Table of Contents
Iinkundla zelizwe zisisiseko senkqubo yokulawula yaseMerika, ukusingatha uninzi lweempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni eziphakamayo eUnited States. Uninzi lwamatyala lugqitywe kwiinkundla ezincinci, zombini kurhulumente kunye norhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela ezi nteko ezilungelelanisiweyo ngayo, ezikhonza kuzo, kwaye imisebenzi eziyenzayo ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukukhokela inkqubo esemthethweni okanye nje aqonde indlela okusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo kumgangatho wesizwe. Olu khokelo lunengqiqo luhlolisisa isakhiwo esintsonkothile seenkundla, iindima zamagosa ahlukene eenkundla, kunye neembopheleleko ezithile zenkundla zenkundla.
Isiseko seenkqubo zeenkundla zeRhulumente
Iinkundla zelizwe zimiselwe ukuba zilungelelanise umgaqo-siseko nemithetho yesizwe ngasinye. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zephondo, ezifumana igunya lazo kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenza phantsi komGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho edalwe ngamaphondo azo. Lo mahluko ungundoqo uthetha ukuba ngoxa iinkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe zabelana ngeempawu ezininzi ezifanayo, urhulumente ngamnye uphuhlise isakhiwo sakhe somthetho esikhethekileyo esixokelelwa kwiimfuno zakhe ezithile nezithethe ezisemthethweni.
Urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ngamnye welizwe baneenkqubo zenkundla zabo. Le nkqubo yenkundla ibini inguphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwamazwe aseMerika, apho igunya labelana khona phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinegunya elibanzi. Ngokukodwa iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yasekuhlaleni njengemibandela yokonzakalisa umntu ngokobuqu, imicimbi enkundleni yentsapho, iproba yemiqathango yezamvo nempahla yokwemvelo, kunye nemiba yokwenyani.
Ngeli xesha isakhiwo seenkundla zikarhulumente singafani jikelele, urhulumente ngamnye unenkundla yamatyala amanqanaba kunye nenkundla enye ejonge izigqibo eziphantsi zenkundla. Ngaphandle komahluko ekunikeni igama iindibano kunye neenkcukacha ezithile zombutho, izixokelelwano zenkundla yephondo zilandela isakhiwo sobucukubhede-guqu esiquka amanqanaba amathathu okanye amane, ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni urhulumente uneenkundla eziphakathi.
Izakhiwo Ezingabaphathi - ntsapho: Ukuqonda Amaqondo Enkundla
Inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe ibonakalisa ubukhulu becala isimo senkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente ngokuba idla ngokuba nemigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala lorhulumente kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo. Le ndlela idweliswe ngethala iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala angaviwa ekuqaleni kumgangatho wokuvavanywa kwaye emva koko ahlolwe ziinkundla eziphezulu ukuba kuyimfuneko, inika amathuba amaninzi okuncinwa kwemibandela engokwasemthethweni nokuphazanyiswa iimpazamo ukuze alungiswe.
Ezine-Tier vs. Zintathu-inkqubo ezibukhali
Kwisiqingatha sikarhulumente nenkqubo karhulumente, kukho izixa ezibini zethala. Kula magunya, isalathisi senkundla sinezigaba ezine: iinkundla zamatyala kwisiseko, iinkundla eziphakathi kwiqondo lesithathu, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo kwincam. Kuloo manqaku anethala elinye kuphela, akukho nkundla yecala ephakathi, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyinkundla kumgangatho wesithathu wesilawuli.
Ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwenkundla ephakathi kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo. Kumatyala aphakathi, ezi nkonganiso zisingatha isambuku sesibheno, zivumela inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo ukuba ijolise ingqalelo kumatyala okubaluleka okuthile okusemthethweni okanye lawo abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo yomthetho wesizwe.
Iinkundla Zetyala: Apho Kuqala Khona Okusesikweni
Iinkundla zetyala zimela ingongoma yokungena kwinkqubo yomthetho kwimiba emininzi. Iinkundla zolawulo lokuqala, ziva amatyala okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Ezi ziinkundla apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina, amangqina, kunye nezigqibo zokuqala zezibakala nomthetho.
Indima Nendima Yeenkundla Zokugweba
Inkundla yamatyala yenza zombini iingxelo zenyaniso nomthetho ngokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo ukuchaza ubungqina betyala. Iinkundla zesithili zicombulula iimbambano ngokumisa izibakala nokusebenzisa umthetho kwezo zibakala. Lo msebenzi udityanisiweyo wahlula iinkundla zamatyala kwiinkundla ezigwebayo, ezithi ngokuqhelekileyo ziphinde zihlolisise imibuzo yomthetho kunokuphinda ziphindise izigqibo eziyinyaniso.
Inkundla yetyala inegunya kwimicimbi yangaphambili, iityala, isigwebo, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa, kunye nokuphulwa kwesigwebo. Esi sigunyaziso sibanzi sithetha ukuba abagwebi benkundla yamatyala bajonge amatyala ngokusuka kwisigqibo sabo sokuqala ukuya kwisimo sokugqibela, ukuphatha yonke into ukusuka kwiindlebe zokuqala nakwizenzo zokuhamba ukuya kwiimvavanyo zenene zasemva kokuvavanywa
Kwimiqathango emininzi yomthetho oqhelekileyo, inkundla yamatyala idla ngokuhlala nejaji eligwebayo nelinye; kwiinkundla ezinjalo, abachopheli-tyala basebenza njengenkcaso yenyaniso. Kwezinye iimeko, ijaji okanye abagwebi basebenza njengemigwebi yezibakala zozibini zenyaniso kunye nomthetho, mhlawumbi ngokwesiko, okanye isivumelwano samaqela; oku kubhekiswa kuko njengokuchotshelwa kwetyala elikwibherini. Ukuvela kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwetyala nakwinkundla ekuthethwa ngayo.
Uqwalaselo oluPhakathi loMgaqo-nkqubo weNkqutyana
Iinkundla zenkundla zahlulwe zahlulwa zangamacandelo amabini asekelwe kwigunya lazo: iinkundla zolawulo jikelele neenkundla ezilawula igunya elilinganiselweyo.
EUnited States, inkundla yamatyala yolawulo jikelele inikwe igunya lokuphulaphula uhlobo oluthile lwetyala lasekuhlaleni okanye lolwaphulo-mthetho elinganikelwanga kwenye inkundla. Iinkundla ezininzi zokuchophela amatyala aziphelelanga kumbandela othile kodwa zinokuqhubana nazo zonke iindawo. Iinkundla ezinjalo zokuvavanya zidla ngokuchazwa njengenolawulo oluqhelekileyo ukususela oko zigquma imimandla jikelele (oko kukuthi, engeyoyahlukileyo) yomthetho.
Ezinye iinkundla, ezibizwa ngokuba ziintendelezo ezisikelwe umda zinegunya lokuzama ukuvala amatyala, ukwaphula umthetho, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane (abameli) ngoxa ezinye iinkundla zamatyala, ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zolawulo jikelele, zinegunya lokuzama ukuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (ityala) kunye netyala elincinane kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho ezincinane. Inkundla evavanyayo yegunya elilinganiselweyo isenokuphulaphula iindidi ezithile zamatyala asekelwe kwimibandela ethile, alingana nempikiswano,
UMasipala neeNkundla zasekuhlaleni
Iinkundla zasekuhlaleni, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zikamasipala, ziinkundla ezilawula igunya elilinganiselweyo kwityala elincinane nakulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo olusenziwa kwidolophu ethile okanye kwisixeko esithile. Le nkundla isoloko isingatha ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yetrato, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, nemicimbi emincinane yolwaphulo-mthetho.
Iinkundla Zetyala Ezikhethekileyo
Kumgangatho wokuchotshelwa kwetyala, uninzi lwamazwe lumisele inkundla enye okanye ezininzi ezingoonobuchule zokuqhubana namacandelo athile asemthethweni. Ezi nkundla zikhethekileyo zijolise ingqalelo kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala, zivumela iijaji ukuba ziphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yomthetho kwaye ngokufuthi zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezihambelana neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zaloo matyala.
Ezona mimandla ziqhelekileyo ezinikelwe kwiinkundla ezithile zelifa nelizwe (iinkundla ezibikiweyo njengeenkundla zeprobate), uqhawulo-mtshato, ukuthathwa komntu okanye ezinye iinkalo zomthetho wentsapho (iintsapho okanye iinkundla zonxulumano), kunye nezenzo ezisekelwe kumthetho wesiNgesi we-equity (inkundla zezemali). Amatyala amaninzi ahlukene kwiinkundla zolawulo.
Ezinye iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zisenokuquka:
- [[Nkundla yeziyobisi:0] Iintlawulo zeziyobisi: ziinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezithetha ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwenziwa ngabantu abakhotyokiswe ziziyobisi okanye utywala, namava engqondo, okanye amagqala engqondo, efuna ukubuyisela izaphuli-mthetho ngonyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kunye nemibandela ekhethekileyo echaphazela amarhente.
- IiNkundla zeJuvenile: iinkundla ze Juvenile zinegunya kumbandela wobukholo nobunjubaqa obubandakanya ubutsha.
- IiNkundla zempilo yeNkcubeko yeMbali: zenzelwe ukusingatha amatyala abandakanya abamangalelwa abaneengxaki zempilo yengqondo
- Inkundla zezentengiso: Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezithetha ngeemfuno ezikhethekileyo zamava omkhosi kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho
- Inkundla ezinika ingqwalaselo: Iinkundla ezijolise kwimpikiswano yengingqi yegosa kunye nokwaphulwa kwekhowudi yezindlu
- IiNkundla eziNcinci: IiNkundla ezisingatha iimpikiswano zamakhaya ezibandakanya iimali ezincinane, eziqheleke ngenkqubo eyenziwe lula
Abantu Abasebenza Kwinkundla Yetyala
Iinkundla zenkundla zisebenzisa iinkundla ezahlukahlukeneyo zamasebe agwebayo nabasebenzi abaxhasanayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwezobulungisa. Igosa eliphambili lingumgwebi ogwebayo, olawula amatyala, olawula imithetho engokwasemthethweni, olawula inkundla, kunye neenkundla zebhentshi, umisela izibakala kunye nomthetho osebenzayo.
Iinkundla ezininzi zokuchophela amatyala zikwasebenzisa iijaji zamajaji okanye amakhomishinari asingatha iindidi ezithile zemicimbi enjengezokuqala ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukubekwa kwetyala, ukugwetywa kwebheyile, namatyala amancinane olwaphulo-mthetho. La magosa alawulayo anceda ukuphatha ityala lenkundla aze aqinisekise ukuba amatyala aqhubeke kakuhle kwinkqubo.
Ngaphandle kweejaji, iinkundla zamatyala zixhomekeke kwezinye izigqeba ezininzi kuquka abaphathi benkundla abagcina iingxelo zetyala kunye nokulawula iifayile zamatyala, abasebenzi bebheyile abalungiselela ukhuseleko nabagcina ucwangco kwinkundla yenkundla, iintatheli ezibhala amaxwebhu asemthethweni, namagosa ajonge abamangalelwayo nalungiselela iingxelo zemvume yangaphambi kokuba ityala lichongiwe.
Iinkundla Eziphandayo: Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho
Iinkundla eziphandayo zihlala kwithala eliphakathi kwimixokelelwano yenkundla yephondo, zisebenza njengenqanaba lokuqala lokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla zamatyala. Inkundla yokuqala yetyala, eya kuba kumgangatho wesithathu kwiqela lesibini lenqanawa, idla ngokuchazwa njengenkundla ephakathi.
Umsebenzi Wemali
Umsebenzi wenkundla equlunqileyo kukugqiba enoba umthetho wasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkundla yamatyala okanye kumbutho wolawulo lwamagunya. Iinkundla zezicelo aziwavavanyi amatsha.
Le ngqwalasela kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni kunokuba ibe ziimpikiswano eziyinyaniso ingumahluko osisiseko phakathi kwetyala neenkundla ezichaphazelekayo. Iinkundla ezininzi azinalo igunya lokuphulaphula okanye ukuthatha ubungqina, kodwa endaweni yoko zilawula kuphela kwimibandela yomthetho. Abagwebi abagwebi abafumana iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zetyala, bahlolisisa ubungqina obanikelwa exanduva, baze baqwalasele iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezingokwasemthethweni (iiintloko) eziqulunqe ngamacala.
Ilungelo Lokubhenela
Kumagunya amaninzi, iqela eliphulukana netyala linikwa ilungelo elipheleleyo kumgangatho omnye wohlolo lwetyala, kwaye kwinkqubo enamatyala aphakathi, ilungelo elipheleleyo lommangalelwa elipheleleyo lokuhlola linwebela kwinkundla ephakathi kuphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaqela anganelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla yokuvavanya anelungelo ngokuba netyala elinokuba linye elibucala elibukhali.
Noko ke, eli lungelo lokubhenela linemiqathango. Ukuba loo nkundla igqiba ngetyala lakhe, ummangalelwa angacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ihlole ityala lakhe, kodwa kufuneka yenze oko kuphela ngokuphandle kwayo. Uhlolo olungakumbi lwenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe lusoloko lucacile kunokuba luzenzekele.
Indlela Iinkundla Ezifuna Ukuphanda Ezisebenza Ngayo
Ngokungafaniyo nenkundla yamatyala, ngokuqhelekileyo engqongwe ngumoya oxakekileyo, inkundla ephethe ityala isoloko ihlala kwisakhiwo secapitol okanye isakhiwo sayo, ngokuqhelekileyo inethala leencwadi elipheleleyo lomthetho, yaye idecor kwisakhiwo apho iinkundla ezilawula amaphepha zidla ngokuba nemifanekiso yangaphambili yabagwebi egqalwa njengeembonakaliso zomthetho.
Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo ngamacandelo abagwebi kunokuba abagwebi abanye. La macandelo ahlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo evela kwinkundla yamatyala, afunde imifutshane engokwasemthethweni enikelwa ngamaqela omabini, kwaye ngokufuthi aphulaphule iingxoxo zomlomo apho amagqwetha achaza izikhundla zawo kwaye aphendula imibuzo evela kubagwebi. Emva kokuqwalasela zonke ezi zinto, iqela libhala uluvo olubhaliweyo oluchaza isigqibo salo.
Xa bengaphulaphuli iingxoxo ezithethwayo, abagwebi abagwebi abagwebayo badla ngokuhlala kwiiofisi kunye noonobhala babo kunye noomabhala-mthetho. Oomabhalane bezomthetho, abadla ngokuphumelela kwisikolo somthetho sakutshanje, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuchonga imibandela engokwasemthethweni, ngokuhlola iingxelo zetyala, nokunceda abagwebi ukuba benze izicelo zezomthetho.
IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo
Ukongeza kwinkundla ephakamileyo, inkoliso yamaphondo ikwanenkundla enye okanye ezininzi eziphakathi, ezinokuhlola izigqibo zeenkundla zamatyala kwimeko yokuqala. Ezi ntena zisingatha izibheno ezininzi ezisemagqabini, ezihlola amawaka amatyala nyaka ngamnye kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla ezivavanyayo ziwusebenzise ngokufanelekileyo umthetho.
Iinkundla ezisebenzisana nekhompyutha zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Zinika amaqela i-formeterum elula ukuvavanya izigqibo zenkundla zamatyala, zinceda ekuphuhliseni nasekucaciseni umthetho karhulumente ngeembono zawo ezipapashiweyo, kunye namatyala okucoca ngaphambi kokuba afike kwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Ngokusingatha izibheno eziqhelekileyo, iinkundla eziphakathi zivumela inkundla ephakamileyo ekwiphondo ukuba igxininise kumatyala abonisa iimbambano zomthetho okanye imicimbi ebalulekileyo yelizwe lonke.
Iinkundla Eziphakamileyo Zelizwe: Ilizwi Lokugqibela
Umgangatho olandelayo wenkundla efumana isigwebo yinkundla engqwalaselo ephezulu yeenkomfa zokugqibela; yinkundla ephakamileyo apho ityala linokuthathwa khona ngokuqhelekileyo. Ezi nkundla ziphezulu zidla ngokubizwa, "iinkundla ezinyukileyo" inkundla ephakamileyo ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo.
Utshintsho Ekongezeni
Maxa wambi amazwe anamagama awahlukeneyo emigangatho eyahlukeneyo yeenkundla zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, eNew York, iNkundla Ephakamileyo asiyoyona iphezulu. Inkundla ephakamileyo yamatyala, enokuthi idideke njengoko amazwe amaninzi esebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisela kwinkundla ephakamileyo kwiphondo. Inkundla yeZibheno yaseNew York yeyona iphakamileyo yenkundla karhulumente. Olu mahluko lungabangela ukudideka kwabo bangaqhekekanga kwinkqubo yenkundla ethile yenkundla yorhulumente.
Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa amagama afana "Inkundla yezezibheno," "Inkundla yezeejaji eziKhulu," okanye "Inkundla yeNkqutyana yezibheno" kwinkundla yawo ephakamileyo. Nokuba liliphi na igama, ezi nkowama-mthetho zisebenza umsebenzi ofanayo obalulekileyo: ukunikezelwa kokugqibela komthetho wesizwe ekulawuleni kwazo.
Uhlolisiso Lobulumko Nesihlomelo
Isicelo esicela uhlolo oluluvo olunjalo sibizwa ngokuba sisicelo setyala lesibeleko. Ukuba inkundla igqiba kwelokuba iphinde ilihlole eli tyala, ikhupha isiqinisekiso setyala lokuba irekhodi yetyala lithunyelwe yinkundla ephakathi.
Ezo nkundla ziphakamileyo ezilawula igunya elisemthethweni zidla ngokungavumi ukunikela izibongozo ezininzi ze-certitoorari, zilinganisela ukuhlolisiswa kwazo kwezona zibalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kwanalapho iqumrhu lenkundla lezomthetho linemigangatho emine kunemitha emithathu, amatyala amaninzi angoonorhulumente okanye alwaphulo-mthetho angayi kugqitha kumgangatho wesithathu. Eli gunya lilawula inkundla ephakamileyo livumela ukuba inkundla eziphakamileyo zilawule ii-dokisi zazo zize zigxininise kumatyala aya kuba nempembelelo enkulu ekuphucuthelweni komthetho karhulumente.
Indima Yeenkundla Eziphakamileyo Zeli lizwe
Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zazo zogwebo. Zinikela utoliko lokugqibela lwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko nemithetho yomthetho, zisombulula iimbambano phakathi kweenkundla ezingaphantsi, zimisela imizekelo esisigxina kuzo zonke iinkundla ezingaphakathi kweli lizwe, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana ekusetyenzisweni komthetho wesizwe.
Izigqibo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zibophelelekile kuzo zonke iinkundla eziphantsi zeli lizwe yaye zinokupheliswa yinkundla ngokwayo okanye, kwiimeko ezisikelwe umda ezibandakanya imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Ngamathuba athile, kuza kucelwa isigqibo kwimicimbi karhulumente engoyena Mgangatho kwiNkundla iPhakamileyo yelizwana.
Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zeli lizwe nazo zineembopheleleko zokulawula inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe.
Ukwakhiwa kunye nokuKhetho
Ngoxa abagwebi besizwe betyunjwe ngumongameli, abagwebi bephondo bakhethwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: irhuluneli okanye amalungiselelo owiso-mthetho okanye unyulo. Indlela yokukhetha imigaqo-mthetho iyahluka kakhulu kurhulumente ngamnye kwaye imela omnye wezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente.
Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa unyulo lwe-craate apho abatshatiswayo basebenza khona ngeelebhile zamatheko, ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenzisa unyulo olungangeni kwicala apho ii-adista zingadweliswanga kwi-colot. Sekunjalo amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iinkqubo zokumisa, apho irhuluneli okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhetha, maxa wambi kuluhlu lwabahlohli abahlolweyo ngokukhutshelwa yikomishini ekhutshwayo. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa inkqubo exubileyo eyaziwa njengeMissouri Plan okanye ukhetho, apho abagwebi bamiselwa okokuqala kodwa kufuneka bajonge unyulo olugciniweyo ukuze bahlale eofisini.
Ukuqonda Isityholo: Izinto Eziya Kuphelela Apho
Jurisdiction() ) igunya lenkundla lokuva nokugqiba ngetyala, yingcamango esisiseko ekuqondeni indlela iinkundla zeli lizwe ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuzama ityala okanye ukukhupha umthetho, inkundla kufuneka ibe nazo zonke iintlobo ezintathu zolawulo: ulawulo lwelizwe phezu kwetyala, igunya lobuqu kummangalelwa, kunye negunya lombandela lombandela phezu kwetyala.
Umgwebo Oyintloko
Umba wolawulo lwetyala unxulumene negunya lenkundla lokuva uhlobo lwetyala okanye umbandela othethwayo. Olu hlobo lolawulo lumisela ukuba yiyiphi inkundla ekwinkqubo yobulungisa karhulumente egunyazisiweyo ukuva iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Umzekelo, inkundla yentsapho inegunya eliphantsi kumbandela woqhawulo-mtshato namatyala okugcina umntwana, ngoxa inkundla yenkundla yequmrhu inegunya eliphantsi komthetho neendawo.
Ulawulo lwesihloko lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuba ayinakupheliswa ngamaqela okanye iveliswe yisivumelwano sawo. Imithetho ephazamisayo kunye nemithetho yemibandela yemibandela ayinakupheliswa ngummangalelwa. Ukuba inkundla ayinalo igunya lombandela lomntu eliphantsi phezu kwetyala, naluphi na ugwebo oluwudluliselayo alukho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba amaqela aphakamisa imbambano.
Isigqibo Sobuqu
Ulawulo lomntu ngamnye lubandakanya igunya lombuso phezu kommangalelwa. Ukuze inkundla isebenzise igunya lobuqu, kufuneka kubekho unxulumano olwaneleyo phakathi kommangalelwa kunye norhulumente apho inkundla ihlala khona. Olu nxulumano lungasekwa kwindlu yommangalelwa erhulumenteni, ihambo yommangalelwa phakathi kwesizwe, okanye abanye abaqhakamshelwayo abayenza ibe lungileyo kwaye ibe nengqiqo imo yegunya phezu kommangalelwa.
Isigwebo Senkundla Engaqhelekanga
Ilishwa liqheleke kakhulu ukumela iindawo zobume zongamelo lwenkundla. Umzekelo, iinkundla ze Oregon azinagunya kulwaphulo-mthetho eKhalifoniya. Ulawulo lwezomthetho luchaza indawo apho inkundla inegunya lokuva amatyala. Oku kusenokuphelela kwingingqi ethile, isithili esithile, okanye lonke iphondo, kuxhomekeke kwinkundla.
Isigqibo esiqulunqiweyo nesiququ
Ulawulo lwamaxesha onke lukhona apho iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente zinegunya lokuva uhlobo olunye lwetyala. Amatyala okulawula imimandla eyahlukeneyo angomzekelo oqhelekileyo. Impikiswano phakathi kwamaqela avela kumazwe awahlukeneyo ingagcinwa kwinkundla karhulumente okanye yenkundla karhulumente, kwaye ukhetho yisigqibo esicwangcisiweyo.
Kukho ulawulo oluphangaleleyo apho kunokuthi kubekho inkqubo yenkundla enye kuphela eva amatyala athile. Amatyala eBhankippacy, asemthethweni, kunye namatyala achasene nomthetho-siseko worhulumente angoorhulumente kuphela. Uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye neprobate zingurhulumente kuphela. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya elipheleleyo kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala kubalulekile kumagqwetha nakwizigqeba ukuqinisekisa ukuba bawalungisa amatyala abo kwi-forum efanelekileyo.
Ulwalamano Phakathi KweeNkundla Zorhulumente NezoManyano
Zimbini iindidi zeenkundla eUnited States — urhulumente norhulumente. Unokucinga ngazo njengendlela ezinokuphelela (nangona kunqabileyo) kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States. Ngoxa inkundla karhulumente nekarhulumente zizimele, ziyasebenzisana ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo yaye maxa wambi zisingatha iintlobo ezihambanayo zamatyala.
IiNkundla zeSizwe njengeNkundla yeNkqutyana-mali
Iinkundla zeli lizwe zaziwa njengeenkundla zolawulo jikelele, okuthetha ukuba ubani angaphakamisa nayiphi na into phantsi komthetho wesizwe okanye wesizwe, ngaphandle kwaleyo iphantsi kwegunya elipheleleyo leenkundla zikarhulumente. Eli gunya libanzi lithetha ukuba iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente ziziva zize zigqibe iinkundla ezininzi ezibandakanya umthetho karhulumente, kuquka izibhengezo zomthetho-siseko, izibhengezo zequmrhu lorhulumente, namatyala abandakanya imicimbi yorhulumente neyorhulumente.
Iinkundla Zomanyano NjengeeNkundla Zokugwetywa Okulinganiselweyo
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla zelifa lemveli ziinkundla ezilawula imimandla elinganiselweyo, oko kukuthi zinokuwava amatyala agunyazisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Iinkundla zoMasipala kuphela zigqiba amatyala ngemibandela yomthetho wesizwe, kuquka amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, impatho-mthetho yenkcubeko, kunye namatyala karhulumente okanye amatyala phakathi kwabemi bamazwe amabini awahlukeneyo okanye amazwe.
Xa Iimeko Zihamba Phakathi Kwenkqubo
Ngeli xesha iinkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente zisebenza ngokwazo, amatyala ngamanye amaxesha anokusuka phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini. Ityala eliqalayo kwinkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe lingasuswa liye enkundleni yenkundla karhulumente ukuba libandakanya imibuzo karhulumente okanye lihlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkundla zephondo zisenokungawaphulaphuli amatyala abandakanya imibuzo engazicombululiyo yomthetho, zivumele iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zicombulule loo matyala kuqala.
Ukongezelela, emva kokuba ityala lenkundla yenkundla ligqibile, kuquka zonke izibheno ezikwinkqubo karhulumente, iqela lingacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ukuba liphinde lihlole eli tyala ukuba libandakanya imiba yomgaqo-siseko okanye yomthetho wephondo. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iyamkela inxalenye encinane kakhulu yezibongozo.
Indlela Amatyala Ahamba Ngayo Kwinkqubo Yenkundla Yaseburhulumenteni
Kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente, ityala liqala kumgangatho ophantsi: inkundla yesithili yase-U.S. okanye inkundla yetyala yetyala, ngokulandelelanayo. Ukuba iqela alivumelani neziphumo zomqathango wetyala, linokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo yaye ekugqibeleni licela lonke ixesha ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.
Ukuvalwa Kwenkundla
Amatyala aqala xa ityala eliqhelekileyo lifakela isikhalazo kwinkundla yamatyala (kwimicimbi yamakhaya) okanye xa iifayile zikarhulumente zibekwa (kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho). Eli tyala liqhubeka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo angaphambili, kuquka ukufunyanwa (ukutshintshiselwana kwenkcazelo phakathi kwamaqela), uqheliselo lokuhamba (apho amaqela acela inkundla ukuba yenze imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo), kunye nokuxoxa ngemicimbi enokwenzeka.
Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokulungisa okanye ngokugxothwa, liqhubekelwa kwityala. Ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, amacala omabini anikela ubungqina, amangqina, aze enze iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala ngoxa ijaji iwisa umthetho kwaye iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho osebenzayo. Kwizibhedlele, ijaji yenza yomibini imisebenzi.
Emva kokuba ityala ligqitywe, ijaji ikhupha isigwebo, yaye umahluleli ugweba, xa kuvela ityala, ummangalelwa ufumana ityala, umgwebi ukhupha isigwebo.
Uvavanyo Oluthe Tye
Iqela elinganelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo lingabhenela kwinkundla efanelekileyo yokugweba. Inkundla (umbutho ozisa isibheno) ifakela ifayile emfutshane echaza isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla evavanyayo singachananga ngokusemthethweni. IAmpanelle (iqela eliphikisanayo) iyila i-eenza impendulo emfutshane yokukhusela isigqibo senkundla yokuvavanya. Inkundla ejongene netyala ihlola ingxelo esuka kwinkundla evavanywayo kunye nempendululo zamaqela, kwaye isenokuva iimpikiswano zomlomo.
Inkundla yetyala yandule inikezele isigqibo, esinokuthi sivume isigqibo senkundla egwebayo, sibuye sibuyele emva, okanye sibuyisele ityala emva kwinkundla yamatyala ukwenzela ukuqhutyelwa phambili. Inkundla elawulayo inikela uluvo olubhaliweyo oluchaza indlela eqiqa ngayo, oluba yinxalenye yequmrhu lomthetho okhokela izigqibo zexesha elizayo.
Impinda Ethe Tyaba
Ukuba ityala ligqitywe yinkundla ephakathi, iqela eliphulukana nelo lingase linxulumane nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe ukuze liphinde lihlolwe. Njengoko kuxutyushwe ngaphambili, olu hlolo luyiqhinga eliqhelekileyo, kwaye inkundla ephakamileyo iya kuphinda ihlole kuphela kwiimeko ezinikela imibandela ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye apho iinkundla eziphantsi zifikelele izigqibo eziphikisanayo.
Abantu Abakhonza Kwienkundla Zelizwana
Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iingcaphephe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba aba bantu basebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda ukuba bangoobani na, noko bakwenzayo kunika ukuqonda ngendlela iinkundla zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo imihla ngemihla.
ABagwebi
Abagwebi basemagunyeni kwinkundla, abaphethe amatyala, abalawula iinkundla, abalawuli beenkundla zabo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aconjululwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye amiselwe ngokwemithetho. Abagwebi betyala banendima efuna ingakumbi, njengoko kufuneka balawule iimathiriyeli ezixakekileyo, balawule kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni ngokufuthi enexesha elincinane lophando, kwaye bagcine ucwangco nokuziphatha kakuhle kwiinkundla zabo.
Abagwebi abamangalelwayo bajamelana neengxaki ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo banexesha elininzi lokuphanda nokuqwalasela imiba engokwasemthethweni, kodwa kufuneka balwe nemibuzo entsonkothileyo yomthetho baze bavelise iimbono ezibhaliweyo eziya kukhokela amatyala exesha elizayo. Abagwebi abaququzeleli-tyala kufuneka basebenze ngokungqubana nabagwebi abangoogxa babo enkundleni, njengoko izigqibo zokuthoba zisenziwa ngamacandelo okanye inkundla epheleleyo kunokuba babe ngabagwebi ngabanye.
Izantswana
Iinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe ziqesha abaphathi-mikhosi, ookhomishinari, okanye abanye amagosa angaphantsi asingatha iindidi ezithile zemicimbi. La magosa asenokuqhuba amatyala angaphambili kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, aphathe imibandela emincinane, afake izicelo ezincinane, afake ibheyile, okanye alawule kwimicimbi ethile yasekuhlaleni. Ngokusingatha le micimbi, iijaji kunye namagunya ancedisa abagwebi abagwebi abasingatha iinkundla ezinzima baze baqinisekise ukuba amatyala ahambe kakuhle kwinkqubo.
Abanuki Neenkundla
Oomabhalana benkundla bagcina iingxelo ezisemthethweni zenkundla, balawula iifayile zamatyala, baqokelele iindleko kunye nemali-mboleko, banike uluntu ngokubanzi ulwazi. I-ofisi yoonobhala isoloko iyindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana nabantu abasebenzisanayo nenkqubo yenkundla. Abalawuli benkundla baphatha imisebenzi yenkundla, kuquka uqingqo-mali, ulawulo lwabasebenzi, abaphathi bezobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa.
Abasebenzi benkxaso
Ezinye izifundiswa ezininzi ziyawuxhasa umsebenzi weenkundla zikarhulumente. Abacholacholi benkundla benza iirejista ezisemthethweni zemicimbi, eziyimfuneko ekuhloleni izicelo. Abasebenzi bale komiti banikela ukhuseleko kwiinkundla zenkundla kwaye banceda abagwebi ekulondolozeni ucwangco. Amagosa eekomiti ajonge abamangalelwayo kwaye alungiselela iingxelo ezinceda abagwebi ekwenzeni izigqibo zogwebo. Oonobhala-mthetho bafaka uphando olusemthethweni kwaye banceda abagwebi ekuquzeleni iimbono nemiyalelo.
Iiattorney
Ngeli xesha bengengoba basebenzi basenkundlani, amagqwetha enza indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe. Abatshutshisi bamela urhulumente kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa amagqwetha emela abamangalelwa. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, amagqwetha amela abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa. Abameli boluntu banikela imelo kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa abangawakwaziyo ukuhlawula amagqwetha. La magqwetha akhonza njengabameli babo ngoxa ekwasebenza njengamagosa enkundla aneembopheleleko ezifanelekileyo zokukhuthaza isigwebo nokugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo engokwasemthethweni.
Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo kunye neenkundla ezicombulula iingxaki
Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aphuhlisa iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala okanye abemi abathile abamangalelwa. Ezi ntendelezo zidla ngokusebenzisa iindlela zonyango okanye zokulungisa ingxaki kunokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokulungisa ityala.
Iinkundla Zeziyobisi
Iinkundla zeziyobisi zimela olunye lwezona ntlobo zisasazekileyo zeenkundla ezikhethekileyo. Ezi nkundla zisingatha amatyala abandakanya abamangalelwa ngemibandela yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, zinikela unyango kunye nolawulo olunzulu njengolunye uhlobo lokubanjwa kwesithethe. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo zenkundla yeziyobisi badla ngokuvavanywa rhoqo ngeziyobisi, bangene rhoqo kwiintlanganiso zonyango, yaye bavele phambi kwejaji ukuze banikele ingxelo ngenkqubela yabo.
Iinkundla Zempilo Yengqondo
ezi nkuta zidibanisa abamangalelwa nonyango lwempilo yengqondo kunye neenkonzo zokuxhasa, ziqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesigwebo sesithethe kusenokungasebenzi okanye akuncedi nganto kubantu abaneengxaki zempilo enzulu.
Inkundla
Iinkundla zezentlalo zisebenzisa amava emikhosi abandakanyeke kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Ezi nkundla ziyaluqonda ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo amagqala, kuquka ukuxinezeleka kwasemva koxinezeleko, ukonakala kwengqondo okubuhlungu, kunye nobunzima obuguqukela kubomi bobupolisa. Iinkundla zamatyala zidibanisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkonzo ze-VA kunye nezinye izinto ngoxa ziwagcina ethembekile ngezenzo zawo.
Iinkundla Zonyango Lwentsapho
Ezi nkundla zifuna ukunceda abazali boyise amakhoboka otywala baze bazenzele amakhaya akhuselekileyo abantwana babo, nto leyo esenokuyiphepha imfuneko yokususwa ngokupheleleyo kwebantwana kubantwana kubantwana babo.
Isalathisi somsebenzi
ezi nkundla zisebenzisa abagwebi nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ngokukhethekileyo, zilungelelanisa iinkonzo zamaxhoba, zize zisebenzise amanyathelo okuhlola nokuziphendulela ukukhusela amaxhoba nokubeka ityala kwabenzi-tyala.
Ityala Leenkundla Zelizwe
Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi nyaka ngamnye, angaphezulu lee lee kwityala leenkundla zikarhulumente. La matyala aquka uludwe olupheleleyo lwempikiswano engokwasemthethweni, ukususela kwizenzo ezincinane zokwaphula umthetho ukuya kwiinkundla ezinzulu, ukususela kwiimbambano ezincinane ukuya kutsho kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemicimbi eqhelekileyo ebangela ukuphikisana ngeembambano zokugcina umntwana.
Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho
Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lweenkundla zamatyala eUnited States. Ezi zinto zisuka kwizenzo ezincinane eziphosakeleyo ezifana nokuphulwa kwendlela kunye nobusela obuncinane ukuya kwityala elinzulu eliquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Iinkundla zezolwaphulo-mthetho zaseburhulumenteni zilungisa izigidi zamatyala nyaka ngamnye, kuquka ukuququzelelwa kwamatyala, ukuququlwa kwamatyala, ukungxelelwa ityala, ukuvavanywa, ukuvavanywa iityala, nokugwetywa.
Ityala Lelizwe
Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi ahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukumangalelwa ngokwezono, izivumelwano, ukuxambulisana ngempahla, amatyala emisebenzi, kunye nokubekwa kwetyala leshishini. La matyala asenokubandakanya imali encinane kwinkundla encinane okanye izigidi zeerandi kushishino oluntsonkothileyo. Amatyala amakhaya anokuconjululwa ngokuhlaziywa, ngokugwetywa ngoshwankathelo okanye ngokuvavanywa kwetyala.
Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho
Iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha uqhawulo - mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana nokuxhaswa kwabo, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, amatyala okuzala, nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.
Ukulungisa Ifa Nemibandela
Iinkundla ezilawulayo zolawulo lwemihlaba emva kokufa komntu, kuquka izivumelwano, ukumisela oorhulumente okanye abalawuli, nokucombulula iimbambano phakathi kweendlalifa. Ezi nkundla zikwasingatha iinqanawa zokukhusela kunye neenqanawa zokubonelela kubantu abangakwaziyo ukulawula imicimbi yabo ngenxa yobudala, ukukhubazeka, okanye ukugotywa.
Oonobumba Abancinane
Iinkundla zamatyala ezingoonjubaqa (apho abantwana batyholwa ngolwaphulo - mthetho), amatyala okuxhomekeka (apho kutyholwa ukuba abantwana baxhatshazwa okanye batyeshelwe), namatyala angokwasemthethweni (ihambo egqwethekileyo engeyi kuba siso isaphuli - mthetho ukuba kwenziwa ngumntu omkhulu, njengokungathethi nto okanye ukubhadula ekhaya).
Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neenkundla Zaseburhulumenteni
Ukuqonda le mingeni kubangela ukuba imigudu yokuguqula iqhubeke kunye neengxoxo eziphathelele ikamva lenkundla yeli phondo zikwazi ukufikelela kwimisebenzi yayo.
Izilondolozi Zikavimba
Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo ezisebenza ngoovimba abalinganiselweyo, ukujongena nokugawulwa koqingqo-mali, ukuqeshwa kwezixhobo, kunye namaziko alupheleyo. Ezi zithintelo zingezibonelelo zingakhokelela ekuchongeni iingxelo ezisemva, ekulibaziseni ekucombululeni amatyala, nokuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kobulungisa kwii-ligi. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise imfuneko yokulungisa iimeko ngokunempumelelo kunye nokunika ingqwalasela epheleleyo yetyala ngalinye.
Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni
Abantu abaninzi abanako ukufikelela kumagqwetha, kodwa bajongene neemeko ezintsonkothileyo ezingokwasemthethweni kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Oku kufikelela kwigeji yetyala kuthetha ukuba abaninzi abachaphazelekayo kufuneka bahambe ngenkqubo yenkundla ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni, okunokwenzeka bakhokelele kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. Iinkundla ziye zaphendula ngokuvelisa oovimba abazincedayo, ngokuzenza lula iinkqubo, nokwandisa ukufumaneka komelo olulinganiselweyo, kodwa kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokwenziwa kwale mihla
Iinkundla zezoburhulumente zisebenzela ukuphucula inkqubela yazo ngobugcisa, kuquka iinkqubo ze-elektroniki, ividiyo egunyazisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, kunye nokufikelela kwi-intanethi kwiingxelo zenkundla. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa ubugcisa obutsha kufuna utyalo-mali noqeqesho olubalulekileyo, kwaye iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise iingenelo zobugcisa kunye nenkxalabo yokufikelela abantu ngaphandle konxibelelwano lwe-Internet okanye ukufunda ukufunda ngezobugcisa.
Ukukholosa Nokwenza Intembelo Kuwonke Wonke
Ukugcina intembelo yoluntu nokuthembana kwimigwebo kubalulekile kumthetho. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zibonwa njengezifanelekileyo, ezingakhethi buso, nezifikelelekayo. Oku akufuni nje kuphela ukugqiba amatyala ngendlela efanelekileyo kodwa kubandakanya nokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo noluntu, ukulondoloza imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha, nokucombulula inkxalabo ngokucalula okanye ngokungekho sikweni kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.
Ukubaluleka Kweenkundla Zelizwe Kwidemokhrasi YaseMerika
Iinkundla zikarhulumente zinendima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika nakumthetho. Zilungiselela ukucombulula iingxabano ngoxolo, zikhusela amalungelo abantu, zichaza zize zisebenzise imimiselo nemithetho karhulumente, zize ziqinisekise ukuba amagosa karhulumente amele aphendule kwiimeko ezingekho semthethweni.
Izigqibo zeenkundla zikarhulumente zichaphazela izigidi zabantu yonke imihla, zicombulula iziphumo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, zicombulula iimbambano zamakhaya, zikhusela abantwana nabantu abadala ababuthathaka, zize zitolike imithetho elawula ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwasebenza njengeebhulorho zokufumana idemokhrasi, ziphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa iingxaki ezinokuthathwa kamva ngamanye amazwe okanye yinkqubo karhulumente.
Ukuqonda isakhiwo seenkundla zikarhulumente `enkundleni'', ezisebenza kuzo, ezizenzayo, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo/ezisebenza ngayo"ibalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni eMelika. Nangona iinkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe zingafani ngeenkcukacha zazo, ziyavumelana ekunikezeleni isigwebo esifanelekileyo, esifikelelekayo nesisebenzayo phantsi komthetho.
Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yephondo linikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nombutho wenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho, amanani, kunye nemisebenzi engcono. Iiwebhsayithi zenkundla nganye yeli lizwe zinikela ulwazi malunga neenkqubo ezithile zenkundla yenkundla yelizwe, kuquka imigaqo yenkundla, ifomu, kunye noncedo lwazo.
Ukuqonda iinkundla zephondo akungokwamagqwetha nabagwebi kuphela. Abahlali abasebenza kumatyala, abasemacaleni, abamela amatyala okanye abakhuselayo, amangqina angqinayo, kunye nabo bonke abanomdla kwindlela inkqubo yethu yokusesikweni esebenza ngayo banokungenelwa ngokuqonda isakhiwo nemisebenzi yeenkundla zikarhulumente. Ezi nkundla zezokuba uninzi lwamaMerika luza kudibana nenkqubo yokugweba, kwaye luphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni umthetho nasekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye.
Isiphelo
Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisisiseko senkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni neempikiswano eziphakamayo kwibutho lethu. Ukusuka kwiinkundla zikamasipala ezisingatha amatikiti eenqwelo-moya ukuya kuchaza amalungiselelo aphezulu eenkundla ezichaza umGaqo-siseko, ezi nkowa zisebenza kwimigangatho emininzi enemisebenzi neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo.
Isakhiwo senkundla yephondo esineenkundla zephondo ``iinkundla' zokumangalelwa'' ngokungaqhelekanga, kuquka iinkundla eziphakathi, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo-(isiqinisekiso sokuba amatyala afumana uqwalaselwa olufanelekileyo lokuqala kwaye iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zingalungiswa ngohlolo-hlolo. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zithetha ngeendidi ezithile zamatyala okanye abemi, ngeli lixa iinkundla ezizinzileyo zinika iindlela zobuchule zokuphendula imiba ephambili ekhokelela abantu kwinkqubo yokulawula ityala.
Abantu abasebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ```Ijaji, amajaji, amagqwetha, amagqwetha, abasebenzi abaxhasayo,'ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa kakuhle kwaye kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.' Nangona bejamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kuquka ukuthintelwa kwezibonelelo zoovimba nokufikelela kwimicimbi esesikweni, iinkundla zeli lizwe ziyaqhubeka ziphumeza uthumo lwabo olubalulekileyo lokucombulula iingxabano, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokuxhasa umthetho.
Ngokuqonda isiseko seenkundla zikarhulumente, ezisebenza kuzo, noko zikwenzayo, sifumana ukuqonda ngendlela okusesikweni okuphunyezwa ngayo kumgangatho karhulumente nendlela la mabutho akhonza ngayo imilinganiselo esisiseko yokusesikweni, ukuphendula ngetyala, nomthetho oxhasa inkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi.