Amagama "republic" kunye "nedemocracy" asoloko esetyenziswa ngokufanayo kwincoko nje, kodwa abhekisela kwiingcamango ezahlukeneyo kwingcamango yezobupolitika kunye nokuqhelisa. Ngoxa zombini iinkqubo ekugqibeleni zifumana igunya lazo ebantwini, zahluka kwimigaqo esisiseko efana nokukhusela amalungelo amancinane, indima yomgaqo-siseko, kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha iinkokeli. Ukuqonda ezi mbono zibalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoko zicacisa iziseko zeenkqubo zezobupolitika ehlabathini lonke kwaye zinceda abemi babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi kwingxoxo yezentlalo-ntle.

Ukuchaza Ulawulo - melo

Idemokhrasi isuka kumagama esiGrike (abantu) kunye kratos (ulawulo-mthetho okanye ulawulo lolawulo-mpumezo]. Enyangweni, idemokhrasi ithetha "ulawulo lwabantu" kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, amagosa karhulumente akhethwa ngonyulo, kwaye imigaqo yenziwa ngomthetho omkhulu. Noko ke, idemodekhrasi njengemodelithiki yolawulo ayiyo imonothiki; ibonakalisa kwiintlobo eziliqela, nganye ngeempawu zayo nemizekelo yayo yembali.

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo

Kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, abemi bathatha inxaxheba ngqo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa eAthene yamandulo, apho abemi abangamadoda abafanelekileyo ababehlanganisene ngeendibano ukuze bavote kwimithetho nangemigaqo. Imizekelo yanamhlanje iquka iMicimbi yaseSwitzerland esetyenziswa rhoqo kwii-asendream kunye neentlanganiso zedolophu zasekuhlaleni eNew England, apho abemi bavota kwiibhanki nakwimithetho. Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo inikela umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu wokubandakanyeka kwabemi, kodwa iba luncedo kumazwe amakhulu, andayo ngenxa yokungalawuleki kunye nokuntsonkotha kolawulo lwanamhlanje.

Ulawulo - melo Olungummeli

Kulawulo-mpukane lwabameli, abameli abanyuliweyo ukuze benze izigqibo. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwedemokhrasi namhlanje, olubonwa kumazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, Canada, neJapan. Abameli balindeleke ukuba basebenze ngomdla ongcono woorhulumente babo, kunye nonyulo olusoloko lusenzeka rhoqo ngexesha logcino-lwazi. Izikali zolawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi zilungele ukulungiselela abantu abaninzi kwaye zivumele icandelo lomsebenzi ekulawuleni i-(/legislatorsssss ziyakwazi ukuqwalasela imicimbi yezokuba abemi bangakwazi ukuqwalasela ixesha elipheleleyo. Kodwa ke, abagxeki bephikisa ukuba lungakhokelela ekusubeni phakathi kwamagosa akhethiweyo nabavoti bonyuliweyo, nokuba impembelelo yemali kwizobupolitika inokugqwetha umelo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zedemokhrasi

  • Inkululeko kunye nonyulo olufanelekileyo: rhoqo, unyulo lokhuphiswano olunendawo ebanzi luphawu lwedemokhrasi.
  • Ukuzibhilicanisa okuninzi: amaqela anomdla akhuphisana ukuze afumane amandla nempembelelo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yabemi: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, kunye nonxulumano lubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenza.
  • umthetho wobuMajority ngokuhlonela amalungelo amancinane: Ngelixesha uninzi luza kuxhathisa, ulawulo-melo lusoloko luquka ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ukunqanda uninzi ekuguquleni iqela elincinane.

Ukuqonda IRiphabliki

I-riphabliki luhlobo lukarhulumente apho ilizwe lithathwa "ngumbandela kawonke-wonke" (kwisiLatin i-translata)). Kwiriphabliki, igunya ekugqibeleni lilawulwa ngabantu, kodwa igunya lisetyenziswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo kunye ninkokeli enyuliweyo (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba ngumongameli) phantsi kwenkqubo elawulwa ngumthetho. UCrucily, i-republic isebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo olinganisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye uququzelela amalungelo asisiseko. Ingcamango yeRiphabliki iqala emva kweRoma yamandulo, apho abemi abanyuliweyo bemi be-sentena kunye neejaji zemikhosi kodwa belawulwa yimithetho entsokothile.

Imigaqo yeLifa leMveli

  • Imithetho yomthetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kwaye akukho namnye. (naye) namagosa anyuliweyo okanye iinkokeli zomkhosi (ingaphezulu komthetho. Oku kuthintela ulawulo olungekho ngqiqweni.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane: I-riphabliki ikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye namaqela amancinane ngokuchasene nobundlobongela obunokwenzeka boninzi. Oku kusoloko kufunyanwa ngencwadi yamalungelo kunye nohlolo olugwebayo.
  • Ukwahlula amagunya: Amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo, lowiso-mthetho, namasebe okugweba ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka nokuxhatshazwa. Iiriphabliki ezininzi zinenkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa.
  • Unikezelo: Abami abanyuliweyo abameli abaza kulawula imicimbi karhulumente, kunokuba balawule ngqo. Oku kunika isigcini-sango nxamnye nezigqibo ezithandwayo okanye ezingenalwazi.

IiRiphabliki neMigaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko ochazayo we-Riphabliki zanamhlanje ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umgaqo-siseko ubala amagunya karhulumente, uchaza iinkqubo zokuyila umthetho, ukhusela amalungelo abantu ekungeneni kukarhulumente. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela uhlobo lukarhulumente lwerepublic, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo eqinisekisa inkululeko efana nentetho, unqulo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. IMigaqo-siseko idla ngobunzima ukuphelisa, ifuna izithethe eziphezulu okanye iindibano ezikhethekileyo, nto leyo eyongeza uzinzo nokuthintela iimfuno ezinkulu ekutshintshweni komthetho osisiseko.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Phakathi kwamaRiphabliki nooMasipala

Ngoxa iiriphabliki kunye nolawulo-melo zigxininisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, kukho umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezi zinto zombini. Olona mahluko ubalulekileyo uxhomekeke kwindima yolawulo oluninzi kunye nemithetho ethintelwe ngumGaqo-siseko, indlela yokuba nenxaxheba, nokugxininisa kumalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ulawulo oluphezulu luchasene. Umthetho

Kulawulo-demokhrasi olugqibeleleyo, ulawulo oluninzi lunegunya elipheleleyo: iqela elinabona baninzi bevoti lingenza nawuphi na umthetho, nokuba uphazamisa amalungelo abambalwa. Kwiriphabliki, ulawulo oluninzi luthotyelwa ngumgaqo-siseko olinganisela oko uninzi lunokukwenza. Umthetho womthetho uqinisekisa ukuba kwaneyona nkqubo ithandwayo ifanele ivumelane nezakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezimiselwe kwangaphambili kwaye ayinakulwaphula amalungelo asisiseko. Umzekelo, kwirepublic, ivoti enkulu ayinakuphelisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekile okanye ukuvota impahla ekhululekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, kanti kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo ngaphandle kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, inokuba njalo.

Inxaxheba ngqo v. umelo

Imikhosi yolawulo-moya, ngokukodwa ulawulo-bume olungqalileyo, ivumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimithetho nakwimigaqo-siseko. IiRiphabliki zixhomekeke phantse kuphela kubameli abanyuliweyo ukuba benze izigqibo. Lo mahluko uneenjongo ezisebenzayo: kwiriphabliki, abameli balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umgwebo baze baqwalasele iziphumo ezinde zexesha, kunokuba babonise nje uluvo oluqhelekileyo. UJames Madison, kwi-Federalist Papers, waphikisa ngelithi i-riphabliki "intle kwaye yandisa iimbono zikawonke-wonke ngokubadlulisa ngeenjongo zombutho elinyuliweyo labemi." Le miphumela yokukhulula ijolise ekuphumeleni ulawulo olungcono kunevotiweyo.

Ukunikela ingqalelo Kumalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

IiRiphabliki zigxininisa ngakumbi ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko, ngokufuthi ngencwadi yamalungelo kunye nemithetho yejaji ezimeleyo. IDemocraccas isenokumisela inkqubo yesigqibo esimanyeneyo kunye nokuthanda koninzi, okunokuthi ngamanye amaxesha kuxolele ukhuseleko lwabantu ukuba alukhangelwa. Ngokwembali, lo mahluko ubunengxaki: abalamkeli be-freams be-U.S. umGaqo-siseko wawusoyika "umoya wabaninzi" kwaye uyila inkqubo ye-riphabliki eneengxube ezininzi zokukhusela inkululeko yobuqu. Njengomphumo, iiriphabliki zomGaqo-siseko zale zityekele ekubeni nezona zikhuselwano zokhuseleko ezinamandla zokuthetha ngokukhululekile, ukuqhelisa, ukuqhelisa, namalungelo empahla kuneedemodemo yolawulo olungenayo isiseko sesiseko sogcino-olawulo-olawulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Imeko

Ukuqonda le ndaleko kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba amazwe anamhlanje ngokufuthi adibanise neenguqulelo zazo zombini ezi ntlobo.

IGrisi Yamandulo: Indawo Yolawulo - melo

Isixeko sase-Athene sidunyiswa ngokubanzi njengendawo eyaqala kuyo idemokhrasi kwinkulungwane yesihlanu yeBCE. Idemokhrasi yase-Athene yayithe ngqo: abemi (iqela elisigxina lamadoda amakhulu) babehlanganisene kwiNdibano ukuze bathethe kunye bavote imithetho. Kwakhona babesebenza kwiijaji baze bajikeleziswe kwiindawo zolawulo. Noko ke, idemokhrasi yasethene nayo yayingokuphela . (abafazi, amakhoboka, kunye nabantu basemzini babengenawo amalungelo ezobupolitika. Yayikwangaqiniseki, ngamanye amaxesha ikhokelela ekungxamiseni okanye ekuphumezeni izigqibo, njengoko kuvavanywa nokubulawa kukaSocrates. Ezi ziphono zamva zabangela ukuba izithandi-bulumko njengoPlato kunye no-Aristotles ukuba zigxeke democracy kunye noous (ithrac) zivuneee zenza ulawulo-lawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo loburhulumente olulungelelanisiweyo, ulawulo olulungelelwano olulungelelwano oluninzi nolutsha nolunye nolulo.

IRome Republic: Umzekelo Wokuqala WeRiphabliki

I-Rome yavelisa inkqubo yorhwaphilizo ngexesha elinye ne-Athene, kodwa ngesakhiwo esahlukileyo. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yabalaselisa amagosa anyuliweyo (amagxamesi, amaqumrhu, amatribunes), umthetho obhaliweyo (iiThafa Ezilishumi Elinambini), kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa phakathi kweeklasi ze-patrisiya ne-proberian. Abemi baseRoma babenokuvota kwimithetho nakwiinkokeli ezikhethiweyo, kodwa igunya babeliselana ngaphaya kwamaqela amaninzi ukunqanda nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekulawuleni. Ingcamango yeRoma [[FTLT:0]] kawonke-[FLT:] [i1] (into kawonke) yagxininisa ukuba urhulumente urhulumente urhulumente ungowa, hayi kukumkani. Ukuwa kweRome yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane ye-BCEne, kwaye yasebenza njengoburhulumente obunondhulumendundu

Izaphuli-mthetho Zale Mihla: Ukuxuba Izinto

Amazwe amaninzi aphila ngexesha elingezolawulo-mpumlo okanye iiriphabliki ezinyulu kodwa iinkqubo ezidibeneyo eziquka iimpawu zombini. Umzekelo, iUnited States yiriphabliki yezomGaqo-siseko enonyulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngamaxesha athile ibizwa ngokuba yi-"demokhrasi. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu akwidemokhrasi abambelele kwimigaqo-siseko solawulo-siseko solawulo-siseko enamathela nakukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ngokunempumelelo ukudibanisa umthetho we-republicractic syracy nolawulo-mocracy nolawulo-mthetho-siseko. Ukunyuka kolawulo-mpuphu lwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mthetho-siseko lwezobukhomputha kusoloko kusetyenziswa ukuchaza nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yedemokhrasi echongiweyo apho iinkodwa, kodwa izazinzulu bezobupolitika bezobupolitika bezopoliti benziwe phakathi "irbaracracism" (ewayimelel unyuko lobugropul) kodwa beekhomputrust.

Imizekelo yeeRiphabliki Neenkqubo Zokungakhathalelwa

Ukuhlolisisa oorhulumente behlabathi lokwenene kunceda kukhanyele indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni yolawulo-mpatho nedemokhrasi esetyenziswa ngayo. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngazo ezi ngcamango.

EUnited States: IRiphabliki yoMgaqo-siseko

I-United States yiriphabliki yezomGaqo-siseko, asiyodemokhrasi engqalileyo. Amaxwebhu ayo okusekwa komGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili-e-amalungelo .* amisela inkqubo karhulumente enamagunya ahlukeneyo, adweliswe ligunya likarhulumente, kunye nemigaqo-siseko yenkululeko yabantu. Abameli abanyuliweyo kwiKhotheko-ntekoste, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, neeofisi zasekuhlaleni; bakwanyula umongameli kwakhona ngeElekholeji-reji-yo. Ngoxa i-U.S. i-U. i-U. i-U.S. igcina unyulo-mGaqo-siseko umi wezomthetho umisela imidalingoko yoko inokwenza iinkululeko ezinkulu. Umzekelo, iSindululo soMmiselo soMgaqo-siseko siyalela iKhangelo kwiNxulu-o-mali-mali, kwanokuba sithe sathi sathi sawo sawo sawo sawokuthetha ngenkululeko, kwabemi basekhaya, kwanokuba inkolisodwa bemininzi besizwe, i-Equayilwe ukuba bangafuni

ESwitzerland: Idemokhrasi Engqalileyo KwiRiphabliki Yomanyano

ISwitzerland isoloko ichazwa njengenkqubo exubileyo edibanisa izakhiwo ezinamandla ze-riphabliki kunye nedemokhrasi eqinileyo. Umthetho wesizwe onemithetho ebhaliweyo, urhulumente onezahlulo ezininzi, kunye nomphathi-gosa webhunga. Kodwa abemi baseSwitzerland banamandla angaqhelekanga okuqalisa uku-arhente nokucebisa imithetho emitsha okanye ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ngokusetyenziswa komthetho-siseko oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-Swisssvocipeis ingacela ukuvota kwimibandela esusela kwimigaqo yerhafu, kwaye urhulumente kufuneka ayihlonele iziphumo. Lo mxube uvumela abemi baseSwitzerland ukuba bangene ngqo kwiinkqubo ngoxa besasebenza kwimigaqo engundoqo ekhusela amalungelo omthetho-siseko.

IIndiya: Owona Mlawuli wezolawulo-mda mkhulu wehlabathi

IIndiya ingumthetho "ophezulu kwirejikhrasi yesizwe yolawulo-mpukane yehlabathi. Yidemokhrasi enkulu ehlabathini, enabavoti abangaphezu kwama-90 ezigidi abafanelekileyo. Umgaqo-siseko weIndiya, owamkelwa ngo-1950, umisela inkqubo yepalamente enomphathi-nkulu onyuliweyo nomongameli ongumongameli wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko uquke uluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo asisiseko (awungamele idemokhrasi) kunye neNkungamandla amakhulu ewongamandla okuchola. Ngalo ndlela iIndiya idibanisa unyulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho-Riphabliki, nangona kusetyenziswa ulawulo-mastericans, ulawulo oluninzi kunye noxanduvano loluntu maxa luye lucine umqobo. Umzekelo weIndiya ubonisa ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba zombini ulawulo-demokhrasi kunye neriphabliki-yoliphablikilkthiki aluwayi ngokuzenzekelayo ukukhusela amalungelo agqibeleleyo njengangoko.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo

Ukungaqondani okuninzi ngeeriphabliki nolawulo - melo kusaqhubeka kwingxoxo kawonke wonke.

  • " iUnited States yidemokhrasi, ayiyo republic. Enyanisweni, iUnited States yirepublic kunye nedemokhrasi ,yirejikhrasi. Igama elithi "democratic" libhekisela kwindlela yokuthatha inxaxheba (ukhetho olukhoyo), loxa u-"reblic" ebhekisele kuhlobo lukarhulumente (umthetho, umgaqo-siseko, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo).
  • "Iirepublic zisoloko zikhusela amalungelo amancinane" Ngelixesha ingcamango yeriphabliki igxininisa amalungelo nomthetho, ngokusetyenziswa, iiriphabliki ezininzi ziye zasilela ukukhusela amancinci. Umzekelo, irepublic yamandulo yase-U.S. ivumela ubukhoboka kwaye ikhanyela amabhinqa. Umgaqo-siseko wodwa awaneli ngaphandle kweenkundla ezizimeleyo kunye nozibopheleleko lwamalungelo.
  • " Idemokhrasi eqeleweyo ingcono ngokwemvelo kunorhulumente wabameli. inika ukudibana okuthe ngqo kommi kodwa inokuthi ikhokelele ekuqwalaselweni kakubi kwemigaqo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamaqela amatsha anomdla, kunye nengcinezelo yamaqela amancinane. Urhulumente womelo uvumela ukuqwalasela kunye nobuchule, kodwa kwakhona unokuba ngoogxamshekileyo nongathathi-nxaxheba. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo; naziphicombululo ezingcono zidityani zidityaniswe neziqalelo zombini.

Isiphelo

Ngokushwankathekileyo, ngeli xesha zombini iirepublic kunye neenjongo zedemokhrasi zifuna ukulungiselela abantu, zikwenza oko ngobuchule kunye nemigaqo eyahlukileyo. Iriphabliki ibeka umthetho ophambili, imiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nawomncinane, kanti idemokhrasi igxininisa ulawulo oluninzi kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba kokhetho. Kwinkqubo yangoku, uninzi lweemeko ezizinzileyo zixuba irekrubhuliki kunye nedemo-demo-demokhrasi, zidala iinkqubo ezizinzileyo ngenxa yokuba zilungele ukulingana okuqhelekileyo kuya kulungelelaniswa nezo ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda ezi zizinto ezikhoyo kuyimfuneko kubafundi nabafundisi-Brinickin [FF3], umgaqo-siseko we-National Constitualtic [FT] [FT], noMgaqo-siseko we-siseko se-National:[5] [FT] [FT]]