Ukwazisa: Umhlaba Ongumhlaba Othe Tye Osemthethweni Kuphando Lolwaphulo - mthetho Olubangelwa Yimiba Ebandayo

Amatyala ashushu-----active ahlala engalungiswanga emva kokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yomthetho yokuqala esetyenziswayo. Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo olutsha lwamapolisa amapolisa. Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo olutsha, amatyala abandayo asoloko efuna ukuphinda aphinde afumane ubungqina obungamashumi eminyaka akudala, ukufumana amangqina anezinkumbulo eziye zaphelelwa, nokusebenzisa ubuchule bezi mini kwizinto ezisemgangathweni ezisenokuba ziqokelelwe phantsi kwemigangatho esemthethweni yokuqala. Ukuphumelela kolu hlolisiso akuxhomekekanga kunikezelo lobugcisa obutsha kodwa kukwanokuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kwesiseko sobungqina obulawula ukuqokelelwa, ukukrokrala nokutshutshiswa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo esemthethweni, iimfuno-procculvel, kunye nocelomngeni oluvelayo olumele luye lwenze xa amapolisa ephinda ahlola iimeko ezibandayo.

Imbali Yokuguquka Kwezinto ZaseCase Charas Ezasemthethweni

Indlela esemthethweni yokusebenza kumatyala abandayo iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edluleyo. Kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-1920, amasebe amaninzi amapolisa ayengenawo amacandelo anikezelweyo angoonobangela ababandayo, kunye nemimiselo yokuvalwa kwetyala okungavumelekanga ukuba kubekwe ityala elinzulu kwi-DNA ekwiminyaka embalwa. Ukuvela kwe-DNA yokufumana iprofilifini kwiinkqubo ezintsha zobuGrandime (CODS) kunye nokudalwa kwemithetho elandelelanayo yeDNA edityanisiweyo (CIS) ngo-19989 yatshintsha umhlaba. Iinkundla zaqalisa ukuphendula imibuzo ebhaliweyo engomthetho emalunga nokungaqondakaliyo kobungqina obunzulu be-DNA, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kweenkqubo ezintsha, kunye nokuphengulula komthetho onyanzekileyo kwi-DNA. Ezi zimo-mthetho zinyanzelekile ukuba zihlaziswe ukuhla kwemitya-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa komthetho olwqeshorensile kamashumi eminyaka.

Namhlanje, lonke urhulumente unesakhiwo esivumela ukubekwa ityala ngokungekho mthethweni lokubulala kunye nezinye izenzo zogonyamelo ezinzulu, ngelixesha ii-fearon ezincinci zisenomda wexesha. Imali edityanisiweyo ngeSizwe seZiko lobulungisa (NIJ) ikhuthaze ukusekwa kwamacandelo afuna ukuphola kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho esesikweni esesikweni. Le ndaleko ibonisa umdla omkhulu wokuba abaphikisi baphendule, kwanaxa okusesikweni kubambeka, kwaye ukuqaphela ukuba iindlela zokuphengulula kufuneka ziqondwe ngokusemthethweni ukuze zimelane nolwazi olusemthethweni kwinkundla.

Imigaqo engokwasemthethweni elawula uphando lwetyala olungenazimvakalelo

Amapolisa asebupoliseni aseburhulumenteni kufuneka asebenze phakathi kwemida yomGaqo-siseko wase-United States, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, nomthetho-mthetho. Le migaqo ilandelayo isekelwe kuko nakuphi na ukuphanda okungacaciyo.

Ukukhuselwa Nokuphengululwa Kwesine

ISindululo sesine sikwalela ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Kwimeko ezibandayo, abaphengululi basoloko befuna iingxelo ezintsha zokukhangela. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo efuna ukuphendwa nokuphandwa, okanye izinto eziza kuthathwa. Ukuba ubungqina buqokelelwe ekuqaleni buqinisekiswe phantsi kwesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo, ubungqina bungaphinde buvavanywe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esitsha, ukuba ukuvavanywa akukwandiswanga umlinganiselo wokuqala. Kodwa ke, iinkundla zimele zibonise ukuba [FL: 0] inxalenye exexma i-af [FT] kunye nemiyalelo ekhoyo ye-DNAMT] ifuna intelekelelo ekhoyo, ngaphandle kokuba kuqinisekiswe intelekele ityala, i-emodensiti ekhoyo. [iiindlela ezithenjiweyo zikho ukusetyenziswa ngokungenakusetyenziswa.[3]

Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu nolungiso olunxamnye nokuziphikisa

Ityala elibandayo linikela umngcipheko ongakumbi wokwaphula amalungelo oMmiselo weNhlanu orhanelwayo, ingakumbi xa umkrokreli engakhunjuzwanga ngamalungelo akhe kwiminyaka emininzi. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba nakuphi na ukuncinwa kwemvume kwandulela ngokwazi nonobuchule [[FLT: 0]]] imanda[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[1]] iintelekiso [iiii-astyhefu]., intetho eyenziwa kumapolisa phambi kokuba akrokrelelwe yindawo yokugcinwa kodwa emva kokuba anikezele ekunene ukuba anikwe isiluleko. Inkundla ephakamileyo yetyala ayiphenduli. [[FFTLT]] [ft:]] [irt: 3] phambi kokuba i-FLTFT] ithenjiwe, ityala elithenjiswe ngokuthenjiweyo limele ukuba lihlale lingekho mvukelo. Umthetho othenjiweyo umele umele umlomo uthotho.[0]

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula Neemeko Zawo Ezikhethekileyo

Imiqathango yemiqathango yexesha lomthetho kukumiselwa kwemiqathango yemithetho yokuqalisa ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumacala anzima kakhulu, ``umrder', ukubulala, kwaye ngokufuthi andise ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini (okuninzi kwamazwe akanawo amatyala, avumela ukutshutshiswa nangaliphi na ixesha. Amanye amatyala, ixesha elilinganiselweyo lisuka kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwelishumi. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela “DNARENT” imithetho elawula ummiselo wemiqathango xa ubungqina beDNA ichaza ukukrokrazwa emva kokuba ixesha eliqhelekileyo liphelile. La malungiselelo amiselwe ixesha elide njengoko engaqhubeki ngendlela ephazamisa iEx Post Facto Claus. Ii-evation kufuneka ziqaphele ukulinganiselwa okuthe ngqo kwemiqatha emkhosini okanye enoba isebenzisa nayiphi na enye indlela engaqhelekanga.

Iimfuno zoBubhaliso ukuze kugcinwe ubungqina

Ukungaqiniseki kobungqina kwiityala ezingacaciyo ngokufuthi kujikela ekubeni abaphengululi bokuqala babelandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokuba ukuvavanya kwakhona okulandelayo kulondoloza itsheyina lokugcina umntwana.

Umbandela Wokugcina Umntwana Nokwenza Uxwebhu

Into nganye yobungqina obuphathekayo kufuneka ibekwe kusuka kwixesha eqokelelwe ngalo de iqaliswe ekulingweni. Kwimeko ezibandayo, itsheyina lokugcina umntwana lisenokuba nezithuba zeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka, ingakumbi ukuba ubungqina bugcinwe kwizixhobo ezingakhange zikhuseleke okanye bususwe kaninzi. Ingxilongo ithwala umthwalo wokuseka [[FLT:] umngcipheko ongaphaya kwengqondo] ukuba ubungqina abuzange butshitshitshiswe. Ukuhlangabezana nalo mthwalo, amapolisa amele asebenzise iindlela zokulinganisela izinto, agcine ii-okioki, kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, aqokelele ubungqina obuvela kwimithombo yokuqala. Ukuba umxokelelwano wokugcina intolongo wophukile, ubungqina bungakhutshwa phantsi kwemithetho efana noMthetho kaManyene woBubungqina 901.

Inkqubela Ephambili Nemigangatho Esemthethweni

Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa banamhlanje bobungcali bobungcali bobunyani obudala − njengokuvavanya iminwe, ukwenziwa kweminwe, kunye nohlalutyo lwemivo yamanani − kuvumelana nemigangatho yenzululwazi neyomthetho. I-daubert imigangatho (esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zelizwe neenkundla ezininzi zelizwe) ifuna ukuba ubungqina benzululwazi busekelwe kwimigaqo ethembekileyo kunye neendlela ezivavanyiweyo eziye zavavanywa kwaye zavavanywa ngokuhlola i-DNA. I-DNA, i-Umgangatho weSibonelo sobungangaqiniseki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-RBI kucekwa kwe-RC kucekwa-lukile kucekelwe phantsi. Kwimeko ezibandayo, ingqokelela yantlalo yemibanziwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kovavanyo olutsha okanye ukuvunywa kovavanyo kobudala.

Uphando Olukhulu Lwe Jury Neenkowa

Uphando olungenamsebenzi ludla ngokusebenzisa amatyala aphezulu abachopheli-tyala ukunyanzela ubungqina kunye nokuveliswa kwamaphepha okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo. Amandla amakhulu abachopheli-tyala abanzi ophando angasetyenziswa ukufumana iisampuli zeDNA kubantu abanomdla osuka kwi-buccal disbabs ukuba i-subpoena ayibaleki kakhulu, kwaye ayixhaswa zizizathu ezicacileyo. Imeko yelifa lesizwe kufuneka isebenze ngokusondeleyo nabatshutshisi begunyazisa ukumelana nomkhosi wezomkhosi [FOLT:] [FTP] [2] [FT] [3]. Iinkundla zixhase ii-DNA ezithi ezithi zifuna ukubonakala ziselukholo oluhle, aziphakalanga, kwaye azixhaswa ziingxelo zenteko ezingeyonyaniso. Ngokunjalo, unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nolufanele lusebenze kunye noluzwanolwazi loburhulumente lwasekuhlaleni loluntu, kunye neengxelo zezolwazi loluntu, kunye neengxelo zezentlalo-Actives.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Zibangelwa Yimilo Ebandayo

Ngaphandle kwemibandela esesikweni yomgaqo - siseko, uphando olungenazingcelele luphakamisa iingxaki eziliqela ezahlukileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ezifuna ukusingathwa ngenyameko.

Inkumbulo YamaNgqina Nelungelo Lokujamelana Neengxwabangxwaba

Emashumini eminyaka emva kolwaphulo-mthetho, amangqina asenokufa, angafumaneki, okanye abe neenkumbulo eziye zonakaliswa ziziganeko ezilawuliweyo. ISibheno sika-Claus seSithandathu So Amendment sidla ngokukwalela ukuvunywa kolwazi oluvakalayo ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa akafumaneki kwaye ummangalelwa ube nethuba langaphambili lokunqamla project à project. Kwimeko ezibandayo, iingxelo ezingaphambili ezisuka ngoku zisuka kumangqina athenjiweyo zinokuba zinokusetyenziswa kuphela ukuba zibekwe kwindawo ebhaqweni, ezinjengamathiweyo ezifayo okanye iingxelo ezichasene nenzala. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla i-Oficio . [[FLT.FLD:1] [2011][2011] ziqinisekisiwe ukuba umthetho owenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe iinjongo eziphambili zomthetho wokurhoxina. Ingxelo ze-Ampempeextioxtiesteroltiote

Amalungelo etyala akhawulezileyo kunye nokulibaziseka komthetho

ISithandathu IsiHlamlisi siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala okukhawulezileyo, kodwa eli lungelo lisoloko lincanyathiselwa kuphela emva kokuba kubekwe ityala elisemthethweni. Kwimeko ezibandayo, ukulibaziseka phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kusenokuba ngamashumi aliqela eminyaka. Ngoxa i-STIOMCTCLE Claus ingaba nomthetho wokulibaziseka ukuba ulibazisekile ukugwetywa kwaloo meko kubangele ukuba ityala libekho ngengozi kwaye libalulwe, iinkundla bezingathandi ukuphelisa amatyala, iinkundla bezingakucebisi ukumangalelwa ngetyala, kuba zingakwazi ukuphinda ziphele ngenxa yokubonisa ukuba ukulibaziseka kwexesha, imicimbi yaneleyo. I-Rhulumente kufuneka ichaze ukuba kutheni ukuba kuphinde kuphinde kuthathwe oko kuvavanywe, njengoko kumele kwenziwe ngokungxamise oku.

Impikiswano engokwasemthethweni nolawulo lobuhlanga

Amatyala abandayo asenokunqumla kwiimeko zikarhulumente, abandakanya ulawulo lwesizwe, okanye ukuthatha ityala lobuzwe olwenziwa kumazwe esizwe. Ngenxa yokuba amapolisa karhulumente anegunya elilinganiselweyo ngaphandle kwezwe lawo, ukusebenzisana namanye amaqumrhu kubalulekile. Imfundiso edibeneyo yolawulo ivumela ukuba urhulumente kunye norhulumente avume ukuchotshelwa ityala elifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Ngokunjalo, oku kuthetha ukuba ityala elibandayo kwilizwe lorhulumente (umz., ipaki yesizwe) lingabekwa lityala lize liqululwe libuthe nangumthetho we-U.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni Nezigqibo Eziphawulekayo

Izigqibo ezininzi zakutshanje zimisele umgaqo-siseko wophando oluqhelekileyo lwetyala lomqhaphu. Mitchell v. Wisconsin (2029), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi igazi elingenasiqinisekiso lifumaneka kumqhubi ongazi nto, lingumgaqo-mzikelo womgaqo-siseko phantsi kwe exesheni elingekhoyo. [2] [12])] Iimeko ezithe ngqo zeDNAMFOD, ixhomekeke kwingqokelela ye-DNA ebandayo engekho nto ikhoyo. [FT]

Imithetho ikwasebenza. Iimeko ezininzi zisandul' ukumisela imithetho enika imiqathango yokuhlaselwa ngokwesini kwaye zifuna ukuba ubungqina be-DNA bugcinwe ngexesha laso nasiphi na isigwebo. Abagcini-mthetho bamazwe bafuna ukuba amaziko okudlwengula agcinwe ubuncinane iminyaka engama-20. Amagosa karhulumente kufuneka ahlale ekho nezi mbopheleleko zisemthethweni zokuphepha ukulahlekelwa kwamalungelo abantu kwimimandla e-procedtura.

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu kumacandelo amapolisa angenaziphene

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni, abasemagunyeni bakarhulumente kufuneka baqhube ezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Gcina iAdvisory Conquest. Uphengululo ngalunye lwetyala olubandayo kufuneka luhlolisiswe ngummeli osemthethweni/umtshutshisi okanye icebiso elingokwamapolisa elisemthethweni," phambi kokuba kuthatyathwe naliphi na inyathelo elibonakalayo. Uluhlu lokuhlola kufuneka lugqume imvume, imvume, umxokelelwano welokugcina ityala, kunye nomthetho-62of [“imiqathango ye-pareji.62]
  • Sebenzisa amaqela oqeqesho oluphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa aphengululi, izazinzulu ze-onesi, kunye nabaququzeleli abasemthethweni banciphisa ubungozi bempazamo yeprocedveral. Iqela kufuneka lidibane rhoqo ukuphinda uhlaziyo lomthetho.
  • Uxwebhu imbali yophando. Umgca ochazayo wesizathu sokuba ityala libanda kwaye indlela elivuselelwe ngayo kufuneka lilungiselelwe inkundla. Oku kunceda ukuba kuxelwe ukuba lilibazise okanye libe nokholo olubi.
  • [[NTLA:0] Yenza ugcino lweDNA lobuBonelelo. bonke ubungqina bebhayoloji kufuneka bugcinwe kwindawo elawulwa yimozulu enolawulo olungqongqo. Ukuphinda kufakwe kufuneka kwenziwe kuphela ngokuvunywa ngumtshutshisi nasemva kokuqwalasela iziphumo eziyingozi.
  • Uqeqesho oluthe gqolo. uhlaziyo olusemthethweni olunxulumene noMiranda, uphengululo olungagunyaziswanga, kunye nemimiselo yemiqathango kufuneka ibe yeyomthetho kubo bonke abacuphi abakhama.

Ngokuthobela umthetho ngokunempumelelo nakuwo onke amacandelo ophando, amapolisa aseburhulumenteni angenza amatyala asebenzayo nangathintelekiyo nxamnye neengxaki ezingenakuthintelwa zomGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Ukwenziwa kwesiseko sophando lwamapolisa olusemthethweni kumatyala angenazintlu nolwaphulo-mthetho olungalungiswanga kukungacaciseki okuntsonkothileyo kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ukulinganiselwa komthetho-siseko, kunye nokupheliswa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo. Impumelelo ixhomekeke ekuqondeni okunzulu kwe-Gadimension yesine neyesihlanu, uxwebhu olunobuchule, kunye namandla okuqwalasela nokusingatha imibandela ekhethekileyo njengokunganikezeli nokungagqibeki. Njengoko inzululwazi yezomthetho iqhubeka ihambela phambili nanjengoko ukukhuphikwa kwemithetho emitsha yenkundla, amaziko amapolisa kufuneka ahlale ephakamile kwaye elungele ukumiswa kwemigaqo esemthethweni, kwaye abambelele kwimigaqo elungileyo, ayakwazi ukudlulisela okusesikweni kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo ngoxa exhasa amalungelo abo bonke ababandayo. [[FF] [5], i-U.[3]