Imboniselo yesebe eliphetheyo

Isebe elilawulayo lelona likhulu nelibonakalayo kumasebe amathathu karhulumente wesizwe wase-U.S. Eliphethwe nguMongameli, linembopheleleko yokunyanzela imithetho karhulumente, ukulungiselela iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuqhuba iinkqubo zamazwe angaphandle, nokulawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko wamisela isikhulu esiyintloko esinye esiyintloko sokulungiselela umanyano, ukugqibelela, nokuphendula kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Namhlanje isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine, kuquka amalungu enkonzo, iingcali zenkonzo karhulumente, kunye nabamiselwe kwezobupolitika, lisenza umqeshina-ofisi omkhulu kulo sizwe.

Isebe elilawulayo lale mihla lavela ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwisiqalo esincinane solawulo lukaGeorge Washington. IKhabhinethi yokuqala yayinamasebe amane kuphela: uRhulumente, iNgxelo yeNdawo yemfazwe, kunye neNjengalwazi yeAttorney. Namhlanje kukho amasebe aphetheyo ali-15 kunye namakhulu amasebe, amagunya, iikhomishini, kunye neebhodi eziqhuba yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kulawulo lwemekobume besebe eliphetheyo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wesizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Inqaku II leZiko leMigaqo-siseko ye-U.S. lisebenzisa igalelo elilawulayo elikwi-Mongameli we-22 Community. Abalawuli, abalumkelayo ulawulo lobukumkani kunye nobuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko, badala umphathi onamandla kodwa okhangelwe. UMongameli unyulwa ngeKholeji ye-Electoral, usebenza ngexesha leminyaka emine, kwaye ulinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini asetyenziswa nguMlawuli wama-222. UmGaqo-siseko wantla akazange akhankanye iKhabhinethi, amaqela ezobupolitika, okanye urhulumente omkhulu okhoyo namhlanje. Endaweni yoko, wanika uMongameli jikelele imvume yamandla inkathalo yokuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngokuthembeka — umGaqo-onda oye wasetyenziswa ekuthetheleleni kwezenzo ezininzi zolawulo.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika uMongameli amandla okumisela abameli, abagwebi, namanye amagosa ase-United States ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga; ukunikezela ii-asethi kunye nokuxolelwa; ukuhlanganisa iKhomishini ngexesha elingaqhelekanga; nokufuna uluvo olubhaliweyo lweentloko zamasebe aphetheyo. Abaseki benza amasebe alawulayo abe yeyona sebe linamandla, bephikisa ngelithi umgangatho oyintloko kwinkcazelo karhulumente olungileyo [[ (uluhlu lolawulo oluphezulu.).

Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko kunye nokutolikwa kwawo, bona umGaqo-siseko wesizwe weZiko lohlalutyo lwenqaku II.

UMongameli: Ulawulo oluPhezulu neNtloko kaRhulumente

UMongameli unegunya elikhethekileyo njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente, uMongameli wase-U.S. uquka ulawulo lwezithethe kunye nolawulo. Iimbopheleleko ezisesikweni zoMongameli ziquka:

  • Ukusayina okanye ukukhupha umthetho owiswe yiBhunga
  • Ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, i-actranda, kunye nezibhengezo
  • abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, namagosa aphezulu
  • Ukusebenza njengeNkulumbuso-iNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo
  • Ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kuquka ukucebisana ngezivumelwano (nemvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso) nokuqaphela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe
  • Ukuxolela nokuququzelela amatyala karhulumente

UMongameli ukwadlulisela idilesi yeSizwe sonyaka neSizwe se-Union, anikeze izicelo zoqingqo-mali kwiBhunga, amisele iintloko zamaqumrhu karhulumente. Umongameli uye wakhula ekulawuleni nasemgangathweni kwiinkulungwane, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko yesizwe njengemfazwe yamakhaya, uDolophu olukhulu, kunye noLawulo oluKhulu, kunye noloMbindi weXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Oomongameli banamhlanje baxhomekeke kwiqela elikhulu labasebenzi abamhlophe kwiNdlukwano kunye neOfisi yeSebe elilawulayo (EOP), enziwe ngo1939 ukuze bancede ekulawuleni isebe eliya liyandayo.

Amandla obuongameli

Amandla kaMongameli, umGaqo-siseko nomthetho, anokubekwa kwiindawo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo:

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

UMongameli umisa abaphathi-mikhosi abaphambili baseUnited States, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, oonozakuzaku, nabagwebi borhulumente. La madinga ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso, ukuxilonga okungavala okanye kulibazise ucwangciso lukaMongameli. abaphathi-mikhosi ababalulekileyo , iBhunga lingawabeka amandla okumisa kuMongameli kuphela, kwiinkundla, okanye kwiintloko zesebe. Amandla okususwa, ngexa kungachazwangachazi, aqiniseki yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yegunya eliphetheyo — uMongameli angasusa amagosa aphambili esebe aphetheyo ngaphandle kwesizathu, nangona abameli abazimeleyo benokhuseleko oluthile.

Umbane weVeto

UMongameli angasichasa nasiphi na isixa esidluliswa yiKhonkxa, asithumele ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingawudlulisa umphetho ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini, ukwenzeka okunqabileyo. UMongameli unalo [[FLT: 0] i-packet't vento: ukuba iKhomishini i-anters ithatha iintsuku ezilishumi inika umthetho, uMongameli akanakuwutyikitya, ngokunempumelelo awuyifaki ngaphandle kwesixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokulungisa isimo somthetho, kwaye oomongameli basoloko besebenzisa isisongelo sokuquququzelela ukuqulunqwa.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iyalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye inamandla omthetho, kodwa ayinakuphikisana nemimiselo ekhoyo okanye umGaqo-siseko. Abameli bayayisebenzisa ukulawula isebe eliphetheyo, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo, nokuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ngelixesha imiyalelo yabalawuli abakhankanyiweyo ingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, bafumana kumandla omlawuli jikelele. Imizekelo e-Famouste iquka i-Emanciption Procation Programment, Orderday 9066 (icending), kunye nemiyalelo yakutshanje engoku ngemithetho yezofuduko, imozulu, kunye neyonyango. Kuluhlu oluthe kratyaniswe lwemiyalelo yemithetho yezolawulo oluphezulu, ukutyelela iBhunga-Onkeneembali yelizwe, ukutyelela [[FLT] iMithelelana iMithetho yeSizwelo yeSizwelo yeSizwe [FLD [F]]]

Igunya lomkhosi nelemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle

NjengoMyaleli-oyintloko-iNdlu yeNkqutyana, uMongameli uyalela umkhosi wase-U.S. kwaye angathumela amajoni kwelinye ilizwe, kodwa kuphela iNgqungquthela enamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe. Isigqibo samaGunya emfazwe ka 1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokunikezela imikhosi kunye nemida yokuthumela iinkonzo kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. [196] uMongameli umele uhlanga, angene kwizivumelwano zegunya elikhulu (ezingafuni kuvunywa iNkulwano). Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambene kwi United States.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye owokuqala kumgca womongameli wokulandelelana. Ngokungafaniyo noMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli uneendima ezimbini ezahlukileyo: ulawulo oluphezulu nomthetho. NjengoMongameli weBhunga, uMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo ulawula iintlanganiso zeBhunga, kodwa kuphela uvota kwimeko yoluvoti. Njengelungu lesebe eliphetheyo, uMongameli ucebisa uMongameli, uthatha iinkonzo zobugcisa, kwaye ngokufuthi ukhokela inyathelo eliphambili. Isekela lezikongameli langokunje liye lakhula, ingakumbi ukususela kuWalter Mondidale, owaseka imodeli yolwalamano olusondeleyo noMongameli.

Isikhundla somongameli onguVimba-mbombo sikwiNdlu emhlophe, kwaye uMongameli onguMongameli ongumSekela unendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni kwi-Observatory yoMkhosi wamanzi. IsiHlomelo se-25 sazicacisa iinkqubo zokulandelela iziganeko zaza savumela uMongameli ukuba abeke umongameli othabathele indawo (njengoko kwenzekayo xa uGerald Ford waba nguMongameli onguMongameli phantsi koRichard Nixon).

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi liququzelela iqumrhu eliyiNtloko elilawulayo eliyi15. Amalungu eKhabhinethi atyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhanile. Banononobhala wesigqeba, ngaphandle koSosiba Jikelele (uJustice) kunye noMphathi-mikhosi wePostger (nakuba iPersal Service ngoku iyinkxaso ezimeleyo). Indima yeKhabhinethi kukucebisa uMongameli kwimicimbi kwimicimbi ekwimimandla yabo. Iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi ziqhutywa kwigosamenti yegosa. Ngeli likaMongameli (istia) i-Implavey General (ice) i-Empereal) isebenza kwinkoliseko kaMongameli kwaye isenokususwa nangalo nangaliphi naliphi ixesha.

Isebe elilawulayo le-15 lingu:

  • ISebe lezeLimo
  • Isebe lorhwebo
  • Isebe lokhuselo
  • ISebe lezemfundo
  • ISebe lamandla
  • ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu
  • ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya
  • ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwamaDolophana
  • ISebe leMbali
  • ISebe leMithetho eLuntu
  • ISebe lokuSebenza
  • ISebe likaRhulumente
  • Isebe lezothutho
  • ISebe loNondyebo
  • ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi okhethekileyo kwaye liphinda lahlulwe labameli, ii-bhureau, iiofisi, neenkonzo. Umzekelo, iSebe loBulungiseleli liquka iFBI, i-Enthorcement Administration, kunye neSebe leMidlalo yeeNtolongo. ISebe lezeMpilo neleeNkonzo zoLuntu lijonge iFDA, iCDC, ne-NIH.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli (EOP)

I-EOP yasekwa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt ukunikezela ngoMongameli ngenkxaso yabasebenzi kunye nomanyano lwenkqubo. Iquka ii-ofisi eziliqela ezingundoqo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-ofisi yendlu emhlophe (WHO): Iquka iNtloko yeStaff, unobhala oPhicothayo, uKhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nezinye izincedisi eziphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iofisi yolawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB): inceda uMongameli ekulungiseleleni uqingqo-mali lweziko lorhulumente kunye nokungamela ukusebenza kombutho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhunga loKhuseleko loMhlanga (NSC): idibanisa inkqubo yangaphandle kunye neyokhuselo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhonucileti yezoqoqosho (CEA): inikela uhlalutyo kunye necebiso lezoqoqosho.
  • I-ofisi ye-United States Trade Message (USTR): ikhokelela kwiingxoxo zorhwebo.

I-EOP ikhule yaya kutsho kumalungu angaphezulu kwama-2 000 abasebenzi kwaye inamandla okukhokela umongameli, ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule inkqubo ngaphandle kokungena kumasebe amakhulu.

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Asiyonto nganye elungeleneyo kwisebe. Ingqungquthela idale iqela [[FLT: 0] lamasebe azimeleyo asebenza ngaphandle kwesebe eliphetheyo ukuwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. La masebe asoloko enomthetho, i-quasi-judial, okanye imisebenzi yolawulo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)
  • Inkqubo yeReserve yomanyano (Ifeksi)
  • IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)
  • IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluManyano (FCC)
  • I-Arhente yoNjikelezo eseMbindini (CIA)
  • Ubuchule besizwe kunye nolawulo lwesithuba (NASA)
  • Ulawulo loKhuseleko loLuntu (SSA)

Abameli abazimelayo bakhokelwa ziibhodi okanye abalawuli ababodwa abasoloko besebenzisa izicwangciso ezizinzileyo kwaye abakwazi ukususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Esi sakhiwo sisetyenziselwa ukuvumela izigqibo zobuchule zikhululwe kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi kwimimandla efana nenkqubo yemali kunye nomthetho wokungaqiniseki. Kodwa bahlala beyinxalenye yesebe eliphetheyo, eliphantsi kolawulo lomongameli kunye nenkxaso-mali yengqungquthela.

Ulawulo loMasipala: Umsebenzi weSebe

Inkoliso yabaqeshwa basemagunyeni baqeshwa ngokusekelwe kwintsebenziswano esekelwe kwinkqubo yokhuphiswano eyasekwa nguMgaqo-siseko wePendleton wonyaka ka-1883. Banikela ukuqhubeka kulawulo nakulwazi lwamaqumrhu. I-Ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi (OPM) ijonge ukuqeshwa, imithetho, neengenelo. Isebe lomsebenzi lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba lisebe lesine likarhulumente [[ ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nempembelelo yalo. Ngexesha abatyumbi bezopolitiki bemisela inkqubo, abaqeshi besebenza belungiselela iinkqubo zemisebenzi yosuku zosuku kunye nezosuku.

Amagophe Nolungelelwano Kumandla oLawulo

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga linezixhobo ezinamandla zokulawula isebe eliphetheyo. Linokuphatha ukuva, ukukhupha imibandela, ukunyanzela ubungqina, kunye nokuphanda izenzo zolawulo. Indlu yeNdlu yedwa iqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemigangatho ephezulu ize ifake izivumelwano. Indlu iyodwa iqalisa iinkqubo zokubhalisa. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali — amandla esipaji semali [[FLT] — nto leyo eyinika amandla amakhulu kwiinkqubo zegunya eliphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iNgqungquthela iyakwazi ukuqulungela okanye ukuvala amaququlunqwa abaphathi besebe abaphetheyo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zephondo, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zingavakalisa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingekho mgaqweni. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana uondoqo-mqoka we-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952) amandla alinganiselweyo kamongameli, lo gama United States v. Nixon [19774])) unyanzelisa uMongameli ukuba athobele i-tophonsi. Iinkundla kwakhona zihlola umgaqo-siseko wemiyalelo yempatho ephakamileyo kunye nemimiselo. I-judiary ikhono yezenzo zokuthongamela i-phantsi i-gcunt.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Kulo sebe lilawulayo, kukho ii-arhente zangaphakathi. Iinkqubo zophicotho-zincwadi jikelele kunye nokucima inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza. I-Ofisi yeSiluleko se-Legal itolikela umthetho wesebe elilawulayo. I-Ofisi yeGosa elinobutyala (GAO), ingalo yeBhunga, iinkcitho zolawulo nolawulo lweziko lorhulumente lolawulo kunye neengxelo zokusebenza kwesebe.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

UMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, nawo onke amagosa asekuhlaleni eUnited States angacetyelwa ukuxhobisa, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olubi. Indlu ithenjiswa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo; iBhunga leNdlu yetyala kwaye iyakwazi ukususa ngovoti emibini. Oomongameli ababini — Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton — bathenjiswa yiNdlkshop kodwa abasuswanga. URichard Nixon warhoxa phambi kokuba anikezele. Isisongelo seBhunga lomthetho sisebenza njengovavanyo olunamandla lwezopolitiko.

Amandla emfazwe Nemiqathango Yamazwe Asemzini

Ngeli xesha uMongameli enguMphathi-Mphathi-siChiefo, kuphela iNgqungquthela enokuthi imeme imfazwe ixhase umkhosi. Isigqibo samaGunya emfazwe sifuna ukuxelwa komongameli kunye nemikhosi yemida ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela. INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqonda ukuba amagunya kaMongameli eendaba zamanye amazwe akapheleli — umzekelo, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuqulunqa izivumelwano ze-broat quagent ngaphandle kwemvume yokuqumrhutha.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu lilungelo likaMongameli lokuvala ulwazi kwiBhunga okanye kwiinkundla ukukhusela ukugcinwa kwesigqibo. Aligqibelelekanga kwaye lisikelwe umda yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. INkundla kwi- United States v. Nixon yabambelela ekubeni ilungelo eliphezulu limele linikezele kwiimfuno zetyala lezaphuli-mthetho. Ilungelo legunya lingummandla okhuphiswano-mthetho, osoloko ukhutshwa ebudeni bophando.

Ukuphumelela koMongameli nokungafezeki

UMthetho wama-25, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1967, wacaciswa ngokulandelelana komongameli. UMongameli ongumongameli uyaphumelela ukuba uMongameli ufa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa. Ukuba uMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli ungabikho, uMongameli uthatha indawo emele iqinisekiswe zizo zombini izindlu zeBhunga. Utshintsho lukwanika nemigaqo yokufuduselwa kwegunya okomzuzwana xa uMongameli ekhubazekile, njengaxa kusenziwa inkqubo yezonyango. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka komyalelo kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Umgca wokulandelelana ngaphaya koMongameli onguVimba oPhawulayo umiselwe nguMthetho weNdlu ka-1947: Umthetheli weNdlu, uMongameli okhuthaza iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi, kwaza kwalandela abaphathi beKhabhinethi ngokomyalelo wokudalwa kwesebe. Lo mgca awuzange uvavanywe ngaphandle koMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo.

Isebe Eliphetheyo Kwinkulungwane yama - 21

Namhlanje isebe eliphetheyo lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha: ukusongelwa kwezentengiselwano, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemozulu, ukukhula kwamandla olawulo noqingqo - mali. IOfisi Yolawulo, iBhunga Lokhuseleko Lesizwe, namabhunga eSebe elilawulayo elikwiNdlu Emhlophe alungelelanisa iimpendulo.

Ukuqonda isebe elilawulayo kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofunda urhulumente waseMerika, owesizwe okanye umthetho. Ukuntsonkotha kwesebe kubonisa isikali kunye nomahluko wohlanga ekulo. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa ingcaciso yeNdlu yeWhite House yesebe eliphetheyo[ okanye jongana USA.gov uqwalaliso lwamasebe amathathu karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Isebe elilawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunoMongameli kunye neKhabhinethi. Linenethwekhi eninzi yamasebe, abameli, abameli, kunye nabasebenzi abanyanzelisa imithetho, ukunikela iinkonzo, nokukhusela uhlanga. Ukusuka kwiOval Office ukuya kwi-ofisi yentsimi encinane, isebe elilawulayo lisebenza ngemigaqo karhulumente wesizwe. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya likhulu lihlala linetyala kwamanye amasebe nakubantu baseMelika.