Isibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe Namalungelo Onawo Namhlanje

Isibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko, esamkelwa ngokusemthethweni yiContinental Congress ngoJulayi 4, 1776, simi njengenye yezi ziphumo eziphambili zamaxwebhu ezobupolitika kwimbali yoluntu. Nangona injongo yaso yayikukuthethelela ukwahlukana kwamathanga aseMerika kulawulo lwamaBritane, iSindululo sachaza isiseko semigaqo-siseko jikelele ngenkululeko yomntu kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente eqhubeka ibumba ulungele ulawulo lwelizwe lomthetho le-United States kunye nemibutho ekhuthaza inkululeko ehlabathini lonke. Kude kukude ekubeni ingummiselo otshixiweyo otshixiweyo we-Imyuziyamyuziyam, iingcamango ezingundoqo zamalungelo angarhoxiweyo norhulumente ngokuvuma urhulumente ohlala ulawula amalungelo afanelekileyo nokukhuselwayo.

Eli nqaku lihlola intanda-bulumko yesiseko sozindululo, lilandelela indlela le migaqo eyayanyaniswa ngayo kumGaqo-siseko nakwiBhili yamaLungelo, kwaye lihlola amalungelo athile amaMelika akhoyo namhlanje asuka kumbono wenguquko yoxwebhu. Ukuqonda olu luhlu lwezahlulo kukhanyisa kungekuphela apho luvela khona amalungelo ethu kodwa kwanokokuba kutheni ehlala efanelekile ukukhusela.

Isiseko Semfundiso Yesi Sibhengezo

ISibhengezo se-Implation asikayilanga ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo ukususela ekukrazukeni. Ababhali bayo, ngokuyintloko uThomas Jefferson, basebenzisa iingcamango zeenkcuba - buchopho zoluNqaba, njengoJohn Locke, owathi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo akhoyo ngaphambi nangaphandle korhulumente. Oko iSindululo sasikunika le migaqo yentanda-ntanda-bulumko engekho ngqiqweni, intetho enamandla, ecacileyo yezobupolitika.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nesivumelwano Sentlalo

Indinyana edumileyo yesibhengezo — Sizigqala ezi nyaniso zicacile, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa balingana, ukuba banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakususwa, aphakathi kwezi buBomi, iNkululeko kunye nokusukela ulonwabo — yenza amatyala amabini anzulu. Okokuqala, amalungelo awanikwanga oorhulumente okanye ookumkani; azalwa ngokobuqu bomntu. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba la malungelo alinganayo , angenakubikho urhulumente ongenakuwasusa ngokufanelekileyo. Ibinzana elithi "Uluyintabalala oluzenzekelayo lolonwabo" lalikumgangatho othelekelelwayo womntu olungileyo, olingana nombono ophezulu womntu.

Lo mhlathi ukwamisa inkqubo yesivumelwano soluntu esisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwabantu ukhuseleko la malungelo, afumana amandla abo asesikweni ukusuka ku imvume elawulwayo [. Xa urhulumente etshabalalisa esi siphelo, abantu banelungelo lokuyiguqula okanye ukuyiphelisa. Oku kwakungeyiyo nje intetho yenguquko; kwaqiqatshelwa ngenyameko ukuba ukufaneleka kukarhulumente kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo akhe.

Injongo Karhulumente

Isindululo siguqula ulwalamano olungokwesithethe phakathi kwesizwe nomntu ngamnye. Kwimizekelo emidala yokulawula, imibandela ekufuneka inyaniseke kumlawuli, lowo naye anokuthi anike amalungelo athile. Isindululo sigxininisa ukuba urhulumente ukho ukuze akhonze abantu, hayi enye indlela ejikelezayo. Lo mgaqo — ukuba urhulumente sisixhobo sokukhusela amalungelo, kungekhona umthombo wamalungelo ngokwawo — yisiseko sengcinga yezopolitiko yaseMerika kwaye uye wakhankanywa ngemibutho emininzi efuna ukuphakamisa urhulumente kwinjongo yakhe echaziwe.

Ungafunda umbhalo opheleleyo weSibhengezo senkululeko kwi webhsayithi yogcino-lwazi yoloMhla.

Ukusuka kwisibhengezo ukuya kumGaqo-siseko: Isakhelo soMgaqo-siseko

Imigaqo yesindululo yayiyintelekelelo, yayinganyanzelisi ngokomthetho. Ayikwazanga ukunyanzeliswa enkundleni yomthetho. Umsebenzi wokuguqulela loo migaqo kwimigaqo ekukhuselweni ngokunyanzelekileyo wawela kumGaqo-siseko, wabhaliswa ngo-1787, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791. Olu tshintsho lusuka kwintelekelelo yentanda-ntandabulumko luye kumthetho wemithetho-siseko lunika iingcamango zeSindululo eziqinileyo, ezisebenzayo kubomi bakho namhlanje.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zoMgaqo-siseko, ezazisaziwa njengeSigqeba saMalungelo, zazinenjongo ecacileyo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye eyayivakaliswe yiSindululo. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengawathembi amalungelo, wakubona kuyimfuneko ukuzalisekisa isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko. IsiHlanziso sokuqala sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, ucinezele, indibano, kunye nesibongozo — konke okubalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kolonwabo nasekugcineni urhulumente ekuba necala. Umkhosi wesine weSindululo nxamnye nokuphengululo esingaqiqiqi, ukukhusela ilungelo lokungagobeki. IsiHlulo sesihlanu neseSithandathu siqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, sibonakalisa inkxalabo yomthetho karhulumente osisigwebo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi kumazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, oorhulumente bamazwe babenokuphazamisa amalungelo avakaliswe ukuba akanakususwa. Isindululo salo msantsa asizukufumaneka de kube emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya.

ISihlaziyo Se - 14 Nomanyano

IsiHlanziso se-14 seSindululo, esagunyaziswa ngo1868, sasiyisiseko sesibini esalungisa ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo yeSindululo nomthetho waseMelika. I- Imodetie Procession Claus — Akukho Rhulumente izakuhlutha nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho — kunye neSikhuseli-Equali seSindululo u-Clasme [ ngqo. Kwinkulungwane elandelayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa uGaliseko lwe-14 lokuHlulisa, okanye ukuphatha, uninzi lweenkqubo zomthetho ezichasene namagunya.

Le nkqubo yokuqukumbela yayithetha ukuba ummi waseKhalifoniya wayenokubiza ukhuseleko olufanayo loMphetho wokuqala ekuchaseni ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni njengommi waseNew York njengonokwahlula inyathelo lorhulumente. Umbono weSindululo wamalungelo azweni lonke, angaphambukeli ngokuthe ngcembe wenziwa wafezeka kulo lonke ilizwe. Namhlanje, phantse lonke ilungelo elikwiBhili yamaLungelo lisebenza kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, isakhiwo esisemthethweni esihamba ngqo ukusuka kwimigaqo yeSindululo.

Amalungelo Anamhlanje Asekelwe Kwesi Sibhengezo

La malungelo alandelayo, owenzayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, awangomalungelo nje angokwesithethe anokuthi iBhunga liyinyanzelise ngokuthanda kwayo. Asekelwe ngokunzulu kumgaqo-siseko wokuba isindululo siphefumlelwe, kwaye anandipha ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluqinileyo ngenxa yokuba aqondwa njengangundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

ISinyuso Sokuqala siyayalela ukwenza nawuphi na umthetho ubekelwe umda inkululeko yokuthetha. Olu khuselo ludlulela ngaphaya kwamazwi athethwayo ukuya kwintetho ebhaliweyo, imisebenzi yobugcisa, izenzo zokomfuziselo ezinjengokutshisa iflegi, kwaneentlobo ezithile zephulo (njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibekwe kwi]] IsiCizens United v. FFEC). ISindululo sigxininisa ekulaleni kwelungelo labantu lokuguqula urhulumente wabo ngokusengqiqweni sifuna inkululeko yokugxeka loo rhulumente ngokuphandle. Inkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba kwanentetho erhabayo okanye engathandwayo ikhuselwe, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente akanakuthenjwa kwisigqibo sokukhetha oko kwamkelekileyo.

Eli lungelo liye lasetyenziswa nxamnye namazwana nge-14 uMphetho-mvakalo ukususela Gitlow v. New York (1925). Namhlanje, unelungelo lokugxeka amagosa kawonke-wonke, ukuxhasa utshintsho lwezopolitiko, ukuvakalisa iimbono ezingathandwayo, kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwintetho kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kolawulo lukarhulumente, uthotyelwe kuphela ngokumxinwa olufana nokhuthazo olusondeleyo logonyamelo, ukuhlabhiyo, kunye nehlazo olubiweyo. Ukutshona nzulu kukhuseleko Lokuqala, [[FLTLT:] ACLU] izibonelelo zenkululeko yokuthetha yasimahla.

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Igama elithi "privracy" aliveli kumGaqo-siseko. Kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yalamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela ngokwayo elisuka kwipeumbras ehambayo yemiqathango emininzi, kuquka eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, neye-NT. Gristolwlv. Connecticut[[[FLT:] [1965]] [1965], iNkuNkuvo yawisa umthetho ovala ukusetyenziswa kokunqanda ukunqanda ukubhalisa, ibambe ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ukhusele icandelo lobuqu apho urhulumente ungenakungeneka. [[FLT]] v [FLT]., ngoko kuvuse inguqulelk'iiiiwiso kwicala eliyinene lomthetho wokukhupha ipasa, nangona ukukhulelwa [flgne] [fk'upt organt], i-Ansgnomed with.[2], ngoko itshondla ithetha ukuba i-

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ilungelo lakho lokuzimela ukungabikho komntu ozimeleyo nxamnye nokuphanda nokuxhuzula kukarhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sokuphendla ikhaya lakho okanye izixhobo zakho ze-elektroniki. Ulindele ukuba izinto zakho, nempahla yakho, kunye novimba wakho. Isindululo sinyanzelisa ukuba urhulumente ahlonele amalungelo abantu ngabanye anika izikhuseli zentandabulumko eziyimfihlo. Ukuba amalungelo akho angenakungena mvume, amandla karhulumente okungena kuzo kufuneka alinganiselwe kwaye athetheleleke.

Ilungelo Lokwenza Imisebenzi Nenxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Umgaqo weSindululo wokwamkela abalawulwayo uthetha ilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni abo balawulayo. UMgaqo-siseko wasekuqaleni washiya iimfaneleko zokuvota ubukhulu becala kumazwe, kodwa uthotho lweziphene luye lwanweba ngokuqhubekayo umgangatho wempumlo. UMthetho we-15th Amendment (1870) walwalela ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti. UMthetho we-19959) wavula ivoti kumabhinqa. UMthetho wama-24 weSinyuso-1964) waphelisa irhafu yovota. Uphengululo lwama-26(6) wanciphisa iminyaka yobudala ukuya kwi 18.

Namhlanje, ummi ngamnye oneminyaka engaphezu kwe-18 ubudala unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuvota, phantsi kwemimiselo engoondilele, engeyoyayahluleli-mthetho enjengeemfuno ezifanelekileyo zobhaliso kunye nemithetho yokuhlala. Le yindlela eluncedo yokusebenza apho umbono weSindululo sorhulumente ngemvume isebenza. Ngaphandle kwevoti, ilungelo lokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa urhulumente otshabalalisayo liza kuba lidinga elingenanjongo. Ukukhusela eli lungelo kuhlala kungumzabalazo oqhubekayo, njengokuba impikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID yovoti, i-gerrydering, kunye nokufikelela kwindawo zokuqokelela kubonisa.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

ISindululo soluvo lokuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana sinikwa amandla asemthethweni nguMgaqo-nkqubo we-14 olingana noKhuselo luka-Claus. Eli binzana likwalela ukukhanyela nabani na ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike oku ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngesandla esivulekileyo kwaye ezinye iinkalo — ingakumbi uhlanga, unqulo, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe — zifanele zihlolwe ngokungqongqo, ithetha ukuba urhulumente umele abe nesizathu esinyanzeleka nayiphi na imithetho kwaye asebenzise iindlela ezincinane ezikhoyo.

Lo mgaqo ubuyisiseko esisemthethweni sophawulo loloyiso lwamalungelo abantu [[FLT: 1]

  • [FLT][FOLT]bn v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) iphele ucalulo olusemthethweni lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibhukuqa imfundiso eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo.
  • UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 walwalela ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) iqinisekisa izibini ezikwanye-ubuxhuzula ilungelo lokutshata kwilizwe lonke, ibambe ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo phantsi koMphetho-mva-phambili we-14.
  • ITitle IX yeZigqibo zemfundo zowe-1972 yalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiintlawulo zokufundisa ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali yezwe.

Umgaqo osemthethweni wokukhusela okulinganayo uthetha ukuba imithetho kufuneka isebenze kumntu wonke ngokulinganayo, kwaye urhulumente kufuneka abe nobulungisa obunamandla bokuphatha abantu ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe koko bakuko. Le yimbonakaliso engqalileyo yentetho epheleleyo yeSindululo yokuba akukho mntu ungaphantsi komnye ngokwemvelo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISiHlayisho sokuqala siqulethe iindidi ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zenkululeko yonqulo: uSindululo sikaClaus, esithintela urhulumente ekusekeni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ekukhetheni olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye, kunye neFree Execle Claus, ekhusela ilungelo lakho lokuqhelisela unqulo lwakho ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente. Zombini ezi ngxelo zibonisa ukuqonda kweSindululo ukuba amalungelo athile awamkeleki ngenxa yokuba anikwe nguMdali [ — nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkolelo yonqulo nesazela zingaphaya kwamandla karhulumente.

Unelungelo lokunqula ngokwesazela sakho, ukutshintsha unqulo lwakho, ukuvakalisa iinkolelo zakho zonqulo esidlangalaleni, nokunganyanzeliswa ngurhulumente kwimicimbi yokholo. IReligious Freedom Reformation Act (1993) ngokubhekele phaya isomeleza olu khuseleko ngokufuna ukuba kwanemithetho esetyenziswayo ifanele ilungelelanise imigaqo yonqulo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye asebenzise iindlela ezingqongqo. Esi siseko somthetho asikhuseli nje kuphela iinkonzo eziphambili kodwa kwaneenkolo ezimbalwa, sizalisekisa isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko senkululeko elinganayo kubo bonke abantu.

Inkululeko Yezoqoqosho Namalungelo Empahla

Isindululo saquke ntlandlolo "indawo entle" kuluhlu lwaso lwamalungelo angaphambukeli phambi kokuba uJefferson athathe indawo "ofunxa ulonwabo". Noko ke, amalungelo empahla afakwe ngokunzulu kumgaqo-siseko. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu soMthetho sithintela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla yakhe yobuqu ukuze asetyenziswe nguwonke wonke ngaphandle kwembuyiselo nje. I-ST Procession Claus yeSigqibo sesihlanu nese-14 ikhusela ilungelo lakho lokusebenzisa nokunandipha impahla yakho ngaphandle kokugxambuzela komthetho.

Ilungelo lakho lokuba nempahla, ukungena kwizivumelwano, ukusukela urhwebo okanye umsebenzi, nokugcina iziqhamo zomsebenzi wakho konke kusekelwe kumbono weSindululo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iqaphele ilungelo elisisiseko lokufumana ubomi obukhululekileyo kwimiqathango karhulumente engenangqiqo, nangona imimiselo yezoqoqosho idla ngokujongwa phantsi komgangatho obekekileyo kunaleyo ichaphazela inkululeko esisiseko. Uxinezeleko phakathi komthetho karhulumente nenkululeko yezoqoqosho luhlala lungumba ophilayo kumthetho waseMelika, ngemigaqo yeSindululo ecelwa kuzo zombini iingxubusho.

Impembelelo yomhlaba wonke yamalungelo abantu yesibhengezo

Impembelelo yeSindululo se-Independence yandisa ngaphaya kwemida yase-U.S. ulwimi lwaso kunye nemigaqo yaso yaphembelela ngokuthe ngqo i Isibhengezo sase French samaLungelo oMntu nowaMasipala [1] [1] [1] kwaye, kwinkulungwane yama-20, i- Isindululo soMdali-Mgaqo-mthetho wamalungelo abantu [[[FLT:]] [1988], owamkelwa yiZizwe ezimanyeneyo. ISigqibo 1 soMgaqo-siseko somhlaba wonke ufunda oku: "Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngamalungelo namalungelo." Oku kusisandi esithe ngqo senyaniso yokuziphumeza koomphambili.

Isiqinisekiso soluvo lokuba amalungelo azuzwe njengelifa nakuluntu lonke, angaxhomekekanga kubemi okanye kwimvume karhulumente, siye sanika isiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho samalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Sichaziwe yimibutho echasene namalungelo abantu, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, abaxhasi bedemokhrasi, nabakhuseli bamalungelo abantu kwimimandla yonke yomhlaba. Ngoxa i-United States ingasoloko iphila ngokweemfuno zayo ezisungulweyo, iingcamango ngokwazo zingqineka ziqinile kwaye zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Ungathelekisa iSindululo sase-U.S. neSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo oLuntu kwi-webhsayithi yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ucelomngeni Nokufuduka Kwenkqubo Yenkqubo Yemvelo

Amalungelo onawo namhlanje awahambelani. Azikho ngemveliso yeenkulungwane zokulwa, ukutolika, kunye nolwandiso. Imigaqo yesindululo iye yacelwa ukucelw'ucelomngeni lobukhoboka, ukunyanzelisa amabhinqa, ukukhusela amalungelo empangelo, ukukhusela abaphambukeli neembacu, nokukhuthaza ukulingana komtshato. Kodwa kwanemigaqo efanayo iye yasetyenziswa ukukhusela ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, amalungelo empahla ngokuchasene nomthetho, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokuchasene neemfuno zempilo kawonke wonke.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ebalaselisa indlela yokuphila yelifa leSindululo:

  • Umlinganiselo wobumfiliba ngexesha lamanani: Ukukhusela kwesine Sonyuso kusebenza njani kugcino-lwazi olugcinwe efini, i-metameter eqokelelwe ngamaqumrhu obulumko, okanye ukuhlolwa kwe-biometric?
  • Intetho yenkululeko kumajelo eendaba: Ingaba uHlaziyo lokuqala lufuna iqonga ukulungiselela lonke uthetha, okanye ngaba iinkampani zabucala zinelungelo lokufumana ulwaneliseko oluphakathi njengoko zibona lufanelekile?
  • Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kunye nokungalingani kwezakhiwo: Ingaba uKhuselo olulinganayo lufuna ukulingana okusesikweni phantsi komthetho, okanye ngaba lufuna amanyathelo asebenzayo ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwembali?
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amalungelo apheleleyo kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo: Uphi umgca phakathi komthetho osemthethweni wokusebenzisa umhlaba kunye nokuthatha izinto zobucala?

Le mibuzo asiyomibuzo nje yemfundo. Iinkundla, iintlanga, iintsebenziswano nabemi ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nabo, kwaye amalungelo akho aza kuphenjelelwa ziimpendulo. Ukuqonda imigaqo yesindululo kukunika izixhobo zobulumko zokuba ubendakanyeke kwezi ngxoxo nokunyanzelisa ukuba nasiphi na isenzo sikarhulumente sigwetyelwe ngokunxulumene okucacileyo nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo: Oko La Malungelo Athetha Kuwe Namhlanje

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kubalulekile ekuwasebenziseni ngokunempumelelo. Nazi ezinye izinto eziluncedo ezisekelwe kwisakhelo sesindululo:

  • Unelungelo lokukhululeka ekuvalelweni ngokusemthethweni kukarhulumente. Umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo uthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakukukuvalela entolongweni ngaphandle kwenkqubo esesikweni esemthethweni. Ukuba ubanjiwe, unelungelo lokwazi izityholo, ukuhlala uthulile, nokuba negqwetha.
  • Ungagxeka urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezelela. IsiHlanzi sokuqala sikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuqhayisa, ukucela, nokuthetha ngokuchasene namagosa kawonke-wonke. Le yintetho engqalileyo yesibhengezo esithi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula urhulumente wabo.
  • Unelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela elinganayo phantsi komthetho. ucalucalulo olusekelwe kurhulumente olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe lungamkelekanga kumthetho-siseko. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukhatyiwe ukhuseleko olulinganayo, unobudlelane obusemthethweni.
  • Ikhaya lakho kunye nogcino-lwazi lwakho lukhuselwe ekufuneni okungekho ngqiqweni. Uhlaziyo lwesine lufuna amapolisa afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuphendla impahla yakho, ngaphandle kokuzimisela. Oku kukhusela kudlulela kwizixhobo ezininzi ze-elektroniki kunye neerekhodi zamanani.
  • Unelungelo lokuvota nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Oku akuquki kuphela ukujula ibhola kodwa kubandakanya nokubalekela iofisi, abaxhasi, kunye nokulungelelaniswa nabanye ukuxhasa utshintsho lwezobupolitika.

Umbono weSibhengezo asisiso isiqinisekiso sokuba la malungelo akasayi kuze asongelwe. Ngumgangatho apho inyathelo likarhulumente kufuneka lilinganiswe khona kwaye kucelwe ukuba lilumke kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Amalungelo onawo namhlanje akhuselwa ngabantu abawathabatha nzulu amazwi eSindululo kwaye bafuna ukuba urhulumente wabo aphile ngokuvisisana nawo.

Isiphelo

Isibhengezo soziNgqibo soPhuhliso singaphezulu kakhulu kolu xwebhu lwembali. Sintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika ephilayo eqhubeka ichaza ulwalamano phakathi komntu norhulumente eUnited States. Ukunyanzelisa kwayo amalungelo angaphambukeliyo, urhulumente ngemvume, nelungelo labantu lokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa urhulumente otshabalalisayo kusengunobangela wenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngokukhululekileyo ekufuneni okungekho ngqiqweni, ekuqinisekiseni ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwegunya lakho lokuvota, amalungelo owasebenzisayo namhlanje aweyo awenzelwe ukuchaza ngokungqalileyo imigaqo evakaliswe ngowe-1776.

Ukuqonda lo mnombo asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Kukuxhobisa ukuba wazi izisongelo zenkululeko yakho, ukuxhasa amalungelo abo bawakhanyeleyo, nokugcina urhulumente wakho emele aphendule kwinjongo yawo yokusekwa. Isithembiso sesi: Amalungelo akho asingowakho urhulumente — angokwemvelo. Umsebenzi wokuwagcina nokuwaphelelisa uwela kwisizukulwana ngasinye, kuquka nawe.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa ngendlela imigaqo yeSindululo etolikwa ngayo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye isetyenziswa kumthetho wangoku, iCornell Information Institute inika umphako obalaseleyo okhululekileyo kumthetho-siseko.