Ukujonga kwisebe eliphetheyo: I-injini yonyanzelo

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente waseUnited States limi njengentsika yokusebenza, libekwe ityala lokusebenza nokusebenzisa imithetho karhulumente. Ngoxa iBhunga libhala imithetho kunye nengcaciso yejaji, liwela kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuguqula umthetho ube ngumsebenzi .ukukhangela yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nonxulumano lwamanye amazwe ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo abafuna ukuqonda ngokucacileyo, okunegunya ngendlela urhulumente wesizwe asebenza ngayo, athathe isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nonxulumano lwesebe eliphetheyo kubalulekile.

Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luqhekeza iziqalelo ezingundoqo zesebe eliphetheyo, abaphathi-mikhosi abaphambili, abameli abaphambili kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola egcina igunya layo elikhulu lilungelelene.

Liyintoni isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu? Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Imiswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., isebe eliphetheyo lenzelwe "Ukunyamekela Ukuba Imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo". Ngokungafaniyo nesebe lemithetho elilawulayo, umsebenzi wokwenza umthetho okanye umsebenzi wesebe lezomthetho, isebe elilawulayo limiselwe ngokwemvelo. Lilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla karhulumente wesizwe, lilawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe, liqhuba ulawulo, liqhube imicimbi yezomthetho, kwaye linyanzelise imimiselo edluliselwe yiBhunga.

I-gnitments comments commentetant kuMongameli omnye, eyenza iofisi ibe lukhetho lwequmrhu lombuso kunye nomphathi worhulumente nomphathi worhulumente . Esi sakhiwo somanyano siqinisekisa ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kuphendulwe kwaye kumiselwe ukhokelo olugqibekileyo, oluye lwafumana ubuthathaka begunya eliphezulu elahlukeneyo phantsi kweMigaqo-nkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isebe liye lakhula kwiqela elingentlabathwa lingumsebenzi worhulumente ophezulu, kodwa igunya lalo mgaqo-siseko lihlala lisebenza ngokungaguquki: ukuphunyezwa komthetho.

Kwisibhalo somgaqo-siseko esisemthethweni kunye nemvelaphi, bhekisa ku itranscription kazwelonke yomGaqo-siseko.

Amalungu angundoqo esebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo alingoMongameli nje kuphela; liyiko elinamacandelo aliqela adibanisa umsebenzi karhulumente.

  • UMongameli
  • Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli
  • IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo
  • Inkqutyana zequmrhu elinolawulo oluphezulu kunye neZicwangciso ezizimeleyo
  • ISebe leNdlu emhlophe ne-Ofisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu kaMongameli

UMongameli: Ulawulo oluPhezulu nolungaphezulu kakhulu

UMongameli wase-United States uphethe eyona sikhundla sinamandla sokunyulwa ehlabathini. Ichazwe ngokwegama leminyaka emine, elinamabinzana amabini aphezulu phantsi koMphetho-mda wama-22, uMongameli unxibe iminqwazi emininzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqeba esiphetheyo: Sijonga ngaphezulu iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente, simisela iintloko zamasebe (noqinisekiso lweCathenal), kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyaphunyezwa.
  • uMyalelo- ngaphakathi- kwiNtloko: Uyalela amajoni eU.S. axhobileyo kwaye anegunya kumsebenzi womkhosi, nangona iBhunga kuphela elinokwazisa imfazwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Plomat engundoqo: imo yemithetho yamanye amazwe, ithethana ngezivumelwano (ezifuna ukwenziwa kwendlu yecawa), kunye nokumisela ii-arhente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkokeli elawulayo: inika umthetho kwiNgqungquthela, inikezela idilesi yeSizwe se-Union, kwaye ingasayina okanye ityala lemali.
  • Ukutshona kwelizwe: kumela uhlanga kwimisebenzi yemithendeleko kwaye lusebenza njengophawu lomanyano.

Iimfaneleko ezisesikweni zikaMongameli zincinane-----octal, ubuncinane oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ummi wase-U.S. iminyaka eli-14. kodwa amathemba angacwangciswanga akhula kakhulu. Oomongameli bale mihla bayalela abasebenzi abaninzi abamhlophe bendlu, kuquka i-Ofisi yeSigqeba soMongameli (EOP), ehlala iziqu eziphambili zequmrhu loKhuselo lweSizwe, i-Overstical Councili, i-Ocreant yoLawulo noHlathiso

Abalawuli bakwasebenzisa imiyalelo ebalulekileyo elawulayo ].

Kuludwe olunenkcukacha lwamandla omongameli kunye neembopheleleko, bona iphepha elisemthethweni lendlu emhlophe kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Umongameli OsisiSekela - buso: Asingovimba Nje

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ngeli xesha ngokwembali indima yayijongwa njengencinane, uMongameli wale mihla usebenza njengommeli osondeleyo kuMongameli, umthathi-nxaxheba ophambili kwiintlanganiso zeBhunga loKhuseleko lwesizwe, kwaye ngokufuthi ungumdibaniso wowiso-mthetho. UMongameli ukwaphethe indima ekhethekileyo edityanisiweyo njenge uMlawuli weBhunga , efaka ivoti yeqhina xa igumbi lifile.

UMgaqo-siseko unika uVikelo loMongameli ukuba umongameli uthe wafa, warhoxa, okanye wasuswa eofisini ."Ulandelelwano oluye lwenzeka izihlandlo ezisithoba kwimbali ye-U.S. UMthetho oLandli wesi-25, wagunyaziswa ngo1967, wacacisa inkqubo yokulandelelana komongameli kunye nokufuduselwa kwexeshana kwamandla (umz. ngexesha lenkqubo yezamayeza). Waseka kwakhona inkqubo yokuzalisa uMongameli weSebe, oye wasetyenziswa kabini kwixesha langoku (semva kokuba u-Spiro Agne 'uRold' efumene uMongameli we-Foldred').

Namhlanje, uMongameli oPhathiswayo usoloko ethatha izabelo eziphezulu, ezifana neentlanganiso zezobuzwe, ukuvelela imigaqo ethile, nokulungiselela ucwangciso lolawulo. Le ndima iye yaguquka yaba liqabane elinamandla ekulawuleni, nangona ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulwalamano noMongameli ohleliyo.

IKhabhinethi: Ibhodi yoMongameli yabaLawuli

IKhabhinethi ayikhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa iphuhlise njengequmrhu eligxekayo lokwalathisa. Amalungu ayo ngababhali (iintloko) zamasebe olawulo oluphezulu ali-15, kuquka noNjengele-mikhosi weAttney kunye namanye amagosa amakhulu (njengeNdlu emhlophe yeStaff, uMlawuli weSizwe, noMmeli we-U.S. Tradem) onokuthi anikwe isikhundla seKhabhinethi.

Isebe elilawulayo le-15 lingu:

  1. Isimo
  2. Inkcitho
  3. Ukhuselo
  4. Okusesikweni
  5. Umphakathi
  6. Ulimo
  7. Urhwebo
  8. Umsebenzi
  9. ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi
  10. ISebe libonise ukuba
  11. Uthutho
  12. Amandla
  13. Imfundo
  14. Imicimbi yezentlalo
  15. Ukhuseleko Lwelizwe Lasekhaya

Unobhala wesebe ngalinye umiselwa nguMongameli kwaye uqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye uvelela isebe elikhulu elijongene nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ephantsi kommandla walo. Umzekelo, unobhala weSizwe ulawula imicimbi yangaphandle kunye nolawulo lobuGcisa, ngelixa unobhala woMkhosi elawula umkhosi. USosiba Jikelele (intloko yeSebe leSigwebo) ukhonza njengegosa elilawula umthetho kunye nomphathi-mthetho osemthethweni kurhulumente.

IKhabhinethi idibana ngamaxesha athile ukuze ixubushe ngemibandela emikhulu, kodwa impembelelo yayo iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngolawulo. Abanye oomongameli baxhomekeke kakhulu kwigalelo leKhabhinethi, ngeli lixa abanye bemisela ukwenza izigqibo kubaphathi bendlu emhlophe.

Inkqutyana zequmrhu elinolawulo oluphezulu kunye neZicwangciso ezizimeleyo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe, isebe eliphetheyo liquka amakhulu eenkampani ezisebenza imisebenzi ethile.

  • Amasebe asebenzayo: Ukuwa ngqo phantsi kwesebe okanye uMongameli. Imizekelo iquka iFederal Bureau of Investigation (neJaji), iNational Park Service (nein Moyeal), kunye ne-Food and Drug Administration (i-Health kunye neNkonzo Yoluntu).
  • Abameli abazimeleyo: I-Operate ngaphandle kwesakhiwo seKhabhinethi, eneenkokeli ezityunjwe nguMongameli kodwa ngokufuthi zisebenzisa imigaqo emiselweyo ethi imigaqo enqumla ulawulo, enzelwe ukumisela impembelelo yezobupolitika. Imizekelo iquka i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-ICIA (IS), kunye neFederal Reserve.

Amagunya olawulo azimeleyo, anjengeKhomishini yoLawulo notshintshiselwano (SEC) kunye neKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano (FCC), anamandla okuzimela kunye nolawulo-luhlanga-lulo-lungasi-lulo, angenza imimiselo kunye neempikiswano ezingqubanayo kwiindawo zolawulo. Esi sakhiwo sikhethekileyo sibavumela ukuba bacombulule izintlukwano, imibango yobugcisa enomyinge wokuzimela kwimijikelo yezobupolitika.

Ukuhlola uludwe olupheleleyo lwamasebe karhulumente kunye neenkonzo zawo, tyelela SUSA.gov's A-Z isalathiso samasebe karhulumente wase-U.S..

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemisebenzi: Umthetho onyanzelwayo nowiso-mthetho

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wesebe eliphetheyo, `ukuwiswa kwemithetho] ngokusetyenziswa kwemibutho elawula umthetho kunye nemibutho elawulayo. La masebe aphengulula ukwaphulwa, azise izityholo, abeke izigwebo, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ayathobela kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho onyanzelekileyo

Ngeli xesha urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni esingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lwemini ukuya kutsho kwimini, amanyathelo karhulumente etyala elinqumla iintambo zikarhulumente, elibandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye eliwa phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente. Iingalo zomthetho ezingundoqo zomthetho wesebe eliphetheyo ziquka:

  • IFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Ingalo eyintloko yophando yeSebe leSigqibo, ukusingatha ubugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye norhwaphilizo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ulawulo lokwandiswa kweziyobisi (DEA): unyanzeliso lwemiqathango nemithetho elawulwa yimichiza, ijolise ekurhwetyweni kweziyobisi kunye nemveliso.
  • [[NTLA:0] I-Bureau of Alcohol, Icuba, Izixhobo zomlilo kunye ne-Explosives (ATF): ilungisa imipu, iziqhushumbisi, kunye nophengululo lwe-arson.
  • Inkonzo yeSebe yeShuwa yaseUnited States: ikhusela iinkokeli zesizwe (umongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, otyelele iindwalutho) kwaye iphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemali olufana nokukhohlisa.
  • Inkonzo yeRhashes yase-U.S. inikezela ngokhuseleko kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, amabanjwa ezithuthi, kwaye iqhuba inkqubo yokukhusela amangqina.

Ngamnye kula masebe usebenza phantsi kwegunya elingokwasemthethweni yaye uphantsi kokungamela kwiBhunga, kwiSebe leMithetho neNkundla. Umsebenzi wawo ubalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Elawulayo: Ukunyanzelisa iMithetho kwiSikhundla neSizwe

Amaqumrhu alawulayo ajolise ingqalelo kumacandelo athile, amisele imithetho yokumisela imimiselo ebanzi nokuqinisekisa ukuthobelana ngohlolo, iifashoni, kunye neendlebe zolawulo. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Environmental Protec (EPA): imithetho enyanzelisayo efana noMthetho wocococo woMmoya kunye noMthetho wokuGcweba amanzi, ukulawula ungcoliseko kunye nenkunkuma eyingozi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izakudya kunye nolawulo lweziyobisi (FDA): iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, amayeza, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezithambiso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] IKomishini yoKhuselo kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC): ikhusela abatyali-mali kwaye igcina iimarike ezifanelekileyo, ezinocwangco ngokumisa imithetho ye-asethi.
  • [[UMTL:0] IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluPhakathi (FCC): ihlahlela uthungelwano phakathi komhlaba kunye nolwamazwe ngamazwe ngonomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iseti zokhuseleko noLawulo lwempilo (OSA): Iiseti kunye nokunyanzelisa umgangatho wokhuseleko lwasemsebenzini.

Amaqumrhu alawulayo adibanisa ubuchule kunye namandla okuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zihamba kakuhle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwale mihla.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukuqinisekisa ukuphenduleka

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwisakhelo sovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano oluyilwe ngobuchule yiFramers zomGaqo-siseko. Akukho sebe linye elingakhange likwazi ukunqanda; ngalinye linezixhobo zokunyanzela abanye. Kwisebe eliphetheyo, ezi zihlolwa ngokuyintloko zivela kwiBhunga elinguMkhosi kunye neSigwebi.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga lisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo phezu kwesebe elilawulayo:

  • [[NTLA:0] Amandla okukhupha: Zonke iindleko zikarhulumente kufuneka zigunyaziswe kwaye zilungiswe yiBhunga. Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, inika iKhomishini isixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela izinto eziphezulu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa amadinga: Indlu yendlu yemibutho iqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu, oothunywa, namanye amagosa amaninzi aphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abamiselwe baphantsi kokufumana imvume noxanduva lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imithetho ethintelayo eChaphazelekayo: Congress zingayigqitha iveto engumongameli kunye namaninzi amabini-sithathu kuzo zombini izindlu, iguqulela ityala libe ngumthetho phezu kwazo nje iimpikiswano zikaMongameli.
  • Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente e-"Isizathu, Isinyobo, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni". Indlu yecawa iqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye iyakwazi ukususa umphathi ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu.
  • Ukuququzelela kunye nokuvakala: iikomiti zeKhonkcotha-mbutho zingawafaka amaxwebhu epoena kwaye zinyanzelise ubungqina obuvela kumagosa aphetheyo esebe, ziqhuba iindlebe zobuveleli ukuvavanya ukwenziwa kwenkqubo nokutyhila ihambo engafanelekanga.

La mazwe anika iNkomfa amandla okuba isebe elilawulayo liphendulwe ngexesha lokwenene, liphakanyiswe nguwonke wonke yaye lichatshazelwe yimicimbi yezobupolitika.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zikarhulumente, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zinamandla okuhlola izenzo zolawulo nokugqiba ubugqeba bazo. Ukuba uMongameli okanye umbutho womthetho wesizwe uphula umGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wesizwe, ijaji ingasibetha eso senzo. Iimeko zokuphawula ezifana [[FLTL:0]] nezincinane zeTech Comment & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer [1952] imise imida esemandleni omongameli, ilawula ukuba umongameli uTruman uphatho lwezitshelo lwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea lwalungagunyaziswanga.

Ijaji ikwahlola ubulunga bomthetho bemimiselo yeziko ngako umthetho wolawulo , iqinisekisa ukuba abameli abagqithi kwigunya labo abanikiweyo okanye abathathi nxaxheba ngokusemthethweni. Olu vavanyo luyimfuneko kwimo yangoku elawulayo apho abameli abalawulayo basebenzisa ubuchule obukhulu.

Iindlela Zangaphakathi Zokukhangela Nendima Yemithombo Yezopolitiko

Ngaphandle kovavanyo lwangaphandle, isebe eliphetheyo linemisebenzi yangaphakathi yokuphendula. I-ofisi yeNjengele yeSebe elihlola iiNqanawa kwisebe ngalinye iphanda ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, kunye nokuxhatshazwa. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti (GAO), i-ofisi ye-accounting (i-GAO), igosa elizimeleyo elijongene nesebe eliphetheyo. Kwaye umatshini wamasebe osisigxina. //isikhuseli esikhulu soMphetho-yo soQonda-ukulungisa /ukuqinisekisa okuzilungisa, ukubhenca inyanisela uluntu.

Ezi zihlo zidityanisiwe zidala inkqubo apho kungekho mdlali omnye kwisebe eliphetheyo onokuthi asebenze ngaphandle kobuveleli. Ukuntywila nzulu kwinkqubo ukhangelo nolwahlulo, USA.gov iphepha kumasebe amathathu karhulumente inikeza uqwalaliso olubalaseleyo.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu Liqhelisela: Iingxaki Zanamhlanje Nenkqubo Yendaleko

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isebe elilawulayo liye lakhula kakhulu kunendlela abaseke ngayo abaququzeleli. Ukukhula kwemeko yolawulo, ukunyuka kwemithetho elawulayo, nokuntsonkotha kweengxaki zamakhaya nehlabathi lonke konke oku kuye kwaguqula indlela yesebe yale mihla. Namhlanje, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezine, kuquka abasebenzi basemkhosini nabasebenzi abangathathi-nxaxheba. Lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika .

Enye ingxubusho eqhubekayo ibhekisele kumgangatho wamandla obungameli, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezimaxongo. UMongameli angathumela amajoni angawasebenzisi ngamaxesha alinganiselweyo phantsi kweSigqibo samaGunya emfazwe, abhengeze ungxamiseko lwesizwe ekuvuleni amagunya athile omthetho, kwaye anike imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo enokuvavanya imida yomGaqo-siseko. La mandla ayimfuneko kwinyathelo elikhawulezileyo kodwa kwakhona aphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphendula nokulungelelanisa amandla.

Ukuqonda isebe eliphetheyo asikokuqhelisela nje imfundo ephambili, kodwa kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Wonke umthetho wesizwe odlula iKhomishini ekugqibeleni kumaziko alawulayo esebe ekufuneka awuzalisekise.

Isiphelo

Isebe elilawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunoMongameli. Yinkqubo enkulu, ebekelwe izithuba ezininzi yamasebe, abameli, namagosa onke asebenza ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nokukhusela uhlanga. Ukusuka kuMphathi-Mphathi--Sikhuseli ukuya koyena mncedi mtsha, yonke inxalenye yelisebe idlala indima ekuguquleni injongo yomthetho wehlabathi lokwenene. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo sayo, amandla, kunye neendlela zokuhlola eziyinyanzelayo, abafundi nabafundisi banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela urhulumente wase-U.S. urhulumente asebenza ngayo ngokusebenza ngokuthembeka komthetho kwintliziyo yedemokhrasi yethu.

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