Isebenza Njani Inkqubo Yokulungelelanisa? Hamba Ngenkcazelo

Zimbalwa iindlela zomGaqo-siseko ezivelisa imidlalo, ukudideka, nempikiswano yezobupolitika kuneempikiswano. Xa iNdlu yabameli ivota ukutyunjwa ngumongameli, izihloko zendaba zivakalisa iindaba ehlabathini lonke. Iinkqubo zeCebting zinikezela ngodonga oluya eludongeni. Amajelo-ndaba asekuhlaleni aqhambuka ngezimvo. Kodwa uhlolisiso lusoloko lubonisa ukuba inkoliso yabantu baseMerika ayikuqondi ngokupheleleyo oko kuthethwayo okanye indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo.

Ngaba ukugatywa kuthetha ukususwa esikhundleni? Ngaba umongameli akanakucetyiswa ukuba akhethe nantoni na engekho mthethweni? Ngubani ogqibayo ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa?

Inkqubo yokwayama imela enye yezona zihlolo zibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu nelokugweba ``a''.A aBaseki benziwe ukususa amagosa asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo ngaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo okanye kwinguquko. Ukuqonda indlela ukusebenza kwentsebenziswano okutyhila kungekuphela nje iingcinga-nkqubo zomgaqo-siseko kodwa imibuzo engundoqo ephathelele ukuphendula, amandla, kunye nomthetho kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Esi sikhokelo sichaza inyathelo lokungagqibeki ngenyathelo, ukusuka kwizikhalazo zokuqala kwisalathisi kunye nesigqibo. Ukuba uzama ukuqonda iziganeko zangoku, ufunda urhulumente waseMelika, okanye ufuna nje ukwazi ngokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko, esi sikhokelo sikunika yonke into efunekayo ukuze wazi ukuba isebenza njani, kutheni ibalulekile, kwaye yintoni etyhila ngedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Oko Abaseki Bakudala Nesizathu

Inkqubo yokwayama [ ayizange ivele naphi na, ibonakalisa abaseki benkqubo bengcinga yokususa amagosa ayingozi ngeli lixa begcina imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Isiqalo SeBritani

Imithetho yeza eMerika ivela eNgilani, apho iPalamente yayisebenzise khona kangangeenkulungwane ukuphendulisa amagosa asebukhosini. Abaseki babeqhelene namatyala adumileyo aseBritani, kuquka:

• Warren Hastings [1] (1788-1795): Ukuvavanywa komlawuli wekoloni kwasebenza iminyaka esixhenxe, ebonisa ukungabhadli njengesixhobo nxamnye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya
• Imizekelo ebanzi[: imbali yokungaququzeli kwamaNgesi yabonisa imfuneko yamandla (ukukhangela abalawuli) kunye neengozi zayo (intshutshiso yezobupolitika)

Abaseki bayo bayifumana le ngcamango kodwa bayiguqulela eMerika, bedala inkqubo elungele iriphabliki engenabo ubukumkani.

Iingxoxo zeNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko

KwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abameli baphikisana kakhulu ukuba baquke ukunyanzelisa:

[[UMTLH: 0] Izahlulelo ze[[UMTL_1]:

• Abaphathi-mikhosi bangasebenzisa kakubi igunya nge-"borlity" okanye "ukuchaphazeleka"
• Unyulo lulodwa alunakukwazi ukukhusela amagosa athob
• Imiyalelo yeminyaka emine yobumongameli ithetha ukuba abavoti babengenakuzisusa ngokukhawuleza iinkokeli eziyingozi
• Ukukhuthuzwa kwala mathuba kunika enye indlela kunokuthatyathwa

[[UMTLL: 0] Izahlulelo ezichaseneyo[[UMTLL: 1]:

• Isenokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sezobupolitika, isenza oomongameli bathotyelwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho
• Kusenokudodobalisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya nokuzimela geqe
• Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lufanele lunike ityala elifanelekileyo

[[UMTL: 0] UThotho : Abaseki baquka ukungaquki kodwa bayingqonge ngezixhobo zokukhusela:

• Umnyango ophezulu (iikota ezimbini-ntathu zivotelwe ukuze zifumane ukuvotelwa) ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwabahlaseli
• Izizathu ezisikelwe umda ("Isizathu, Ukunyoba, okanye ezinye ii-Cuarders
• Ukubandakanya iNdlu kunye neNtlanganiso
• UGaqo-siseko oyintloko olawula amatyala omongameli ukuze afake i-gravitas egwebayo

Oko kuthethwa yi-"Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezigwebo" ngenene

Ibinzana " Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye neMisdemers" ibangele ingxoxo engapheliyo kunye nodideko. Igquma ntoni?

[[FOLT:0] Asingolwaphulo-mthetho nje kuphela olubi ngamadoda: Ngaphandle kwegama elithi "izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho," ibinzana eliquka ukuziphatha okungaphulwayo kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Njengokuba uAlexander Hamilton wachaza kuFederali No. 65, amatyala angangeniyo ngala matyala abangelwa yihambo engafanelekanga yamadoda kawonkewonke, okanye ngamanye amazwi asuka ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekuchaseni kokwahlulwa kokholoso lukawonke-wonke."

[[UMTL:0]" Mphezulu" Awuthethi bubunyulu: "Uphezulu" ubhekiselele kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ngamagosa aphezulu kumandla awo asemthethweni" uphakamiso lwamandla olunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yesikhundla sawo.

Ukuqonda okuthe ngqo: Kwinkulungwane ye-18 yeNgilani nakuMntla Merika, "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezikhombisi ezingalunganga" ziqukiwe:

• Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya
• Ukungathembani
• Urhwaphilizo
• Ubungqina bomGaqo-siseko
• Ukungathobeli isifungo

Model Charpretation: Namhlanje, abaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko jikelele bavumelana ngokuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo kubandakanya:

• Ukusebenzisa iofisi ukuze uzuze
• Amandla alawulayo asetyenziswa kakubi
• Ukungayaleli Okusesikweni okanye iBhunga
• Uxanduva lwesizwe olunempembelelo
• Isalathisi somsebenzi
• Ukwenza izinto ezisongela urhulumente womgaqo-siseko

Uvavanyo olungundoqo: Ingaba ihambo isetyenziswa kakubi uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke? Ukuba umongameli jayks, usophula-mthetho kodwa akanyanzelekanga. Ukuba umongameli wamkela isicengo okanye uphando lobugqwetha babo, oko akunakwamkeleka nokuba ubuchule obungokwasemthethweni bunokuthintela ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngubani Onokunyanzelwa?

Amandla oMgaqo-siseko angalungiyo anwenwela ngaphaya komongameli ukuya kumaqela aliqela amagosa karhulumente.

Amagosa Agqunywe

uMongameli ixhoba eliphezulu leprofile, nangona belithathu kuphela oomongameli abanyanzelweyo (UAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabini) kwaye akukho bani ugwetyiweyo.

[[NTL: 0] UMongameli onguMongameli oPhakathi: Ingaphenjelelwa, nangona oku kungazanga kwenzeke. Umongameli ongumongameli u-Aaron Burr waphandwa kodwa akazange aphengululwe nangona ebulala u-Alexander Hamilton kwi-acl.

[ ABagwebi abaPhathiswayo: Bonke abagwebi bequmrhu, kuquka amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, baphantsi kokungatyunjelwa. Abagwebi abamalunga neshumi elinesihlanu baye bakhutshwa, kwaye abasibhozo basuswa eofisini, basuswa ekwi-ofisini", benza ukunyanzelisa okuqhelekileyo kakhulu kunemithetho yegunya eliphezulu.

Amalungu eCabinet kunye ne "Abaphathi-mikhosi beCavile": UmGaqo-siseko ubhekisela "kumagosa e-iKhabhinethi kunye namanye amagosa aphetheyo. UNobhala wemfazwe uWilliam Belknap wangafundiswanga ngo1876.

Abantu Abangenakunyanzelwa

Amalungu eKhompathimente: UmGaqo-siseko unika inkqubo eyahlukileyo yoqeqesho lwamalungu awo, ngokuphembelela ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Abaququzeleli nabameli abanakuphenjelelwa.

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Abaphathi-mikhosi abangooMasipala: Ngeli xesha bekwi-ofisi karhulumente, amagosa asemkhosini aphantsi kweenkundla ezilawulayo kunokuba anikezele.

Amagosa akwindawo ephezulu: Oku kuhlala kuphikisana. Ityala leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi liqhubeke emva kokurhoxa kwakhe, yaye ukuvavanywa kwetyala lesibini likaDonald Trump kwenzeka emva kokuba eshiyile iofisi, kodwa abaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko basahlulwe enoba ukungaquki kunakho na ukusebenzisa kumagosa angaphambili.

Inyathelo 1: Intelekelelo kunye nophando lokuqala

Inkqubo yokwahlula [ iqala ixesha elide phambi kokuba nayiphi na ivoti esemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngezimangalo, uphando, kunye nokuqokelela ubungqina obungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka.

Indlela Okuqala Ngayo Ukuzabalazela

Iingxelo zeWattleculeer `: Ngamanye amaxesha uphengululo luqala ngaphakathi kwezityhilelo. Inkcazo ye-Ukraine kaMongameli Trump yaqala ngesikhalazo somcuphi ngefowuni yakhe nomongameli wase-Ukraine.

Iziganeko ze- Iziganeko ze-: Ihambo ejikajikayo eyenzekayo ingenza uphando olukhawulezileyo. Uhlaselo lwe-Capitol lwakhokelela ngqo kwi-Trump's yesibini.

[[NTL: 0] Uphando oluququzelelweyo: Uphando lwendlela yokusebenza lungatyhila ihambo engachananga. Uphando lwamanzi olukhokelela ekurhoxeni kukaNixon lwaqala ngokuva kwengqungquthela kwiziganeko zephulo.

Iingxelo zeMedia: Uphando lwezongezelelo lusoloko luzisa amatyala angenakuthengwa. IPentagon Papers, ingxelo yeWatergate, kunye neminye imizekelo emininzi ebonisa indima yesixhobo sokulawula ihambo engalunganga.

[[UMTL:0] Iingcebiso ezikhethekileyo, abahloli jikelele, okanye abanye abaphengululi bangenza iikhompathimenti kwiBhunga ezicebisa ukuba ihambo engenakuthelekelelwa.

Uphando lweKomiti

Xa kuvela izityholo ezinzulu, iikomiti zendlu ziqalisa uphando olusemthethweni:

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Apho iiKomiti : Ngokwesiqhelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeMikhosi ikhokela ekuqeqesheni, kodwa ezinye iikomiti zinikela:

• IKomiti yeIncilice: Imicimbi yemali ebandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ulwalamano lwangaphandle, okanye ulwazi lokwahlulwa kolwahlulwa
• [[UMTL:0] IKomiti yokulwa [: Uxilonga ukuziphatha kakubi kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nokunganyaniseki
• Ezinye iiKomiti ezisebenzayo: Ngokuxhomekeke kwizityholo, iikomiti ezinegunya phezu kwemimandla ethile zingaphanda

[[UMTL: 0] Izixhobo zoMngenisi[[UMTLL: 1]:

USubpoenas: IiKomiti zinganyanzela ubungqina kunye noxwebhu oluveziweyo, nangona ilungelo eliphezulu lidla ngokukhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni amade.

[[UMTL:0] ukuva [: Ukuva kukawonke-wonke kuvumela iikomiti ukuba zibuze amangqina, zinike ubungqina, kwaye zakhe ukuqonda uluntu (okanye inkcaso) ekunikezeleni.

[[UMTL: 0] Izithuba: Uthumelo lwabucala luvumela aphengululi ukuba babuze amangqina ngaphandle kwemeko yesekisi yocatshulwa likawonke-wonke.

[[UMTL: 0] Impinda yoxwebhu: Abangenisi bahlolisisa ii email, imisebenzi, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, namanye amaxwebhu ukuseka ixesha lokufaka izithuba kunye nokungqina izityholo.

[[UMTL:0] Ubungqina obungagqibekanga: abaphengululi bomGaqo-siseko, ababenamagosa, kunye neengcali zemibandela zinikeza umongo kunye nohlalutyo.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene - Trump Ukraine Impecation: Uphando luqulethwe:

• Ukwenziwa kweKomiti yoBuntlola yeSebe leSebe leSizwe namagosa oKhuseleko lweBhunga
• Ukuchotshelwa kwamava kukawonke-wonke noonozakuzaku abanjengoBill Taylor noMengameli uMarie Yovanovitch
• Izicelo zoxwebhu (ezininzi zivalwe yindlu emhlophe)
• Uhlalutyo lwabakhalazi
• Ubungqina bemilinganiselo yokungalungi komthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Impembelelo Yeepolitiki

Uphando alwenzeki kwiimeko zezobupolitika:

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Uluvo lwePublic: Abangenisi-mali bajongile ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba uwonke wonke uxhasa ukubhaliswa. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke, ukukhutshelwa kuba yingozi ngokwezobupolitika kwiqela elikhulu.

[[FLT: 0] IMedia Isigqumo: Indlela ijelo-lwazi elifunxa ngayo uphengululo luphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nezobupolitika.

[[FLT: 0] Parisan Division: Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, uphando olungagqibekanga lwahlukana kakhulu kwimigca yamaqela, namalungu ambalwa amaqela akhusela umongameli kunye noninzi lwamalungu akha imeko yokungabhaliswa.

Izibalo ezithe ngqo ezihlawulwayo: Abezobupolitika bavavanya indlela ukungakhuthazi okuchaphazela ngayo amathemba okhetho lwabo, ingakumbi lawo akugqatso lwesithili.

Inyathelo 2: Amanqaku ahlaziyayo ophando

Ukuba uphando lutyhila ihambo engafanelekanga, inyathelo elilandelayo libeka izityholo ngokwetyala lizahlulo zetyala .

Oonobumba Abaqulethweyo

[[UMTL:0] Imiba eninzi: Inqaku ngalinye lithetha ngetyala elahlukileyo elingatyiki. Kunobutyholo obuqhelekileyo, amanqaku akhankanya:

• Oko kwenziwa leli gosa
• ISebe libonise ukuba liqhuba njani yaye nini
• Isizathu sokuba sisohlwayo esingathethekiyo
• Oko kwakuchasene nemisebenzi okanye imithetho yomgaqo-siseko

[[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obunika ubungqina: Iingxelo zolwandlalo zixhasa uxanduva ngalunye --isiqinisekiso samangqina, amaxwebhu, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nobunye ubungqina.

[[NTL:0] Inkcazo engokwasemthethweni neyakwasemthethweni: Iinqaku zicacisa isizathu sokuba ihambo idibana nomgangatho "ophezulu bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye noMkhosi", usoloko ucaphula amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imizekelo esemthethweni, okanye uluvo lwembali.

Imizekelo Yembali

Andrew Johnson (1868)]: Inqaku Ilityhole uJohnson ngokuphula umthetho woMthetho weOfisi ngokususa unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton. Amanye amanqaku achaza iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho kunye "nentetho echasa iCongress".

RICArd Nixon (Ingabeka- Been, 1974): IKomiti yeJadi ivunywe amanqaku amathathu phambi kokuba Nixon arhoxisiwe:

• Inqaku I: Ukuphengululwa kokusesikweni kuphando lweWatergate
• Inqaku II: Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya ngokusebenzisa kakubi amaziko karhulumente
• Inqaku III: Ukunyotywa kweKhonkxale ejongela phantsi iipona

[[UMTL: 0] Bhill Clinton (1998:

• Inqaku I: Ibharbhayi phambi kweqela elibalaseleyo labachopheli - tyala ngolwalamano lwakhe noMonica Lewinsky
• Inqaku II: Ukusetyenziswa kobulungisa ngokukhuthaza ubungqina bobuxoki nokufihla ubungqina

[[UMTL: 0]

• Inqaku I: Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya ngokunyanzela iUkraine ukuba iphande umbangi wezobupolitika uJoe Biden
• Inqaku II: Ukubekwa kwamaBhunga ngokuvala iipona neengqina

[[UMTL: 0] Uvumelo oludityanisiweyo Trump (2021)

• Inqaku Elinye: Ukuphenjelelwa kwemvukelo enxulumene nokuhlasela kukaCapitol ngoJanuwari 6

Inkqubo yeKomiti yoququzelelo loqulunqi

[[FLT: 0] Ukutshintsha kunye noHlaziyo: Ingxoxo ye Home Committee Judicary Committee nganye eceliweyo, maxa wambi iintsuku. Amalungu angacebisa ukutshintsha, aphikisane ngolwimi, kunye nevoti kwinqaku ngalinye ngokwahlukeneyo.

[[FLT: 0] Committee Vote: ikomiti ivota ukuba ingathumela na amanqaku kwindlu epheleleyo. Amanqaku anokungaphumeleli kwi komiti, nangona oku kunqabile xa inkqubo ifikelela kweliqonga.

[[FLT: 0] Imboniselo ye-Moritity: Iqela elincinane lingakhupha iingxelo eziphikisayo ezichaza inkcaso, zidala ingxelo yolwahlulo lwezobupolitika.

[[UMTLL: 0] Uqwalaselo olubi: Abathobeli kufuneka balinganisele:

• Isiqinisekiso sobungqina: Iquka kuphela ityala lobungqina obuqinileyo
• Isiphumo esithe ngqo[[FT:1]: Ukujolisa kwizikhalazo uwonke uyaqonda kwaye ufumanise ukuba kunzulu
• [[UMTL:0] Ucaciso olusemthethweni: amanqaku okubhala adibana ngokucacileyo nemilinganiselo yesiseko
• Isibheno seBipartisan: Ukutsala inkxaso yenkxaso (ngokuqhelekileyo ingaphumeleli kwimposiso zangoku)

Inyathelo 3: Ingxoxo Yasekhaya Nomculo

Xa iKomiti Yomdindolo iwavumelayo amanqaku angokwaphula umthetho, le nkqubo iya kungena kwiNdlu epheleleyo yabameli.

Impikiswano Ngomgangatho

[[UMTL:0] Ilibhaqo elibhadliweyo: imithetho yasekhaya ilawula ingxoxo:

• Icala ngalinye lifumana ixesha elilinganayo (umzekelo iiyure eziliqela ngenqaku)
• Ubuninzi neenkokeli ezincinane ezilawula ixesha
• Amalungu anikela iintetho ezixhasayo okanye ezichasayo
• Akukho zindululo zivumelekileyo ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho (iingxoxo zivela kwiikomiti ezilungisiweyo)

Intetho entsonkothileyo: Iingxoxo zokungatyikityi ezisendlwini zivelise amaxesha angalibalekiyo:

• Gerald Ford (1970) ekunikezeleni iJaji uWilliam O. Douglas: "Ityala elingangeni manzi liyinto yonke into ethathwa yindlu yabameli"
• Jacob Diensenner (1998) ukhusela iClinton jury: inciphisa inkqubo yokusesikweni
• [[UMTL:0] Amanzi angamaMaxine (209) ngexesha leTrump encopho: "Ubhaso lukukukhusela idemokhrasi yethu"

I-Media Isigqumo. Ingxoxo zale mihla zifumana inkcaso ye-media ebanzi, namalungu ethetha kakhulu kwizixhobo ezijonge ekhaya njengakubantu asebenza nabo kwigumbi lokulala.

Umsebenzi Ongamele Uphunyezwe

Ukuvota iMetaics:

• Inqaku ngalinye livotelwa ngokwahlukileyo
• Uninzi oluqhelekileyo (ngoku olungama-218 kuma- 435) luyafuneka ukwamkela naliphi na inqaku
• Ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lulandela imigca yeqela kwixesha langoku
• Amalungu avota "Yea," "nay," okanye "presence"

Into edityanisiweyo" Ithetha ukuba: Ukuba elinye inqaku lifumana inkxaso enkulu, umphathi ngu ocetyiweyo . Oku kubalulekile ukukuqonda: [[[FLT:]] uluvo ALUSELEKI ukususwa eofisini [. Ityala liyingxaki yendlu. Ukuvavanywa kwendlu kumisela isiphumo.

Imilinganiselo yeMasini eGqityiweyo:

Andrew Johnson (1868):

• Umxholo olishumi elinanye uvunyiwe
• I-Damocrates ilandela kakhulu imigca yeqela (IiRepublicans ze,
• Abanye ooRiphabliki bakuchasa ukugxekwa ngenxa yokuba bengabaphangi bezobupolitika

[[UMTL: 0] Bhill Clinton (1998:

• Inqaku I (perjury): Idlula 228-206, kunye nesihlanu samaDemocrates athelela iiRepublicans
• Inqaku II (ulwahlulo): Idlula 221-212, kunye ne-5 Democrates ezidibeneyo
• Amanye amanqaku amabini awaphumelelanga ukufumana inkxaso

[[UMTL: 0]

• Inqaku I (ukusebenzisa amandla): Lidlulisiwe 230-197, kungekho maRepublica kunye nomnye ozimeleyo othelela uDemocrats; ababini abachasi- Democrates
• Inqaku II (ummiselo): Igqitha 229-198, ngedemokhrasi enye

[[UMTL: 0] Uvumelo oludityanisiweyo Trump (2021)

• Inqaku elinye (ukucaphulwa): Lidlule 232-197, namaRepublicans athelelana noDemocrates
• Inkoliso yemibutho yolawulo lwamabhipartis embalini, nangona ininzi ithetha

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Iziphumo ezithe ngqo: Abameli bokuvota ukwenzela ukungatyisi, ingakumbi kwiqela lomongameli, ngokufuthi bajongene:

• Inkxalabo ephambili evela kumalungu eqela
• Inkcitho
• I-asethi yomhla we-31
• Ingqalelo yesizwe nokunconywa okanye ukugxekwa

Inyathelo lesi - 4: Ukulungiselela Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Leentlokoma

Emva kokungagunyaziswa kwendlu, ukulungiselela ukuchotshelwa kweNdlu yeeNtsimi zeNtlanganiso, ```imGaqo-siseko ongaqhelekanga oqhubeka ngokungafaniyo nakweyiphi na enye.

Abalawuli bendlu abamisela

Abaphi na aba : Abaphathi bezindlu basebenza njengabatshutshisi kwityala leBhunga. I House Speaker ibakhetha, ngokuqhelekileyo ibakhetha:

• Amalungu eKomiti yoLuntu ePhakamileyo angooNondyebo
• Abasebenzi abanobuchule
• Amalungu asuka kwiimvelaphi nesithili ezahlukahlukeneyo
• Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba

[[UMTL: 0] Indima yabo: Oomphathi bendlu:

• Nika ityala ukuze uqiniseke kwiBhunga
• Amangqina ombuzo (ukuba iBhunga liyavuma)
• Yenza iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni nezingokomGaqo-siseko
• Sabelana nabazithethelelayo
• Ngokusisiseko yiba ngabatshutshisi, nangona oku kungumtshutshisi wezobupolitika, kungekhona wetyala

[[UMTL:0] Imizekelo ephicothiweyo:

• Inkcubeko yeClinton: iiRiphabliki zikhethe abaphathi abali-13, kuquka uHenry Hyde (Umculi) kunye nokunyuka kwenkwenkwezi iLindsey Graham
• Unikezelo lokuqala: Abaphathi bedemokhrasi abasixhenxe bedemokhrasi abakhokelwa nguSihlalo weKomiti yoBuntlola uAdam Schiff
• Trump Ingcebiso yesibini: Abaphathi abasisithoba abakhokelwa ngu Jamie Raskin, ngokubhekisa phambili kwiimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko

IMidlalo Edlulisayo Eya KwiBhunga Leentlokoma

ICemento yeNkqutyana: Indlu idlulisela amanqaku ngokusesikweni kwiBhunga lomsitho obalulekileyo:

• Abaphathi bezindlu bahamba la manqaku benqumla iCapitol ukuya kwigumbi leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso
• Kufundwa amanqaku ngokuvakalayo kumgangatho weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso
• IBhunga lifumana igunya elisemthethweni

[[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezidityanisiweyo: Ulawulo lokuthetha xa kudluliswa amanqaku. UNancy Pelosi ulibazisa ukudlulisa amanqaku okuqala angoncedo lukaTrump kangangeeveki eziliqela, ethemba kwiiNdlela zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kwiinkqubo zokuvavanya `icebo lokuphumelela okuthandabuzekayo.

Indibano yeqela lokhuselo

Ilungelo elipheleleyo: Igosa elityunjisiweyo lihlanganisa iqela lokhuselo, ngokufuthi liquka:

• IKomiti yeNdlu eWhite House (yoomongameli)
• amagqwetha obuqu (ukuphikisa iingongoma zezobupolitika nezomGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka ngokusemthethweni kwiSebe leSizwe loLuntu)
• Ababesakuba ngamagosa karhulumente nabaphengululi bezomthetho
• amagqwetha asemajelweni aseMedia angaphumelela kwidabi lonxulumano

Amaqela okhuselo olunokunokubonwa:

• [[NTL: 0] Clinton: amagqwetha afihlakeleyo uCharles Ruff noDavid Kendall baphikisa ngetyala abakhange bahlangabezane nemilinganiselo yokungatyiki
• Trump (Okuqala): White House Court Pat Cipollone kunye namagqwetha azimeleyo uJay Sekulow noAlan Dershowitz baphikisa ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla babengenako ukuphenjelelwa ngaphandle kwehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho
• Trump (I-Sumb): Abalawuli baphikisa iNdlu yeQela ukuba yayingenalo igunya phezu kowakha waba ngumongameli

Inyathelo 5: IBhunga Leentlanganiso Liye lazama ukuvavanya

Ityala leNdlu yeeNdlela zeNqanawa yinkqubo yokungalungisi kwesiphelo esiphawulekayo ````inqanawa'''''''' isiphelo esingaqhelekanga senkqubela-phambili edityaniswe nento edityaniswe nezicinezelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, impikiswano yezobupolitika kunye nenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko.

Igosa Elikhokelayo

Kuphando loMongameli weNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana: UmGaqo-siseko ufuna [[FT:2] IJaji enkulu yeUnited States [ ukongamela, ukongeza amandla okulwa, ukukhusela uphando lwezakhono zokwayama nokuthintela uMongameli onguMongameli (onokuba ngumongameli ukuba ukho) ekukhokeleleni kwabo ukunyuka.

[[UMTL:0] Kwenye Imithetho-siseko [: UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weNtlanganiso) okanye uMongameli Pro Tempore usoloko ekhokela, nangona iCamper ingakhetha nayiphi na iNtsimla.

Indima yeJaji yeQumrhu [[FT: 0]

• Imithetho ethetha ngokuthabatha inyathelo eliqhelekileyo kunye nokuchasa (ithobela iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso)
• Igcina ucwangco nokuziphatha
• Ibuza imibuzo yabaququzeleli ebhaliweyo
• Clast alukho uvoti ngaphandle kokuba yenza okanye ulwaphulo lweqhina (akhange lwenzeke ngokungakhuthaziyo)

Inqaku eliyiNjongo : IJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts wakhokela kwityala lokuqala lobugqibo bukaTrump. IJaji enkulu uSalmon Chase wakhokela ukuvavanywa kuka-Andrew Johnson, ekwenza imithetho ephikisayo yokuba abanye bakholelwa ukuba yasindisa Johnson.

Isigqumathelo Sesibane

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuvavanywa, abaququzeleli benza isifungo esikhethekileyo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekise) ukuba ezintweni zonke ndiza kwenza okusesikweni okungacaciyo [igama] ngokomGaqo-siseko nangemithetho, ngoko ke ndincede uThixo.

Uphawu olugqithisiweyo: Esi sifungo ngokwentelekiso siphakamisa ii-senteners ngaphezulu kwengqwalasela zabanqongopheleyo, ezifuna ukuba bagwebe ubungqina ngokungakhethiyo. Ngokwesiko, ukunyaniseka okusuka kwenye indawo kusoloko kuphumelela, nangona imibandela yesifungo ingumfuziselo.

[[NTL: 0] Inkululeko ecacileyo: imigaqo yeNdlela yokulawula ifuna abaququzeleli ukuba bahlale ngokuzolileyo ngexesha lokuvavanya, baphulaphule iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuthetha (nangona benokunikezela imibuzo ebhaliweyo). Oku kuyaphikisana nenkcazo eqhelekileyo yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso apho isoloko iqhubeka.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuvavanywa

IBhunga leMikhosi limisela imithetho yalo yokuvavanya, eyahluka ngokwetyala:

[[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo:

• Abaphathi bezindlu bachaza imeko yabo (ngokwenyani iiyure ezingama-24 ngeentsuku eziliqela)
• Iqela lokhuselo linika ukhuphiswano (ixesha elilinganayo)
• Iimpikiswano ziquka ukunikelwa kobungqina, uhlalutyo lomthetho, ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano zezobupolitika/zopolitiko

[[UMTLL: 0] Ixesha lokuqukumbela[[UMTLL: 1]:

• Abaququzeleli bathumela imibuzo ebhaliweyo kuMgwebi oPhakamileyo
• Imibuzo iyatshintshana phakathi kwamaqabane
• UJaji oyintloko ufunda imibuzo ngokuvakalayo
• Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
• Le ndlela ikhusela ukuma nokugcina isimilo

[[UMTHETHO:0] Izigqibo zobungqina: iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyavota nokuba ingaba iya:

• Ubungqina bokubiza
• Uxwebhu olongezelelekileyo
• Vumela Ugcino
• Makhe siqwalasele ubungqina obutsha

[[FLT: 0] Ezi zivoti zigxeka kwaye zisoloko zikhetha . Kwityala lokuqala, iRepublicans yoyisa imigudu yedemocratic yokubiza amangqina njengoJohn Bolton. Kwityala lesibini, emva kokuba ivoti yokuqala igqithe, omabini amacala avuma ukungena kubungqina kwingxelo kunokuba andise imicimbi.

[[UMTHLL: 0] Unikezelo [[UMTLL:1]:

• Emva kokuqukumbela impikiswano, abo baququzelelayo basenokuzenza ngabom izinto
• IBhunga leNtlanganiso linokungena kwintlanganiso evaliweyo ukuze lixubushe ngetyala
• Xa besenza, abaququzeleli banqabile ukutshintsha iingqondo zabo.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Ityala lokuqala lovavanyo lweTrump (2020)

[[UMTL:0] Impikiswano ezivulayo:

• Abaphathi bezindlu (abathunywe nguAdam Schiff) banikela iiyure ezingama - 24 bephikisana ngegunya likaTrump ngokucinezela iUkraine neBhunga elithintelweyo
• Iqela lokhuselo loTrump laphikisa ityala leNdlu libuthathaka, inkqubo ayilunganga, kwaye ihambo ayizange ifikelele kwimigangatho yokungatyiseki
• Omabini amacala ayebonisa ubungqina bevidiyo, ecaphula imiqathango engokwasemthethweni, aze aphikisane ngomgaqo - siseko

[[UMTLL: 0] Ixesha lokuqukumbela[[UMTLL: 1]:

• Izikhululo zanikela imibuzo eli-180 ngaphezu kwiintsuku ezimbini
• Imibuzo yatyhila ukwahlukana (Abaphathi bale ngxaki bacela abaphathi ukuba bacebise ingcamango yamatyala entabalala, yamaRiphabliki)
• Abanye abantu abanobuchule babuza imibuzo encinci ecebisa ukuvota

[[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yamaNgqina:

• Abalandeli bakaJohn Bolton (owayesakuba Ngumkhuseli Wesizwe nobungqina obuyingozi)
• Amatyala akhuselweyo
• Ityala lenziwe laqala ukungqinelana

[[UMTHL: 0] Iziphumo kunye nesiphumo esiphumayo[[UMTL:1]:

• Omabini amacala enza iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela
• ICandelo lavotela ama-52-48 ukukhulula ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, uMitt Romney njengokuphela kokuvota kwamabanjwa kwiRiphabliki
• isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo

Inyathelo 6: Isalathisi somthetho nemiphumo

Ityala lifikelela kwisiphelo sesigqibo seNdlu yeeNtsimi zeMali, ukugqiba enoba igosa libanjiwe okanye lisusiwe okanye likhululwe kwaye ligcinwe.

Imbono Engokwaselukholweni

[[NTL:0] Imfuneko yokuzimela : ukuqiniseka kufuna ivoti ezimbini-isithathu (67 yabachongi abali-100 ukuba bonke bakhona) nakweliphi na inqaku. Lo mqobo ophezulu ubonisa injongo yabaqali ukuthintela ukungaququzeli kokungagqibeki komququzeleli ngeli lixa uvumela ukususwa kwehambo engalunganga enzulu.

Separate Votes: iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi ivota kwinqaku ngalinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Igosa lingabanjwa kwamanye amanqaku lize likhululwe.

Ubizo lwerola : Imivoti inguwonke-wonke kwaye ishicilelwe, idala iirekhodi ezisisigxina zesikhundla selungu ngalinye, ngokufana nezinye iivoti zendlu yendlu yovoti ezinokuba yivoti yelizwi.

Akukho Mongameli uVito: Umongameli akanakukwazi ukukhupha izigqibo, kwanezo zabo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba icebo lokuphendula alinakuvalwa lixhoba lakhe.

Izigwebo Ezingokwembali

Andrew Johnson (1868):

• Ivunyelwe yivoti enye: 35-19 (ivoti enye incinane kwii-3 ezimbini ezifunekayo)
• Abameli bephondo abasixhenxe baphulwa liqela labo ukuze bakhululwe, baziwa ngokuba "zii-Inteniant"
• UJohnson waliphumeza ibinzana lakhe kodwa wabhangiswa kwezobupolitika

[[UMTL: 0] Bhill Clinton (1999):

• Ikhutshwe kuwo omabini amanqaku
• Inqaku I (perjury): 50-50 (17 ivoti ayikhutshelwanga)
• Inqaku II (ulwahlulo): 50-50 (17 ivoti zimfutshane)
• Akukho Baphikisi babanjwa bavotayo; abahlanu abavela eRiphabliki baqhawula izintlu ukuze bakhululwe ngokugwetywa

[[UMTL: 0] I-Trump (20):

• Ikhutshwe kuwo omabini amanqaku
• Inqaku I (ukusebenzisa igunya): 48-52 (ivoti ifutshane), ngeRomney ekuphela kwevoti yogunyaziso lweRiphabliki
• Inqaku II (ulwakhiwo): 47-53 (20) amavoti afutshanisiweyo)

[[UMTL: 0] Uvumelo oludityanisiweyo Trump (2021)

• Ukwamkelwa kwamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe anesine anesine (10)
• AmaRepublica asixhenxe athe angenelela onke amaDemocrates ekuvoteni ityala elilityala (_inkoliso yama-bipartis enyanisweni, nangona engazange aphumelele

Imiphumo Yokukholelwa

Ukuba isibini-sithathu samaqumrhu avote kumabanjwa, iziphumo zikhawulezile kwaye zinzima:

[[FLT: 0] Ukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo e-Ofisini: Ngekuqiniseka, umphathi ususwa ngoko nangoko. Akukho xesha lobubele, akukho sibheno kwinkqubo yokungakhuthazi/ukukhutshwa kukhawulezile.

[[FLT: 0] Ingxaki ekhoyo yeProtical Disquality: Emva kokuqiniseka nokususwa, iBhunga leNtsimbi lingabamba ivoti ehlukeneyo ukuba ingamenza umntu angakufanelekeli na ukubamba isikhundla sikarhulumente sexesha elizayo. Le vhoti ifuna kuphela uninzi olulula.

Akukho tyala linye: Ukubhatala nokususwa akunyanzelisi zisohlwayo zezaphuli-mthetho, akukho mali, akukho kubanjwa. Isohlwayo singokwezobupolitika kuphela: ukususwa kunye nokususwa.

Ukungaqiniseki okungokoqobo : Kubagwebi abasibhozo bezwelonke abagwetyelweyo baze basuswe ngokungekho mthethweni, abathathu nabo abakwamkelwa kwisikhundla sexesha elizayo. Esi sohlwayo asiyomfuneko kwaye sifuna ivoti eyahlukileyo.

Ukugwetywa Nentsingiselo Yako

Oko Kuthethwa kukuxolelwa : Ukugwetywa kuthetha iNdlu yeQela yala ulwaphulo-mthetho. Eligosa lihlala eofisini (okanye, kwimeko yesibini kaTrump, akukho sizathu esivela kwi-ofisi yexesha elizayo).

Oko Ukuxolelwa Kungathethiyo:

• Ukugwetywa Akuthethi kuthi umsulwa okanye ukufumanisa ukuba umsulwa
• Akuthinteli ukutshutshiswa
• Alucimi ukhuthuzo kwirekhodi yegosa
• Igosa lihlala "licekisiwe" nokuba likhululwe (ukuvota yiNdlu, hayi isigqibo seNdlu yeQela)

Iziphumo zeNkcubeko: Kwanamagosa angenatyala asoloko ebandezeleka ngokwezobupolitika:

• Ulwaphulo-mthetho
• Ikomkhulu lezobupolitika elibuthathaka
• Izixhobo ezinokufumaneka kwimingeni yonyulo ephambili okanye jikelele
• Umgwebo wembali njengomnye wamagosa ambalwa ajongene nokungathotyelwa

Kwenzeka Ntoni Emva Kokuba Ufuna Ukuzilawula?

Isigqibo sokwenza into enzima asipheleli ekuphelisweni kokungachatshazelwa.

Ukumangalelwa Sisaphuli - mthetho

I-Jiopardy Don Act Acting: UmGaqo-siseko uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ukungatyiki-mthetho akuthinteli ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye) alubasebenzisi kuba:

• Ukungathobeli yinkqubo yezobupolitika, kungekhona ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho
• Imilinganiselo, iinkqubo nezohlwayo ezahlukeneyo ziyasebenza
• Izilingo zezaphuli - mthetho zinokubakho ngaphambi, ebudeni okanye emva kokungathobeli

[[UMTL:0] Imizekelo ephicothiweyo:

Alcee Hastings : Ijaji yesizwe yaphenduliswa yasuswa ngo 1989 ngenxa yokunyoba nokugweba. Wayekade ekhululwe kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho (emkhokelisela kwihambo yakhe phezu kokungagwetywa). Kamva wanyulelwa kwiBhunga, apho wakhonza de wafa ngo-2021.

[[FLT: 0] I-Harry Colish: Ijaji yoManyano yaphenduliswa yasuswa ngo1986 ngenxa yokungahlawuli irhafu() emva kokuba sele egwetyiwe yaye evalelwe entolongweni ngenxa yetyala elinye. Ukunyanzeleka kwenzeka kuqala, ukungakhutshelwa kwalandelwa.

Ukutshutshiswa kwe-Trump : Emva kokungathobeli kwakhe, uTrump wajamelana nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi (izinto ezithethwa ngumongameli zifuna ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwamatyala zinzima):

• Uphando lokuphazamisa konyulo nolokuhlohla
• Uxwebhu olungenisiweyo
• Imisebenzi yemali neyoshishino
• Ityala lomgangatho wephondo eGeorgia naseNew York

Imiphumo Yezobupolitika

[[UMTLH: 0] Iziphumo ezingathi zilungile[[UMTLL:1]:

• UAndrew Johnson wakhanyelwa ukuba angabi nalo igalelo emva kokutyunjwa
• Umlinganiselo wokuvunywa kukaBill Clinton wanyuka ngexesha lokungafundiswa, kwaye iiDemocrates zafumana izihlalo zendlu phakathi konyaka we-1998
• UDonald Trump walondoloza inkxaso eqinileyo kwisiseko seRiphabliki nangona wafumana inkxaso emibini, ephumelele

Impembelelo yeGovernance

• Abanyanzelekanga kodwa abangenatyala abalawuli ngokufuthi bajongene negunya elibuthathaka
• Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
• Umthetho
• Ukuma kwehlabathi kungamosha

[[UMTL:0] Ilifa leSibonelelo esithe ngqo: Igosa ngalinye elinyuliweyo lithwala uphawu olusisigxina. Nokuba lugwetyelwe okanye luphendulwe, ukungaququzeleli kuba luphawu oluchazayo lodumo lwabo lwembali.

Ukuphenjelelwa Kuyo Yonke Imbali YaseMerika: Imilinganiselo Nezifundo

Uhlolo [[UMGONDO: 0] lwembali yokwandiswa [ lubonisa iipateni malunga nokuba kutheni le nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko isetyenziswa nini kwaye kutheni isetyenziswa.

Uhlolo lobuMongameli

Andrew Johnson (1868): Ujikelezo lokuqala lomongameli lwavela kwimfazwe yokulungisa kwakhona i-era:

Okungasemva: Johnson, umZantsi Democrat owaba lisekela lomongameli weRiphabliki kaLincoln, echasa iRiphabliki yokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo. Iingxabano neRiphabliki yeBhunga leRiphabliki zaqina de iRepublicans yafuna ukususwa kwakhe.

[[UMKQUBO: 0] Ingqukuva: Isohlwaywe ngokuphula umthetho woMthetho weOfisi (kunokwenzeka ukuba awupheliswanga, kamva upheliswe) ngokususa unobhala wemfazwe uEdwin Stanton, kunye nezinye izinto ezityholweyo zokuxhatshazwa.

[ Ingeniso ephumayo: ifikeleleka ngevoti enye. Ukusondela kwemiqathango ethandabuzekayo kwakhokelela abaninzi ukugqala ukubhaliswa njengokuphamba okuyingozi, okuphembelela ukulumkiswa kwixa elizayo.

[[UMTL: 0] Intelekelelo[[UMGAZI:1]:

• Ukungavumelani
• Amagunya angekho mgangathweni angomelelanga
• Ukungavisisani kusenokubuya nomkhwezelo kwezobupolitika

Richar Nixon (1974)]: Nangona uNixon warhoxa phambi kokungakhutsheli, inkqubo yatyhila amandla onikezelo:

Okungasemva: Ihlazo leWatergate ``````````inqanawa''''''''''''''''' imposiso yeWatergate'''."ibrograsy, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, ukuphanda ukutyhila ukungalawuleki komongameli.

Ingqukuva: amanqaku eKomiti eVumi avunyiweyo okuthintela okusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweBhunga, ngenkxaso enamandla ye-bipartisan.

[ Ingeniso : ukujongana nentengiso ethile kunye nokuqiniseka, uNixon warhoxa. Oku kwabonisa ukuba ukungaquki kuzakusebenza njengoko kucetyiwe, kususa umongameli olahlelwe kwanenkxaso yeqela lakhe.

[[UMTL: 0] Intelekelelo[[UMGAZI:1]:

• Ubungqina obuqinileyo nenkxaso ye-bipartis
• Ingcebiso ingaphumelela nangaphandle kokuvavanywa ukuba ubungqina buninzi
• Uluvo lukawonke-wonke olufuna ukuqwalaselwa

Bhill Clinton (1998-1999): Eyona mithetho ithandabuzekayo esemthethweni yokungaququzeli komongameli wangoku:

Okungasemva: Uphando lwe-Impelesi ye-Kenneth Starr yokusebenza kwendawo yeWhitewater kwanda ukuya kwimicimbi kaClinton ne House White Monica Lewinsky.

[[UMGAQO-] Ingqukuva: uqhaqho kunye nesithintelo sobulungisa obunxulumene nokuxoka ngombandela ophantsi kwesifungo kunye nothiwe ukhuthaza ubungqina bobuxoki.

[ Ingeniso efunyenweyo: Icetyiswe yiRiphablikin House, ingenatyala yiBhunga elingenatyala kunye nezinye iiRepublicans edibene noDemocrats. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwachasa ukungatyiseki, ukuyijonga njenge-decutants kunye ne-debug.

[[UMTL: 0] Intelekelelo[[UMGAZI:1]:

• Ihambo engafanelekanga yomntu ngamnye, kuquka ukugwetywa, ayinakudibana nomgangatho "wezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu" ukuba ayizidibani nemisebenzi
• Ukungaxhaswa kwabantu kubiza imali eninzi ngokwezobupolitika (Izihlalo ze-Republic ezilahlekileyo phakathi ko-1998)
• Ukukhuthazwa ngenkxaso yenkcaso ebuthathaka akufane kuphumelele

Donald Trump (209-2020, 2021)]: Umongameli wokuqala wabhaliswa kabini:

[[UMTL:0] Eyokuqala imposiso[[UMTL:1]:

• Okungasemva: u-Trump uqikelelo olucinezele i-Ukraine ukuba iphande uJoe Biden ngokuvala uncedo lomkhosi
• Isangqa: Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nesithintelo seBhunga
• Ingeniso : Inyanzelisa kwivoti yomgca weqela, engenatyala ngokuvota kweRomney kuphela
• Intelekelelo: Ukungagqibeki ngexesha lonyaka ohlaziyiweyo kuvelisa isigqibo esithe ngqo se-crative

Imposiso ye projekti

• Okungasemva: Indima ye-Trump kuhlaselo lweCapitol
• [[UMTL: 0] Ingqukuva: Ukushukumiselwa kovukelo
• Ingeniso : Ikhuthazwe ngenkxaso ethile yeRiphabliki, ingena tyala 57-43 (iiRepublic ezisixhenxe zivotelwe kumabanjwa)
• Intelekelelo: Kwane-bipartasan ayikwazi ukuloyisa ukunyaniseka okuchaseneyo xa ukuqiniseka kufuna iivoti ezimbini-3

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezeejaji

Abagwebi bomanyano baphendula amatyala amaninzi angachananga, aneshumi elinesihlanu angenaziphendu kunye nabasibhozo abagwetyiweyo:

Isizathu sokuba kuqheleke kakhulu: ABagwebi basebenza ubomi, bedala intshukumisa enamandla yokususa iijaji ezonakeleyo okanye ezingagqibekanga ezingenakuvotelwa.

[[UMTLH: 0] Uthambeko lophawu[[UMTL]:1]

• Ihambo yezaphuli - mthetho (ukuphepha irhafu, ukunyoba nokunyoba)
• Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweofisi egwebayo
• Ukungafanelekanga kwengqondo okanye ukungakwazi ukugweba

[[UMTL: 0] Imeko ezingacacanga:

USAMUEL Chase (1805): IJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yacetyiswa ngenxa yekhethe localulo kwiimeko nakwihambo engagqibekanga. Yangangqinelani, imisela ukungavisisani kwenkqubo kunye nentanda-bulumko yokugweba ayifaneleki ukususwa.

Walter Nixon (1989)[FLT:]: ijaji yesithili igwetyelwe ukugwetywa, inyanzelekile yasuswa nasemva kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ucelomngeni lwakhe kumthetho wenkqubo yokubhalisa lwakhokelela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba ukugatya yinkundla yezopolitiko ethandabuzayo ayikhange ifumane mpendulo.

Thomas PortTX (2010): Isuselwe ukonakala kwaye yenza iingxelo zobuxoki, ngoko ayifanelekanga kwiofisi yexesha elizayo. Okona kubhaliswa kwakutshanje okunempumelelo kwalo naliphi na igosa.

Oko Kufundiswa Yimbali

[[UMTL: 0] I-Rare: Zingamashumi amabini kuphela iimposiso kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230, kwaye luneenkolelo ezisibhozo kuphela, ukungagqibeki kuhlala kuyinto engaqhelekanga kunomthetho. Oku kubonakalisa zombini imigangatho ephezulu kunye neengozi zezobupolitika ezibandakanyekileyo.

Iparisanshi Dooms Ukuthenjiswa : Zonke iimfuno zomongameli beziyi-demon. Ezizii-3 ezimbini ngokusisiseko zithetha inkxaso efunekayo ye-bipartisan ukuze iphumelele, nto leyo eyenza ukuba incam yomhlaba yeli xesha ingabinako ukuphumelela.

[[[NTL:0] Inkcazo ecacileyo Ityala [: Iziphumo ngaphandle kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke (Clinton) zidla ngokubuya neziphumo zezopolitiko, ngelixesha ezo zixhaswa nguwonke-wonke (Nixon, nangona erhoxile) zingaphumelela.

Ubunjani be-vidence bumisela iMimiselo yoMthetho: Inkcazo esekelwe kubungqina obuqinileyo bokuziphatha okubi okunzulu (Nixon, ezinye iingcebiso zezomthetho) zijongwa njengezisemthethweni. Ezo zisekelwe kwiimpikiswano zemithetho okanye ukuphambaniswa kwezobugcisa (Andrew Johnson) zijongwa njengezenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Ukungagqibeki kwengxelo

Inkqubo yokwabela yenye yeendlela ezininzi zokugcina amagosa karhulumente enoxanduva, nganye ineenjongo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

IsiHlomelo Se - 25

Oko kukuthini [: Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luvumela uVimba onguMongameli kunye neKhabinethi ukuba zisuse umongameli ongakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi ngenxa yokungalawuleki komzimba okanye kwengqondo.

[[UMTL: 0] Indlela Ehluke ngayo kwiNkqutyana yeNkqutyana[[UMTL: 1]

• Idilesi ezingasebenzi, hayi ezingalunganga
• Inkqubo yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (iCabinet ne-VP), hayi
• Ukususwa kwequmrhu okwexeshana, umongameli ekwazi ukuvavanya
• Akuzange kusetyenziselwe ukushenxisa umongameli ngempumelelo

[[UMTL:0] Xa kuqwalaselwa: Uhlaziyo lwe 25 lwaxutyushwa malunga noTrump emva kwe6 kaJanuwari 6, kodwa amalungu eKhabhinethi akazange acele.

Ukumangalelwa Sisaphuli - mthetho

[[UMTHETHO:0] Kuwona Magunya angundoqo: Amagosa aseFederal angagwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni ngenxa yehambo engekho mthethweni, akhokelela ekuvalweni entolongweni ukuba abanjwa.

I-Pradissidentity Completety: Ukuba umongameli ohleliyo angagwetywa ngokungenatyala angalungiswa. Inkqubo yeSebe leJaji (akungomthetho) ithi hayi, kodwa oku akuzange kuvavanywe enkundleni. Emva kokushiya iofisi, abameli bangaphambili bangagwetywa ngokucacileyo.

[[UMTL:0] I-Rosation to Impecation: Iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokunganyuswa zingaqhuba ngexesha elinye okanye ngokwemo yesiqhelo, zithetha ngehambo efanayo ngobuchule obahlukeneyo.

Ukuphendula

[[UMKWENZI] Ikhandlela logcino-lwazi: Unyulo lunika owona msebenzi ungundoqo wokuphendula, uvumela abavoti basuse amagosa angawathandiyo.

[[UMTL: 0] Utshintsho[[UMTLH: 1]:

• Kuphela kusebenza ngexesha lonyulo (iminyaka engakumbi emva kokungalawuleki)
• Ayiwashenxi amagosa ngoko nangoko
• Isalathisi somsebenzi we-CPF siphinde sikhethe
• Abasebenzi bamagosa angakhethwanga njengabagwebi

I-Censure ne-Reprimand eMmandla

Oko Bakuko [: Iintetho eziqhelekileyo zokungamkeleki ezingawasusi amagosa eofisini kodwa zigweba ekuhleni ihambo yabo.

Uphawu olufuziselayo: ngokomfuziselo onyulu, kodwa ungonakalisa udumo kunye nokuma kwezobupolitika. Umongameli uAndrew Jackson wagxekwa (kamva wasuswa), njengokuba kwakunjalo ngoMongameli Trump (Umthetho wendlu emva kokugwetywa kokuqala).

Usetyenziso lwendlela engaqhelekanga : Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa njengenye indlela xa ukungakhutsheli kubonakala kungaphumelelanga, ivumela iBhunga ligwebe ihambo ngokusesikweni ngaphandle kokusukela ukususwa.

Impikiswano NeeNkcukacha

Ukungagqibeki kwangoku kuphakamisa imibuzo engaphendulwanga malunga nenjongo, imigangatho kunye nokusebenza kwayo.

Ngaba Ingxaki Yezobupolitika Igqithisele?

Inkxalabo: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukungathobeli kuye kwaba sisixhobo sobuhlanga kunokuba kube sisixhobo esisemthethweni sokuphendula. Xa amaqela omabini ekhetha oomongameli abasuka kwelinye iqela kwinkokeli yeqela, ngaba le nkqubo isebenza njengoko kucetyiwe?

I-[[FTL:0] Ukucinywa kweNkcubeko yeNkcubeko[[FTL:1]:

• Ukwanda kokuphinda-phindeka (isiqingatha sazo zonke iinkqubo zolawulo lomongameli senzeka kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo)
• Iindlela zokuvota
• Izisongelo ezisetyenziswa njengezopolitiko
• Uhlahlelo olucwangcisiweyo kunyulo

Isivumelwano sobalo: Abaseki babelindele ukuba ityala libe sezobupolitika."Hamilton iyibize ngezobupolitika kuludwe lwamaFederal No. 65. Umbuzo ngulo nokuba ngaba ngu-'direction' (iqela-driven) vs. ngokwezobupolitika (ukuphelisa umgwebo malunga nomdla kawonke-wonke).

Ngaba Unokuwuphucula Umsebenzi Wamaxesha Afanelekileyo?

Ingxaki: Imfuno yokunyanzelisa ezimbini-ntathu zinokufezekiswa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga enzulu. Namhlanje, kwanendlela ecacileyo engalunganga ayinakuvelisa iivoti ezingama-67 zendlu yeQela.

[[UMTL: 0] Ilixa-mali[[UMTL:1]:

• Abalawuli banokukwazi ukukhusela ukususwa ukuba iqela labo lilawula izihlalo zeNtlanganiso 34+
• Ukungaceli kuba kukugweba okomfuziselo kunokuba kube yinto yokususa
• Uqikelelo lwabaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko malunga nentsebenziswano enqamlezayo alusekho

[[UMTL:0] Izisombululo ezikwicandelo eliphezulu (akukho nanye ephila ngoku):

• Uhla komnyango wokuyilwa (kuya kufuneka kulungiswe umGaqo-siseko)
• Ukumisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokungalandeli (ukunciphisa iindlela zokulawula kwezobupolitika)
• Inkxaso-mali yephulo lotshintsho kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemimandla engaphandle (ixesha elide, ingangqalanga)

Ngaba Abo Babesakuba Ngamagosa Bafanele Banganyanzelekanga?

Ingxoxo: Imposiso yesibini yenzeka ngexesha ebengumongameli, kodwa ityala leNdlu yeeNtsimbi lenzeka emva kokuba eshiyile iofisi. Oku kwaphakamisa imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko.

[[UMTLH: 0] Izahlulelo ze[[UMTL_1]:

• Ukukhusela amagosa ekuyekeni ukubekwa ityala
• Ukungacaci okuvela kwi-ofisi yexesha elizayo kuhlala kufanelekile emva kokunduluka
• Ukungakhuthazi kumisela ingxelo engokwembali nokugwetywa

[[UMTLL: 0] Izahlulelo ezichaseneyo[[UMTLL: 1]:

• Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko ubhekisela ekususeni amagosa "esikhundleni," xa kufuneka asebenze
• Iba yi-aspective equalisiweyo, hayi ukususwa/a injongo eyahlukileyo
• Kwakuza kusetyenziselwa ukuhlasela abachasi bezobupolitika abangekabikho kurhulumente

C Ubume bangoku: Lo mbuzo awupheliswanga. Indlu yeNtlanganiso yaqhubeka nokuvavanywa kwe Trump kodwa iiRepublic ezininzi zaphikisa ngokuthi zazingenagunyaza.

Yintoni ebizwa ngokuba yi "Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingalungisi"?

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Impikiswano eqhubekayo: Nangona iminyaka engama- 230+ yembali, ukungavumelani kuyaqhubeka malunga nehambo engalawulekiyo.

Imbono yeNkqutyana-mali : Ngokuqhelekileyo iphikisa utoliko olumxinwa(-izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo okanye ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko okucacileyo.

Imboniselo yeLiberal: Imigca ejonge kutoliko olubanzi(ukusetyenziswa kwegunya, ukwaphulwa kokholo lukawonke-wonke, iqhuba icukubhetha amaziko edemokhrasi.

Iinguqu: Ngaphandle kokuvumelana, nayiphi na into engekho mthethweni iba lidabi phezu kwemigangatho, kwicala ngalinye lisithi elinye liye layisebenzisa kakubi le nkqubo.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke: Indlela Ezinye Iinkqubo Ezinokukuphatha Ngayo Ukususwa Kolawulo Olulawulayo

Ukuqwalasela indlela amanye amazwe asusa ngayo iinkokeli ezinika umongo kwinkqubo yonikezelo lwaseMelika.

Inkqubo yePalamente

i-Bhulu yeUnited : Akukho nkqubo yokucelw'a ngokusesikweni yeNkulumbuso, ekhonza kulonwabo lwePalamente. Ivoti yokungathembi isusa PM ngoko nangoko.

Iziphakamiso ezikhoyo: Ukususwa ngokukhawuleza kweenkokeli ezingaphumelelanga; ukuphendula ngokucacileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho; akukho mfuneko yetyala elithile.

Izikhuseli ezikhoyo: Oorhulumente abangaguquguqukiyo ukuba amavoti angenantembelo asoloko exhaphakile; ukhuseleko oluncinci kwintshutshiso yezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli

yaseMzantsi Korea: Ihlolile yaze yasusa oomongameli, kutshanje iPark Geun-hye ngo-2017 ngenxa yokunganyaniseki. INkundla yabo yezomGaqo-siseko mayixhase ukungaququzeli miyalelo, -- ukudibanisa uhlolo lwezomthetho kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

[[UMTL:0]Brazil: Ngempumelelo uMongameli onyuliweyo uDilma Rousseff ngo2016 ukwenzela usetyenziso loqingqo-mali. Inkqubo yabo iyafana neyoMelika kodwa iye yasetyenziswa rhoqo.

[[UMTL:0] Fraça: Umongameli angacetyiswa ukuba "aphumeze imisebenzi yakhe ngokusemthethweni angahambelani nokuqhubeka kwakhe eofisini," efuna omabini amagumbi ukuze avote. Akaze asetyenziswe ngempumelelo.

Oko Sikufundayo Kwimbono Ethelekisayo

Isinxaxhi saseMelika : Inkqubo yokunganyusi ye-U.S. yi:

• Amazwe amaninzi anzima ngakumbi (imiqobo ephakamileyo)
• Ingcaciso ecacileyo kuneminye iinkqubo
• Inkundla ezimeleyo kunabanye (UMzantsi Korea usebenzisa uhlolo lweNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko)
• Abathathi nxaxheba bafumana impumelelo encinane kuneminye imimandla

Trade-fors: naluphi na umlinganiselo wendlela yokusebenza:

• Ukufumaneka (ukususwa okungalungelelananga kukhusela ekungazinzini kwezobupolitika)
• Unikezelo lwemali (ukususwa okucinezelweyo kweziqinisekiso iinkokeli zingakhangelwa)
• Umthetho wedemokhrasi (amaziko ahlukeneyo", iintendelezo vs. uvoti/ii-demokhrasi ezahlukileyo)

Inkqubo yaseMerika ibeka izinzo nokwahlulwa kwamandla kwindawo elula, elunge ngakumbi nangaphezulu.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngokungagqibeki

Ukuphelisa ukudideka kunceda abemi bayiqonde le nkqubo intsonkothileyo.

Intsomi 1: "Ukwabela kuthetha ukukhutshwa e-ofisini"

[[UMTL:0] Ubukho bokwenene: Indlu yeNdlu ezisa izityholo (njengetyala). Ityala leNdlu yeeNtsimbi limisela ukususwa. Igosa linokususwa kodwa likhululwe (IBClinton, Donald Trump kabini).

Intsomi 2: "Into efunekayo ifuna ihambo yezaphuli-mthetho"

Ubunyani: Ngelixesha ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokungatyiki, "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezisemthethweni" luquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, ukungcatsha uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nehambo ejongela phantsi urhulumente womGaqo-siseko.

Intsomi 3: "INkundla Ephakamileyo igqiba ityala lokungaqondakali"

Ubunyani: Uhlolo luyimithetho ngokupheleleyo. IJaji eyiNtloko ilawula kwiityala zomongameli kodwa ayenze zigqibo zincinci. IiNkundla ngokuqhelekileyo azinakuphinda zihlole izigqibo zokungaququzeli (kuwiso-mthetho "umbuzo wezobupolitika" kwiNixon v. United States, 1993).

Intsomi 4: "Into enqwenelekayo Ifana netyala lesaphuli-mthetho"

Ubuni bokwenyani: Ngelixesha ineempawu ezifana nezilingo, ukunyanzelisa kukwezobupolitika, kungekhona izaphuli-mthetho. Imithetho ecacileyo eyahlukileyo, kungekho bagwebi, akukho zigwebi, naziphi na izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengqwalasela zezobupolitika ezicacileyo.

Intsomi 5: "Amagunya angenazintsebenziso akanakuphinda abe ne-ofisi kwakhona"

Ubuni bokwenyani: Ukuphuma eofisini akuzenzekeli ukungafaneleki kwinkonzo yexesha elizayo. ICathena kufuneka ibe nevoti eyahlukileyo yokwahlula (ifuna uninzi olulula kuphela). Ngaphandle kwaloo nvoti, amagosa asusiweyo angaqhuba kwakhona.

Intsomi 6: "Isiphumo sibuyisela unyuso"

[[UMTL: 0] Claim: Abanye baxabanisa ukurhoxa kwabavoti ngokususa amagosa anyuliweyo.

Into yokoqobo[: UmGaqo-siseko unikela ngokucacileyo uhlolo kumagosa anyuliweyo. Abaseki benza icebo ngabom lokususa amagosa phakathi konyulo xa besebenzisa kakubi igunya, bedemokhrasi okanye bedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Isiphelo: Isebenza Njani Le nkqubo?

Inkqubo yokwahlula [[[FLT:] iquka uxinezeleko olusisiseko kurhulumente wedemokhrasi: Uzisusa njani iinkokeli ezisebenzisa kakubi igunya ngaphandle kokwenza ukungaguquguquki okanye ukwenza intshutshiso yezobupolitika?

Impendulo yabaseki `inkqubo enzima efuna inkxaso enkulu). Ibonisa imigudu yabo yokulinganisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo:

• Unikezelo lwemali ngaphandle kokwenza i-vendetts ikwazi ukubuyisela ulawulo
• [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumaneka ngaphandle kokudala ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo
• Ulawulo-mpuma lwedemocratic ngexa ukhusela amalungelo amancinane
• Isenzo sobunqindi nxamnye nezisongelo zokwenene ngeli lixa uthintela imigwebo yengxam

Nokuba olu lungelelaniso lusebenza kumbono wakho. Abaxhasi bakhomba ukuba ngqongqo kobuchule kunye nebhatyi ephezulu njengobungqina obuyithintela ukususwa okungeyomfuneko ngexesha elikhoyo kumanqam okwenyaniso. Abahlalutyi baphikisa imfuneko egqithisileyo yenza ukuba ukususwa kungabi nakwenzeka ngamaxesha adibeneyo, benika inkqubo engasebenzi kakuhle xa ifuneka.

Ingxelo yembali ibonisa zombini. Ukusetyenziswa kweNxeko kufutshane noluvo lwayo kwabonisa ukuba le nkqubo ingasebenza xa ubungqina bunamandla kunye ne-bipartisan ivumelana. Kodwa uphando lomongameli wangoku luvele , konke okuphumela ekukhululweni kwetyala, eli cebo liye laba loluphawu olungaphezulu kunolusebenzayo, noko koomongameli abanenkxaso eqinileyo kwiqela.

Abagwebi borhulumente, ukugweba kusebenza ngcono. Abagwebi abalishumi elinesihlanu abatyunjiweyo kunye nabasusiweyo abasibhozo, le nkqubo iphelisa ngokuphumelelayo inkohlakalo okanye iijaji ezingafezekiyo eziza kuphila ubomi bazo. Isifundo: imisebenzi yokungakhuthazi isebenza kakuhle xa:

• Ukuziphatha okubi kucacile kwaye kubhalwe kakuhle
• Imeko yezobupolitika iphantsi (ijaji ephikisana neenkokeli)
• Ezinye izivumelwano zebhipartis
• Uluntu luyayiqonda imicimbi yalo kwaye luyayixhasa

Ukukhangela phambili, ukungaqiniseki kujongene nocelomngeni. Ukutshona kwencam yomhlaba kwenza ukuqiniseka okunzulu kwe-bipartis kube nzima phantse ukufezekisa iimfuno zomongameli. Imfuno ezimbini eziziisithathu ezakha zaqinisekisa ukuba zisemthethweni zidala ngoku kufutshane ne-immuni. Kodwa izicelo zokulungisa inkqubo yemida encinci, ukuseka imigangatho ecacileyo, ukongeza uhlolo lwezahlulelo. "/* zenza iingxaki zabo kwaye azinandlela zichanekileyo yokufumana imvume."

Mhlawumbi ixabiso lokwenyaniso lokungagunyaziswanga lixhomekeke kushenxiso olunempumelelo kodwa ebukhoni bayo njengendlela esemthethweni. Inokwenzeka nje yokungagunyaziswa ingathintela ukuxhatshazwa okuthile. Le nkqubo ngokwayo. /i-accapican, iindlebe, ingxoxo kawonke-wonke . "iyakwazi ukubhenca ukuziphatha okubi, ukukhuthaza inkcaso, kwaye icebise amagosa ukuba ayakhululwa. Yaye ukungaqululeki kunika isikhundla somthetho-siseko sezenzo ezinzulu zentengiso ezingentla.

Kubemi, ukuqonda kuthetha ukuwaqonda amandla abo kunye nemida yabo. Asisiso isixhobo sokususa abezobupolitika abangakuthandiyo okanye inkqubo engcwele ngaphezu kokuqwalaselwa kwezobupolitika. Sisisicombululo sezopolitiko seengxaki zezobupolitika, ukulwa, ukulwa, nokunyanzeleka ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yethu yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Njengokuba inqaku lomGaqo-siseko weSizwe [ libonisa inkolelo yoMseki yokuba umGaqo-siseko kuphela awunako ukukhusela idemokhrasi. Baqonda ukuba akukho nkqubo yemithetho, nokuba imiselwe kakuhle, enokusebenza ngaphandle kweenkokeli zokholo olulungileyo nabemi abafuna uxanduva. Ukuqulunqe lugwebo lwezopolitiko oluyenziwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, wona ngokwawo amele aphendule.

Ngengqiqo leyo, ukufaneleka komthetho kuxhomekeke kumgangatho ophantsi kunakunyuselwa kwedemokhrasi. Uluntu olunolwazi oluyiqondayo inkqubo, lulinganisa ubungqina, luze lubeke abameli abaza kuphendula kwityala lokwenza uvavanyo olusebenzayo kumandla. Uluntu olungaququzeleliyo olujonga ukukhutshwa ngelensi epheleleyo luvumela inkqubo ukuba ibe sisixhobo sezobupolitika okanye imiqondiso engenamazinyo.

Inkqubo yokungagqibeki iyahlala ihleli ngenxa yokuba, kuzo zonke iimpazamo zayo, imele into ebalulekileyo: umgaqo wokuba eMelika, akukho mntu, okanye umongameli (*) ungaphezulu komthetho. Ukuba lo mgaqo uxhomekeke kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko kuphela kodwa kwisibopho esiqhubekayo sabemi kunye nabameli babo ukuyenza. Ukuqonda ukungagqibeleli linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni le nkqubo enamandla yesiseko enenjongo yawo: ukukhusela idemokhrasi kwabo bayisebenzisa kakubi.