahlukileyo kunezibhengezo eziqhelekileyo ezisasazwayo. Zinokukwazi njani ukunxibelelana nonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo nolulungeleleneyo nolulungeleleneyo nolulungelelwano? Ziziphi iimbopheleleko iinkampani zeqonga ezinezibhengezo zobupolitika kwiinkonzo zazo? Le mibuzo isenokuyitshintsha iphulo lephulo lemali kwixa elizayo.

Indaleko yobugcisa bokubonelela inkxaso-mali yentsebenzo yezemali. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwemivo kusibanobuntlola ngakumbi, ulungelelwano phakathi kwedilollar encinci nenkomfa enkulu lungatshintsha. Ubugcisa obutsha bemiqathango yezopolitiko bungaqhubekekisa inkxaso yezente yezentengiso, okanye banokuyila amacandelo amatsha entelo enkcubeko emali entlukwano eluncedo. Ulawulo lwezikolonga-mthetho luyakufuna ukuqhelanisa nezi nguqulo zezobugcisa ngexesha ukulondoloza imigaqo engundoqo yengqiqo kunye nokuthintela ubuqhophololo.

Ukulungelelanisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwimigaqo yezemali yephulo

Inkqubo yezemali yenkamfa ifuna ukulungelelanisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo engenakuqondwa ngokupheleleyo bonke. Ukukhusela ukuthethela okupheleleyo, ukulingana kwezobupolitika, ukuthintelwa korhwaphilizo, ukubonakala kwentelekelelo, kunye nokungabonwa kwabantu ngabanye konke kumela inkxalabo esemthethweni, kodwa maxa wambi kuyangquzulana. Ukuqinisa imiqathango yentlawulo kungakhuthaza ukulingana kwezobupolitika kodwa kunokusikel ’ umda ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ukubhenca okukhutshwayo kunokuthintela urhwaphilizo kodwa kusenokulalanisa ulwazi lombutho olufuna uncedo lwemali yabucala kodwa kusenokuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokusebenzisa irhafuthelo kwimibango yezopolitiki.

Abantu abahlukeneyo nezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika bayazijonga ngokwahlukileyo ezi xabiso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungavisisani okuqhubekayo malunga nenkqubo yezemali elungelelanisiweyo. Abo babeka inkxalabo yenkululeko yokuthetha bathanda ukuxhasa imiqathango encinane kwaye bayichasa imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko. Abo bagxininisa ukulingana kwezobupolitika nokuthintelwa korhwaphilizo badla ngokuxhasa imiqathango engqongqo kunye nemali eninzi kawonke wonke. Ezi ngxabano zibonisa ukungavisisani okusisiseko kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika kwaye abanakuconjululwa ngohlalutyo lwezo zezopolitiki kuphela.

Ucelomngeni lwemibutho yedemokhrasi kukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zezentengiso ezilungelelanisa le migaqo yemali ekhuphisanayo ngeli thuba uluntu luzithemba kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Olu lungelelwano luza kwahluka kwiimeko zolawulo-bume kwaye luza kuguquka njengoko iimeko zezobupolitika, ezobugcisa, kunye nokutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo sikawonke wonke. Ingxoxo kunye nokuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana inkxaso yemali kusemgangathweni ophumelelayo nosemthethweni.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi Neencwadi

Ukuqonda imali yephulo kuchaphazela abantu abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yezolawulo-mpukane.

Imithombo yeNkcubeko eHlanganisiweyo

IKomishini yoNkxaso igcina iirekhodi ezibanzi zeminikelo kumaqumrhu oPhuhliso lwamaZiko, ezifumaneka nge-website yayo. Iintlangano ezifana ne-OpenSecrets kunye ne-Campaign Inkciolement Institute qokelela kwaye zihlalutya lo gcino-lwazi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubemi ukuqonda iifomu zemali nokuchonga abo banikelayo.

Ukuhlolisisa imithombo yemali efunyenweyo ingatyhila ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga neemeko ezinokubakho zomdla kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Abo bafumana inkxaso-mali eninzi kushishino oluthile okanye kumaqela abantu abanomdla basenokuba nokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezithandwa ngaba banikeli. Ngelixesha iminikelo ingaqiniseki ukuba zikho izikhundla zenkqubo, banika umongo oluncedo ekuhloleni izimvo neembopheleleko zabahlolo.

Abemi kufuneka baqwalasele imithombo kunye nentlawulo yenkxaso yephulo xa bevavanywa. Ngokuyintloko abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba banokuxhaswa ngabasebenzi abancinane basenokuba neentshukumisa ezahlukeneyo kunomntu othembele kakhulu kwiminikelo emikhulu evela kubantu abazizityebi okanye kwiinjongo ezikhethekileyo. Noko ke, imithombo yenkxaso yemali iyodwa ayibuzi ukuba ziziphi iindawo zomgangatho okanye inkqubo, kwaye abemi kufuneka baqwalasele oothunywashe abaninzi xa besenza izigqibo zokuvota.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwimali Yephulo

Abahlali banokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimali yephulo ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukwenza iminikelo yokuzithandela kwiphulo lokuxhasa imigudu yokuguqula izakhiwo. Iminikelo emincinane, ngoxa ithozamile, idibene, inceda abo bathe batshathiswa ukuba bakhuphisane ngemali kwaye banciphise ukuxhomekeka kwabo banikela ngezimali. Ukunyuka kwemirhumo yemirhumo kwenza kwaba lula kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banikele kuphulo nakwiinjongo zokuxhasa.

Umsebenzi wamatsha - ntliziyo unikela olunye uhlobo lwenkxaso yamaphulo angafuni mali. Ukubhalisa iminxeba, ukurhweba, neminye imisebenzi yokuzithandela kunceda abavoti bafumane inkxaso.

Ukuxhasa imigudu yezemali yokulungisa iprojekthi yelinye igalelo lenxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Inginginya exhalabele impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika ingaxhasa imibutho esebenzela utshintsho, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo ukuze abonise inkxaso yotshintsho oluthile, kunye nokuvota kwabo bazimisele ukuthabatha iphulo lemali. Ngoxa utshintsho lujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo, uxinzelelo lukawonke wonke oluqhubekayo lungaphembelela iingxoxo zenkqubo kwaye lubangele amathuba okutshintsha.

Ingcamango Ebalulekileyo Yokubhengeza Kwezobupolitika

Ukuqonda inkxaso-mali yephulo kunceda abemi balapho bahlolisise ngokungqongqo izibhengezo zezopolitiko nothungelwano. Ukwazi ukuba ngubani oxhase iphulo elithile lokubhengeza, ikomiti yeqela, iPC enkulu okanye iqela lemali emnyama, kubonelela ngemeko ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwayo kunye nezisusa zayo. Ingingqi kufuneka inike ingqalelo ekutyhileni iingxelo kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika zize ifune inkcazelo ngemibutho esemva kwayo.

Ubuninzi nokuntsonkotha kwezibhengezo zezobupolitika kuxhaphake ngokuphawulekayo, kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso eqatha kubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye kube lucelomngeni olungakumbi. Amaphulo asebenzisa ubuchule obuphambili bokujolisa imiyalezo engobuqu ukudlulisela iinxenye ezahlukeneyo zabavoti, ezinokuba bonisa ubuso obahlukeneyo kubantu abaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo. Abami kufuneka bafune imithombo ehlukeneyo yolwazi kwaye bangakholelwa kwiingxelo ezibonakala zilungile ukuba zinyani okanye zixhomekeke kakhulu kwizibheno zeemvakalelo ngaphandle kokufakwa kwemigaqo ephantsi.

Inyaniso ekhangela ubuncwane iye yaba zizixhobo ezibaluleke ngakumbi zokuqwalasela iingxelo zezobupolitika. Imibutho emininzi ngoku inika uphando lwenyaniso yenyaniso yentengiso zobupolitika kunye neengxelo, inceda abemi bahlule ulwazi oluchanileyo kwintelekelelo ezilahlekisayo okanye ezobuxoki. Ngelixesha abakhangeli-zibakala benyaniso benobuqhetseba, bejonga imithombo emininzi inganceda abemi bafumane ukuqonda okuchanekileyo ngemibandela yezobupolitika kunye nezikhundla zabo.

Isiphelo: Imali, Ulawulo - melo, Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Imali exhaswa ngenkamkelo iseyenye yezona nkalo zintsonkothileyo neziphikisanayo zolawulo-demokhrasi. Imali idlala indima engenakuphikiswa kumaphulo anamhlanje, ibangela abatshayi bakwazi ukunxibelelana nabavoti, ukwakha izibonelelo zentlangano, nokukhuphisana ngesikhundla. Kodwa imfuneko yokubonelela ngemali ibangela ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kweengcamango zedemokhrasi zokulingana kwezobupolitika kunye nezokwenyani ezisebenzayo zemali yephulo.

Inkqubo yezemali yaseMerika ibonisa izithethe ezithile zomGaqo-siseko, inkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye nenkqubela yembali. Ukhuseleko oluqinileyo loMphetho wokuqala wokuthetha kwezobupolitika lulinganisela umlinganiselo womgaqo ovumelekileyo kunakweminye imimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi. Umgangatho ophambili wezobupolitika zaseMerika, udityaniswe neemarike zematheki ezibiza imali eninzi kunye namaphulo angoolwazi olunenkcitho, abangela iingcinezelo ezincubeko. Isiphumo siyindlela ephawulwa yimigangatho ephezulu yokusebenzisa imali, imithombo yemali eyahlukeneyo, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngomgaqo ofanelekileyo.

Inkqubela-phambili yakutshanje, kuquka ukunyuka kwe-PACs enkulu, ukwanda kwemali emnyama, nolwandiso lwemali encinane esetyenziswa ngemitha yelanga, iye yaguqula ingeniso yemali yeshishini ngendlela ebalulekileyo. Olu tshintsho luye lwavelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwezolawulo-mpukane. Ukwandisa ukunyuka kwemali evela kwabanikelayo abancinane kunganciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabathathi-mali abazizityebi, ngelixa imali eninzi kakhulu esetyenziswayo kunye ne-paC emnyama iphakamisa inkxalabo ngokukhanya nokuphendula.

Ikamva lemali yephulo liya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, izigwebo zowiso-mthetho, iinguqu zobucukubhede, kunye neemeko zobugcisa eziguqula isimo soluntu. Nangona utshintsho olubanzi olubalulekileyo, iinguqu zolwandiso kunye nolingelo oluqhubekayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphuhlisa iphulo. Urhulumente kunye nemithetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni isebenza njengeeklabhu zovavanyo lotshintsho, inika ubungqina obubalulekileyo malunga noko kwenziwayo noko kungenjalo.

Kubemi nabavoti, imali yamaphulo okuqonda ibalulekile ukuze kungenelwe idemokhrasi. Ulwazi ngendlela amaphulo axhaswa ngayo, abanegalelo kwintlawulo, nendlela imali ebangela ngayo izigqibo zokuvota ezithe ngqo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo kwezopolitiko. Nangona ukunqongophala kwemali yezephulo kungathi kongamela, imigaqo esisiseko ngezantsi ukulandela imali, izihlomelo zokuqonda, nokufuna ukuba cace qhaqha.

Ekugqibeleni, iinkqubo zezemali zephulo kufuneka zilungelelanise amaxabiso akhuphisanayo angenakuqondwa ngokupheleleyo onke. Inkululeko yokuthetha, ukulingana kwezobupolitika, ukukhusela ukunganyaniseki, ukuba mhlophe, kunye nokuba wedwa konke kumela inkxalabo esemthethweni, kwaye abantu abahlukeneyo bawalinganise la maxabiso ahlukeneyo. Ibutho lezolawulo-moya kufuneka liqhubeke lixubusha ezi ngxaki, lilungelelanisa iinkqubo zemali ukuze zitshintshe iimeko ngoxa zigcina izibophelelo ezingundoqo ekubonakaliseni inkululeko nokuziphendulela kwidemokhrasi. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngezemali yezentengiso ibonisa amandla entetho yedemokhrasi nomgudu oqhubekekayo wokuthobela iinjongo zedemokhrasi.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngemali yephulo kunye nendima yayo kwidemokhrasi, oovimba abaninzi banikela ulwazi olubalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo. IKhomishini yoNqumlo inikela uphando olubanzi ngemirhumo yezempempetho nenkcitho, ngelixa [ ivula ii-apencells[ inika uhlalutyo olufikelelekayo lwemali kwimicimbi yezemali ezobupolitika. [[FLTLT:4] Iziko lokhetho lweJaji yezemali [[FLT]] liqhuba uphando kwiphulo lohlazinzo lwezelo lwezemali nemicimbi yedemokhrasi. Acmmacance kunye nokucinga amashishini eempula yophakatho-yoli, ukuncedisa kwimibango yemicimbi yezo yezo yezoshishino yezo yezenteko yoluntu nokuqonda uluntu.