Imboniselo yesebe eliphetheyo

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente waseUnited States libekwe ityala lokuphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo kwemithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. Limiselwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States, lelona sebe likhulu nelintsonkothileyo lorhulumente, liqesha izigidi zabantu namagosa asemkhosini. Isebe likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, kwaye uquke uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamaziko, amasebe, amasebe ooomasebe, kunye neekomiti. Umsebenzi walo ongundoqo kukusebenza, ukulungiselela, nokuthobela, nokunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente wamazwe angaphandle, ngokufanayo nokuziphatha inkqubo yezomkhosi karhulumente kunye nomyalelo wezomkhosi.

Isebe elilawulayo lale mihla liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Ekuqaleni, iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente lalincinane, iBhunga lokuqala lasekwa ngamasebe amathathu: Urhulumente, iNgxelo yemali, kunye neMfazwe. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ulawulo lwegunya lorhulumente lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngomthetho wesibonelelo (umz., iNew Deal, iGreat Society), likhokelela ekudalweni kwamaqumrhu anamandla alawulayo anjenge-Epa) kunye neKhomishini yeSikhuthazo soburhulumente ne-Exchange (SEC). Namhlanje, amasebe aphethe izinto alawula yonke into esuka kwimpilo yesizwe, kwimfundo, kwinkampani enkulu, kwizinto zokuthutha nokukhusela indalo. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nemisebenzi yayo eluncedo eUnited States iyaziqonda indlela ezilawula ngayo.

Igunya: Amagunya Neembopheleleko

UMongameli weUnited States unegunya elingaqhelekanga nembopheleleko. IGatya II libeka igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli, linika igunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho, limisele amagosa karhulumente, liququzelele izivumelwano (ngecebiso nemvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), lize libe nguMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umongameli uye waguquka ukuze aqulunqe uludwe olubanzi lwendima olubumba inkqubo yesizwe kunye nemicimbi yehlabathi lonke.

IGama eliPhezulu

Njengentloko yesigqeba esiphetheyo, uMongameli ujonge bonke abameli besebe, eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho i- "iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka". Oku kuquka ukutyumba iintloko zamasebe karhulumente, ukukhupha imiyalelo yabasebenzi abaphezulu, nokukhokela umsebenzi wezigidi zabasebenzi basekuhlaleni. UMongameli ukwanamandla okususa amagosa aseburhulumenteni aphezulu, nangona ukususwa kwamagosa azimeleyo equlurhwa ngamagunya kulinganiselwe ngomthetho. Ngomthetho oMphathiswa woLawulo noHlahlolo-mali (OMB), uMongameli ulungiselela uqingqo-mali nomgaqo-nkqubo wonyaka ngamnye oququququzelelwa kwisebe.

Igosa kwiNtloko

UMgaqo-siseko uthi uMlawuli kwiNtloko yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi waseUnited States, kunye noomkhosi wesizwe xa ubizelwa kwinkonzo karhulumente. Le ndima inika uMongameli igunya elipheleleyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi, kuquka amandla okuthumela imikhosi, ukuhlasela, nokumisela iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo. Noko ke, yiBhunga kuphela elinokwazisa ngemfazwe, kwaye iSigqibo semfazwe sika-1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga eliphakathi kweeyure ezingama-48 zokuqhuba imikhosi exhobileyo nokurhoxa iimfazwe emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga ligunya leNkulumbuso liye lasebenzisa eli gunya ukuba libandakanye nemfazwe eKorea, eVietnam, eIraq, eIrabheth, nakwezinye iindawo, isoloko iqalisa intetho emalunga nolungele ulungelelwano lwamandla emfazweni.

Intloko

UMongameli ubumba inkqubo yamanye amazwe aseMelika, ufumana iinkonzo, kwaye uthethana ngezivumelwano (ezifuna izivumelwano zeKhathene ezi-2/3). Izivumelwano zoLawulo oluPhezulu, ezingafuni kukhutshwa kwemithetho yeCante, ziye zaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuqhuba imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe ngokukhawuleza. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuqaphela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe nokwaphula ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle. ISebe leRhulumente, elikhokelwa nguNobhala weSizwe, lixhasa uMongameli ekuphumezeni iinjongo zenkqubo zamazwe angaphandle, kushishino lokulawula izivumelwano zezixhobo.

Inkokeli eLawulweyo

Nangona uMongameli engeyolungu leBhunga, isebe eliphetheyo linendima ephambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli angacebisa umthetho, anikele idilesi yonyaka ye-Union, kwaye asebenzise iqonga lemfazwe ukukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke yemithetho ephambili. Amandla eveto anika uMongameli ingqwalasela enamandla kwiBhunga: umthetho kufuneka udluliswe ngabaninzi abakwiziqu ezibini ezinesithathu emagumbini omabini ukubeka umongameli endaweni ye-veto. Ekuqheliseni kwawo, oomongameli basebenzisa iingxelo zokutyikitya umqondiso woluntu ukwenzela ukuba baphawule ukuchazwa kwemithetho emiswayo, uqheliselo olubangele ingxoxo yomGaqo-siseko.

Ezinye Iindima: Inkokeli yeQela neNtloko yoRhulumente

UMongameli usebenza njengenkokeli yeqela labo lezobupolitika, encedisa ekuqokeleleni imali, ekulungiseni abathathi-nxaxheba, nasekubumbeni iqonga leqela. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli usebenza njengentloko yesithethe sesizwe, emela uhlanga kwiziganeko ezifana nemingcwabo, iiholide zesizwe, neengqungquthela zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi misebenzi idibanise igunya elifuziselayo nempembelelo yezobupolitika, eyenza umongameli abe namandla akhethekileyo kwaye abonakale.

Amandla omGaqo-siseko kunye nokusikelwa umda

Amandla obuMongameli akaphelelanga. UmGaqo-siseko usasaza amandla ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu, kunye neengxinano ezithile kwigunya elilawulayo. Amandla angundoqo omgaqo-siseko kaMongameli aquka:

  • Amandla eSindululo: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala beKhabhinethi, namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka izikhundla, phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seBhunga. Eli gunya libumba ijaji kunye nesebe eliphetheyo iminyaka ezayo.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: ikhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ukuyalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente ngaphandle kokuhamba ngeKhomishini. Ngelixesha le miyalelo inamandla omthetho, ingapheliswa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye itshatyalaliswe ziinkundla ukuba bangaphaya kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli Truman (Umgaqo-siseko 9981) kunye noMongameli Biden kwizenzo zotshintsho lwemozulu.
  • Amandla e-Pradente: UMongameli angakunika ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, ngaphandle kwiimeko zokungagunyaziswa. Eli gunya liquka amandla okuhambisa izivakalisi kunye nokukhupha ingubo yophicotho. Liye lasetyenziswa ngokuphikisayo, njengoMongameli Ford' ukuxolela kukaRichard Nixon noMongameli uTrump izisolo zezobupolitika.
  • [[NTLA:0] Amandla e-VT: UMongameli angawubeka nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umva ngevoti yesithathu esibini, kodwa oku kunqabile. Isisongelo seveto sinyanzelisa uhlenga-hlengiso lwemithetho-mthetho.

La magunya alungelelaniswe yimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. IBhunga lilawula ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yempangelo ngamandla engxowa-mali, kwaye iNdlu yeQeqesho kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa kwamadinga nezivumelwano ezininzi. Ijaji ingahlola izenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko phantsi komgaqo-siseko wohlolo lwezomthetho osungulwe Marbury v. Madison [18.03] Ngokubhekele phaya koko, uMongameli uphantsi kokungaquququzeli yindlu nokususwa yiNdlukwano ye "isizathu, ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungalungisileyo".

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini, nomsebenzi ophambili womgaqo-siseko wokongamela iBhunga kunye nokonakalisa amavoti. UMongameli ongumongameli ukwama okokuqala kumgca wokulandelelana komongameli, ethatha identiadenti ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa. Kumaxesha angoku, oomongameli babalawuli baye bathatha iindima ezibanzi zenkqubo, ezifana nokukhokela amajoni akhethekileyo okanye ukumela ulawulo kwiinkonzo zezentlalo-ntsebenziswano. UMthetho weSikhokelo wama-25th Demendment (1967) wamisa iinkqubo zokuza i-desidenti yomongameli kunye noMongameli ukuba basebenze okwexeshana.

IKhabhinethi liqela leentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 .* njengeentloko zeSebe elilawulayo, uBurhulumente, uBugcisa, Ukhuseleko, Ummandla Wezangaphakathi, Urhwebo, Imisebenzi Yomsebenzi, Impilo NeeNkonzo Zoluntu, iHomel kunye noPhuhliso loMsebenzi, Imfundo, iPrime, iPrimes, iProjects, kunye neHomeland Security. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlukwano. Aba bacebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi ekwigunya labo kwaye bajonge amasebe amakhulu amasebe abo. IKhabhinethi aquka namanye amagosa aphezulu, njengeNdluenga likaS.

Imisebenzi yomanyano kunye namaSebe

Isebe elilawulayo lilungelelaniswe labameli namasebe aqhuba umsebenzi wolawulo wemini-mini. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi othile kwaye lisebenza phantsi kwegunya lomthetho. Umzekelo, iSebe leJaji (DOJ) limisa imithetho karhulumente, livavanya amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, lize limele iUnited States kwimicimbi esemthethweni. ISebe lezempilo neSebe loLuntu (HS) lijonge iinkqubo zempilo kawonke-wonke, kuquka iMedicare, iMedicaid, iDao neDrugrac (DA), kunye neZiko loLawulo lwezigula-DS (CDC), kunye neZiko loLawulo lwezigula (CD). ISebe lokhuselo lokhuselo lokhuselo (DoD) lilawula umkhosi, lisebenzisa abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezithathu, kwaye lilelo-ovimba-mali.

Ukongezelela kumasebe alawulayo ali-15, kukho amakhulu eenkampani, amaqumrhu, neenkampani zikarhulumente.

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Environral Protection Agency (EPA): Iseti kunye nemithetho enyanzelisayo ukukhusela umoya, amanzi, nomgangatho womhlaba.
  • Izenzo zihlola isithuba, uphando lwenzululwazi, kunye nophuhliso lwe-aeronautics kunye nolawulo lwezithuba (NASA):
  • [[UMTL:0] IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluPhakathi (FCC): ihlahlela uthungelwano phakathi kwelizwe kunye nezizwe ngemijelo kanomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi.
  • Imithetho yokhuseleko kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC): inyanzela ummiselo wetyala lemali yelizwe kwaye ilawula iimarike.
  • Inkqubo yeFederal Reserve:[[FT:1] Ibhanki esembindini ye U.S., iqhuba inkqubo yemali kwaye ijonge inkqubo yogcino-mali.
  • Inkonzo yeposi yeUnited States Postal (USPS): Umbutho ozimeleyo onika iinkonzo zeposi kulo lonke ilizwe.

Indima Yeziphakamiso Ekusetyenzisweni Komthetho

Amaziko alawula urhulumente ayindlela ephambili yokumisela imithetho yeBhunga. Iimbopheleleko zawo ziquka:

  • Ukwenza: Imigaqo yezikhululo echaza kwaye izalisekise imimiselo. IAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) ifuna amaziko ukupapasha imithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukwamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nokukhupha imithetho yokugqibela ethwala amandla omthetho.
  • Unyanzeliso: Imonitha yezongxamiseko ehambisana nemigaqo karhulumente, uhlolo, ukuphanda ukwaphulwa, nokubeka izigwebo okanye izigunyaziso.
  • I-Adjudication:[ Abameli abaninzi banejaji zomthetho wolawulo abava iimpikiswano kwaye benze izigqibo ezibophelelekileyo] umzekelo, inkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu ithetha ukuba akukho monakalo, kwaye iNational Labor Relations Board igqiba amatyala okusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[Unikezelo:0] Unikezelo lwenkonzo: Izikhululo zinikezela ngeenkonzo ezithe ngqo kuluntu ngokubanzi, njengokukhupha amapasi okundwendwela, ukuhambisa iinzuzo zoKhuseleko loNtlalo, kunye nokuphatha iipaki zesizwe.

Ingxamiseko iqhuba uphando kunye nohlalutyo ukuze yazise inkqubo. Umzekelo, iSebe lee-operate ze-Energy zomhlaba lihambisela phambili ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ngelixa iBreau iqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwamanani olubumba izabiwo zemali zezwe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho: Ulawulo nokunyanzeliswa

Inkqubo yokuzalisekisa umthetho iqala emva kokuba ikhompathimente iwudlulisile kunye nemiqondiso kaMongameli. Umbutho onoxanduva kufuneka uwuchaze lo mthetho, emva koko uphuhlise imithetho echaza indlela umthetho oza kusebenza ngayo. Le nkqubo yolawulo ilawulwa yi-APA kwaye isoloko ibandakanya igalelo elikhulu likawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Ceac Air ufuna i-EPA ukumisela umgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womoya okwisizwe othe tyaba, inkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi, uhlahlo, kunye nocelomngeni olusemthethweni.

Xa imimiselo ibekwe, amasebe ayenza inyanzelisa ngohlolo, uphicotho, kunye nophando. ISebe leSebe leMsebenzi Lokhuseleko Nezonyango (OSHA) lihlola imisebenzi ukuqinisekisa imigangatho yokhuseleko; iFood neDrug Administration ijonge imichiza kunye nokukhuseleka kokudla; kwaye iSebe lezezimali linyanzelisa imithetho yerhafu. I-Accounting iyakwazi ukukhupha intengiso, ilayisensi, okanye ukusukela inyathelo elisemthethweni ngokuchasene nabaphulisi. Kwezinye iimeko, i-galelo lugunyaziswa kumazwe aphantsi kolawulo lwentsebenziswano yesebe, njengakwiinkqubo zokusingqongileyo.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni. IBhunga liqhuba ukujongana ngokuva, uphando, namandla okuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasa amadinga kunye nezivumelwano. I-ofisi yeGosa elinobuNkulumbuso (GAO) kunye ne-Congregationalional Beavention Office (CBO) inikela uphando oluzimeleyo lwezenzo zolawulo. IBhunga likwanokuyiphelisa inkxaso-mali kwiinkqubo ezingayithandiyo .

Isebe eligwebayo lihlola izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nomthetho womGaqo-siseko kunye norhulumente. Iinkundla ziye zawisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo, enjengesithuthwano somongameli uTruman se-Crimeas Defected Actions for Childing Agetals ([[FLTL:0]]] udweliso lwezingcinga-mandla shift & Tube Co. v. Sawyer[FLT], 1952, kwaye iye yaxhasa abanye, njengoMongameli Oba's Deferard Action for Child Afittals (DACA) inkqubo yokwenziwa kweziphumo ezixubileyo).

Ukungaququzeli kuhlala kungutshengo olunamandla olunempembelelo-----indlu yabameli ingamtyhola uMongameli "ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki," kwaye iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi ingazisusa ngevoti ezimbini ezizintlu. Oomongameli abathathu baye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kabini), kwaye ezimbini zakhululwa ngetyala yiBharhame; uRichard Nixon phambi kokuba ityala lobungagunyaziswa ligqibe. Isisongelo sokungagunyazi impembelelo kamongameli sigqibele, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa kwemeko yezopolitiko.

Ezinye ii-checks ziquka imfuneko yecebiso leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nokuvuma ukumiswa kwemiqathango nezivumelwano ezinkulu, iSigqibo seWar Powers ekuthinteleni ukuthathwa komkhosi, kunye neFreedom of Information Act (FOA) evumela ukufikelela koluntu kwiingxelo zesebe eliphetheyo. Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo ziqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlala linetyala kubantu nakwamanye amasebe karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Isebe elilawulayo yi-injini yolawulo lwamaMelika, esetyenziselwe ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Ukusuka kumandla omgaqo-siseko kaMongameli ukuya kumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wamasebe, ukuzalisekisa inkqubo, ukukhusela ilizwe, kwaye kulawula uludwe lweenkqubo. Ukusebenza kwalo ngokuzimela ngolungelelwano olucoselelekileyo lwegunya kunye nokuphendulana okuye kwavavanywa kwimbali yonke imfazwe, inkxwaleko, kunye notshintsho lwezobupolitika. Njengoko iUnited States ijongene neengxaki zexesha elizayo ezifana nokuphazamisa kwezobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, nokungazinzi kwehlabathi, isebe elilawulayo liza kuqhubeka liguquka. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo, amagunya, kunye nokuphendula koxandumiso kuyimfuneko kuye nabani nabani na onomdla ekufuneni ukudibana ne-demo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa i-odolo yeNdlu eMhlophe yesebe eliphetheyo, i-[FLT]Constitution Acconomed kwiGcicine II[, kunye [[FLT:]USA.gov's isikhokelo kumasebe karhulumente .