Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu: IChernbook of American Thegional Rights

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sinye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Sivunyiwe ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, simisela imigaqo engundoqo ekhusela abemi ekuphathweni ngurhulumente kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba ngabasebenzi benkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho abasesikweni. //hhba ungummangalelwa, okanye ummi oxhalabisayo, okanye ngokumhlonela uMnyuselo wesihlanu ubalulekile. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamalungiselelo angundoqo, imvelaphi engokwembali, izicelo zale mihla, kunye neziphelo ezisebenzayo, likunika amandla okukhusela amalungelo akho.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sidla ngokushwankathelwa libinzana eliqhelekileyo "ukuyalela owesihlanu," kodwa ububanzi baso budlulela ngaphaya kwamalungelo okuthula. Siquka iingxelo ezintlanu ezahlukileyo ezithetha ngemiqathango emikhulu, iingozi eziphindiweyo, ukuzikhusela ngokwayo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nommandla obalulekileyo. Igalelo ngalinye linendima ekhethekileyo ekulinganiseleni amandla karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente ngokuchasene namalungelo abantu. Ngoxa ukupheliswa kwasekuqaleni kusetyenziswa kuphela kwizenzo zomthetho omkhulu, iNkundlalelo-Nkundla Ephakamileyo ifake inkoliso eninzi yokhuseleko lwayo kumazwe ngakuMmiselo wesine, isenza ikhuseli yehlabathi lonke.

Umbhalo Nemvelaphi Yembali YoMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo

Umbhalo opheleleyo weSihlaziyo sesihlanu ufundeka ngolu hlobo: "Akukho mntu uya kubanjwa ukuba aphendule ngekomkhulu, okanye ngenye indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho oludume kakubi, ngaphandle kokuba kunikelwe okanye kumangalelwa iJaji Enkulu, ngaphandle kokuba kuvele nakweyiphi na imeko ekhoyo kwilizwe okanye kwimikhosi yomkhosi wamanzi, okanye eMilitia, xa ekwinkonzo yokwenene ngexesha lemfazwe okanye kwingozi kawonke wonke; kwaye akukho namnye umntu ongayi kulawulwa ngenxa yetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye isiqobo; okanye angayi kunyanzelwa nakweyiphi nayiphi na imeko yezaphuli-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina, okanye ahluthwe ubomi, okanye impahla, engenayo, engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye engathatyalwanga, ngaphandle kwembulelo-ntle."

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo Wembali NesiNgesi

Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu aluzange luvele kwingingqi ye-Ngilani. Iingcambu zalo zibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi kunye nomzabalazo owexesha elide nxamnye nokungavumelani nolawulo lwasebukhosini. Umthetho ofanelekileyo ngokuchasene nokuzimela ngokwawo, umzekelo, waqala njengentsabelo kwizenzo zocinezelo zeCentre yeNkcubeko yenkwenkwezi nezobufundisi kwiinkundla zeli-17-shumi elinesishiyali, apho abantu babenyanzelelwa ukuba benze isifungo kwaye baphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuba bayazi izityholo zabo. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo efunekayo ichaza iMagna Carta ye1215, eyaqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo uya kuthi abhaqwe okanye avanjwe... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalinganayo okanye umthetho welizwe lakhe."

Abenzi bamarhamncwa baseMerika baphatha ezi zithethe zomthetho kunye nabo, yaye emva kokufumana inkululeko, bagxininisa kwimigaqo-siseko ecacileyo yokukhusela kwiintlobo zokuxhatshazwa ababekufumene phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane. UJames Madison, owayalela iBhili yamaLungelo, wathabatha kakhulu kwimizekelo yamalungelo esiNgesi kunye nezindululo zikarhulumente zamalungelo okuyila uHlaziyo lwesihlanu. Isiphumo saba yisethi ecwangciselwe ukukhusela urhulumente wesizwe ekusebenziseni amandla akhe ukunyanzela ukuvuma izono, ukuhlasela abemi ngokuphindiselana ngemi, okanye ukukhupha impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo elungileyo.

OonoNombolo Abahlanu: Ingongoma Eshwankatheloni

Ukusiqonda ngokupheleleyo isiHlanzi seNhlanu, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa icandelo ngalinye lamagama alo ahlanu ngokwahlukeneyo:

  • [[NTL:0] Omkhulu uJury Claus: Ufuna ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lukarhulumente, eqinisekisa ukuba iqela labemi lihlola ubungqina phambi kokuba umntu anyanzeleke ukuba amelane netyala elikhulu okanye ityala elidume kakubi.
  • [[NTL:0] Umbane we-oparty Claus: uveza umntu ukuba angazanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, ukuthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi ubuncwane bakhe obuphezulu ukukhathaza abantu ngokuphinda-phinda.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwabelana nge-Incrime Claus: kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu onyanzelekayo nakweyiphi imeko yezaphuli-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye," esisisiseko somgaqo-siseko sokuba ilungelo lihlale lithule.
  • Imodeli Yocwangciso ka Claus: Ivumela urhulumente ukuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo zobulungisa nezimiselwe ngokomthetho.
  • inika u-Claus: Ibonelela ukuba impahla yabucala ayizukuthathwa ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke ngaphandle kwembuyiselo nje, esisiseko somthetho wommandla ophezulu.

Ukhuseleko Oluyintloko Lohlaziyo Lwesihlanu Kwinkcukacha

Ngelixesha la manani ahlanu ebalulekile, ukhuseleko ekuzifakeni, iingozi eziphindiweyo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efunekayo zezona zixhaphakileyo kwiingxoxo zomthetho zemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda ezi nqanamkelo ngobunzulu kungakunceda uqonde xa amalungelo akho esengozini.

Ukuzichasa Okulungileyo Ngokuchasene Nokuziphikisa: Okungaphezulu Kokuthula Nje

Igalelo lokuzithethelela ngokwalo mhlawumbi lelona lidumileyo lelungiselelo loMphetho-mvakalo wesihlanu. Likhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba banikele ubungqina, ukuvuma, okanye ngenye indlela, ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa ukumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Eli lungelo alisebenzi nje ekunikeleni ubungqina kodwa lisebenza nakwimveliso enyanzelekileyo yamaxwebhu, iirekhodi, okanye obunye ubungqina obucacileyo obunelungu elibalulekileyo. Noko ke, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukhuseleko lusebenza kuphela [[[FLT: 0] umlomo . Iingxelo. Ukuba umntu uthetha okanye ubhala into ecacileyo, isiHlahlo-mthetho ayiwuthinteli urhulumente ekusebenziseni obo bungqina.

Ilungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela lidlulela nakweliphi na icandelo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukuncinwa kwamapolisa, iinkundla ezinkulu zabachopheli-tyala, kunye nezilingo. Likwasebenza nakwityala lasekuhlaleni ukuba ubungqina bunokubhenca umntu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ingqina elikwiqumrhu loluntu lingala ukuphendula umbuzo ukuba impendulo isenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elizayo. Noko ke, ilungelo lixhomekeke kumntu ngamnye; alinakubhenela komnye umntu okanye kwintlangano.

Omnye umqathango obalulekileyo ngowokuba uMphetho wesihlanu awumkhuseli umntu ekunyanzelweni ukuba avelise ubungqina obuphathekayo, obufana novavanyo lwegazi, iminwe, okanye i-DNA candabs, ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zigqalwa njengezingabonisi xabiso kwindalo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakholelwa ukuba zisebenza njengokulungiselela isampuli yombhalo okanye ukuma kumgca ongabufanelekeli ubungqina, ngoko ke azigutyungelwanga lilungelo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwingozi Ephindwe Kabini: Ukugqibela Kukutshutshiswa Kwabesaphuli - mthetho

Ingxelo yengozi ephindwe kabini ithintela urhulumente ekuzameni umntu kabini ukuba afumane isono esinye emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni. Oku kukhusela kufeza iinjongo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo: kulondoloza isiphelo somgwebo, kuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bakhe obuphezulu ukukonakalisa ummangalelwa kwiimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo, kwaye kukhusela abantu kwiimeko ezingokweemvakalelo nezemali zokumangalelwa ngezenzo ezifanayo.

Ingozi ephindwe kabini incanyathiselwa kwimiba eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kuhlobo lokuqhubeka. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, imposiso idityaniswa xa ityala lejaji libekwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye lifungqwa. Kwityala lebhentshi, lincanyathiselwa xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe. Xa ingozi idibene, ummangalelwa akanakuphinda abekwe esichengeni esifanayo ngokulandela ityala eligwetyiweyo, nokuba ubungqina obutsha buvele. Noko ke, ukuba ukulingwa kuphele kwityala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa yesohlwayo esixhotyiweyo okanye imfuneko ecacileyo, ityala eliphinda kabini lingavunyelwanga kulahleko kwemi, imicimbi yolawulo, okanye ukumangalelwa koorhulumente abahlukeneyo (abasemthethweni norhulumente), ithetha ukuba umntu ujongene imeko kunye netyala efanayo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwacacisa ukuba ingozi ephindwe kabini ikhusela kuphela kwisohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Ukuba isenzo esinye sichasene nemithetho emininzi, ummangalelwa angabanjwa aze agwetywe ngetyala ngalinye elingafaniyo phantsi kovavanyo "lomnqakathi," elihlola ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bento enye engachananga.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo KaClaus: Ukuthembeka Okusisiseko

Igalelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo yeSihlalo soHlaziyo seNkqutyana lilelona siseko lemithetho yeZigwebo zaseMelika. Ifuna ukuba urhulumente wesizwe alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Inkqubo efunekayo iquka imilinganiso yemiqathango yemiqathango kunye neyokungalinganisi:

  • Inkqubo efunekayo engokwenyani inika imiyalelo yesaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe isenzo esingalunganga. Umzekelo, umntu ojamelene nokupheliswa kweenzuzo zikarhulumente unelungelo lokuchotshelwa, kwaye ummangalelwa wesaphuli-mthetho kufuneka afumane ukuvavanywa okusesikweni ngamalungelo okunika ubungqina kunye namangqina okunqamleza i-examine.
  • Inkqubo efunekayo ekhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni korhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ziyalandelwa. Oku kuquka amalungelo afana nomtshato, ubuzali, kunye nokuzilawula komzimba. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo encinci efunekayo ukubetha imithetho ephazamisa ngokungqongqo ezi nkululeko zibambeke ngokunzulu.

Inkqubo efanelekileyo ikwasisiseko somthetho wokuzikhulula, othi ngokuqhelekileyo uthintele ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko omntu. Nangona umthetho wokuzikhulula uqheleke kakhulu ngokunxulumene noMmiselo wesine, ukwasebenza nakukwaphulwa kweNkqutyana yeSihlanu, njengamazwi afunyanwa ngeendlela zokuncina imbambano.

Isicelo Kwinkqubela Yale Mihla Engokwasemthethweni

UHlomelo lwesihlanu asingomthetho othelekelelwayo wembali; ngumgaqo ophilayo ongomthetho osetyenziswa ziinkundla ukutolika nokusebenzisa yonke imihla. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunokukunceda ulawule iinkxalabo zeli hlabathi kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nenkqubo yokugweba.

Amalungelo EMiranda Nokungenelela Kwamapolisa

Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo komtyaba wokuzidibanisela ngokwawo yimfuneko yokuba amapolisa afunde amalungelo awo eMiranda phambi kokuncinwa kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana. Kwimeko yomqondiso ka-1966 imanda v. IArizona[, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni umtshutshisi akanakusebenzisa iingxelo ezenziwe ngexesha lokuncinwa kwetyala ngaphandle kokuba ukrokrelelwe kuqala ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala ethule kunye nelungelo labo kwigqwetha. Esi sigqibo sasisekelwe ngqo kwiSigwebo soMmiselo weFindhla-si.

UMenda kufuneka anikwe izilumkiso naninina umntu eselugcinweni (ngokokuba akakhululekilenga ukuhamba) kwaye amapolisa azimisele ukubuza. Izilumkiso ngokwawo azifuneki ukuba zilandele iskripti esithile, kodwa kufuneka zidlulisele amalungelo abalulekileyo: ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, isibakala sokuba nantoni na umntu ayithethayo isenokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nazo enkundleni, ilungelo lokunikwa igqwetha, kwanelungelo lokutyunjwa ligqwetha ukuba angakwazi ukulithenga.

Ukuba amapolisa akakwazi ukulumkisa uMranda nokufumana iingxelo ezibamba ityala, ezo ngxelo azinakuthenjwa kwityala lomtshutshisi-ntloko. Noko ke, zisenokusetyenziselwa iinjongo zokunganikezeli ukuba ummangalelwa ukhetha ukungqina. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amalungelo eMiranda anokurhoxiswa, kodwa umkhafuli makabeno, abenobulumko, kwaye afanele abonakale ngokuzithandela. Iinkundla zijonga ukuphelela kweemeko, kuquka iminyaka yokukrokreqwa, imfundo, kunye nemeko yengqondo, ukufumanisa ukuba amalungelo asemthethweni anokurhoxiswa.

Ukucela IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Enkundleni Naxa Kuphandwa

Abantu bangabiza amalungelo abo oMphengululo weSihlanu nangaliphi na ixesha ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo okanye uphando. Ukucela ilungelo ngokuchasene nokuziphikisa, umntu kufuneka ayichaze ngokucacileyo injongo yakhe yokuthula. Ukuhlala nje ezolile akwanele; iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi umntu umele "acinezele" ilungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko lwayo olupheleleyo. Umzekelo, ingqina elibizelwa ukunikela ubungqina phambi kwengqwangangqwayingqyi entloko kufuneka ilahle imbono ecacileyo yokuphendula ngemimiselo yeFind Amend, okanye basenokudelwa.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo elipheleleyo lokungangqini, kwaye ityala alinakuthetha ngokuzola kommangalelwa okanye alisebenzise njengobungqina betyala. Abachopheli betyala bayalelwa ukuba bangathathi nxaxheba kwisigqibo sommangalelwa sokungathethi. Kukho amangqina ngaphandle kommangalelwa, acela uMphendu wesihlanu unzima ngakumbi. Ukuba ingqina alivumi ukuphendula imibuzo, banganikwa ukhuseleko ekutshintshisaniseni ngebungqina babo, nto leyo esusa ilungelo lokuLayishwa kweNhlanu kuba ubungqina abusayi kuba bungaphinde buphinde bube yingxaki.

Imeko yezaphuli-mthetho: Apho kuhlaziywa khona uHlaziyo lweNtlanganiso weSihlanu

Ukhuseleko loMmiselo wesihlanu lunamandla kakhulu kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa lukwanezicelo ezibalulekileyo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni nezolawulo. Kuyo nayiphi na indawo apho ubungqina bomntu bunokubabonisa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, basenokucela uHlaziyo lwesihlanu. Oku kuquka ukudityaniswa kwemibutho, ukuchotshelwa kwezolawulo, kunye nophando lwequmrhu. Umzekelo, iqumrhu eliphetheyo elincinwayo kwi-Sceturals kunye nophengululo lweKhomishini ye-Exchange lisenokungavumi ukuphendula imibuzo ukuba iimpendulo zinokusetyenziswa kwityala elifana netyala lezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Noko ke, kukho isiphumo esibalulekileyo sokubhenela kwiSihlaziyo sesihlanu kwityala lasekuhlaleni: inkundla okanye inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ingafumana isiqinisekiso esichasene nomntu ogunyazisa ilungelo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, akukho nkcazelo ivumelekileyo, kodwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umfumani wento angakugqala ukukhutshelwa kwetyala njengobungqina betyala. Lo ngumahluko obalulekileyo wokuba nabani na ojamelene notyekelo lwesizwe nolwezolwaphulo-mthetho afanele aqwalasele ngenyameko ngoncedo lwesiluleko esisemthethweni.

Imida Neekhethekileyo Kukhuseleko Lohlaziyo Lwesihlanu

Akukho lungelo lipheleleyo lomGaqo-siseko, yaye akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokugqitha kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu. Iinkundla ziye zavuma ukuba kukho imiqathango emininzi ebalulekileyo nekwahluka kwayo okungalinganiyo nokungalinganiyo kokukhuselwa kwayo.

Ingxelo ebhaliweyo yamalungelo nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke

Umntu angawarhoxa ngokuzithandela amalungelo abo oMphengululo wesihlanu, kodwa umgxeki kufuneka awazi yaye abe krelekrele. Ukuba umkrokrele ufunda amalungelo awo eMiranda kwaye uyavuma ukuthetha namapolisa ngaphandle kwegqwetha, nawaphi na amagqabaza awenziwayo adla ngokungabi nakuthenjwa. Noko ke, ukuba amapolisa ayaqhubeka ebuza emva kokuba ukrokrela ecele ilungelo lawo lokuhlala ethe cwaka okanye ecele igqwetha, nawaphi na amagqabaza alandelayo athe abonakala ngokungenamathanda nangoko.

ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke , olumiselwe kwimeko yonyaka ka 1984 eNew York v. Quarles, luvumela amapolisa ukuba abuze imibuzo ngaphandle koMiranda izilumkiso xa kukho usongelo olukhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ukuba ukrokrela ubanjwa kwindawo kawonke-wonke kwaye amapolisa anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isixhobo sikufuphi, angabuza ngendawo yesixhobo ngaphandle kokunika izilumkiso kuqala. Izindululo ezifunyanwa phantsi kwale yindlela ecacileyo zinokubonakala zifanelekile nangona ezi zikrokrelelwayo ziselugcinweni yaye zinganikwanga zilumkiso. Ukhuseleko lukawonke lusebenza kuphela kwaye lusebenza kwimibuzo elungele ukukhuselwa komthetho okanye ukunyaniswa komthetho.

Umnikelo Wobunyani: Ukuqokelela Isiqinisekiso Ngaphandle Kokwaphula Owesihlanu

Enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla abatshutshisi kufuneka boyise intengo yeFindre Amendment kukunikwa kokhuseleko. Ukuba ingqina alivumi ukungqina ngezizathu zokuzikhusela, urhulumente anganikela inkxaso, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ubungqina bamangqina abunakusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokuzikhusela:

  • ukhuseleko lobungcaphephe: inikela intlawulo epheleleyo ekuchophelweni kwetyala elinxulumene nobungqina. Oku kubanzi kwaye akufane kunikezelwe kumsebenzi worhulumente.
  • Sebenzisa kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo zokukhusela ukudleka: Izamkela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubungqina bale ngxelo okanye nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenwe kuyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu luhlobo oluxhaphakileyo kwaye luxhaswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukongamela ubungqina.

Xa uthintelo luthe lwanikelwa, ubungqina bumele bungqine okanye bujongene nokunyokwa yinkundla. Ilungelo loMphengululo wesihlanu alisasebenzi kuba ubungqina abunakukhokelela ekuchopheni. Noko ke, ukuba ubungqina buxoka phantsi kwesifungo, banokumangalelwa ngenxa yokumangalelwa okusekelwe kububungqina bobuxoki ngokwabo.

Iinkalo Ezikhethekileyo Kumthetho Oziincam

Umthetho wokuzikhulula, ovala ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMphetho-mvaba wesihlanu, uxhomekeke kwiimeko eziliqela. Umzekelo, ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokwaphulwa kwemiqathango yeMiranda busenokuvunywa ukuba ingtshutshiso ibonise ukuba le ngxelo yayiyintsebenziswano yokuzithandela nokuba yayingeyoyanjongo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwaphulo "lokufunyanwa okungenakuthenjwa" luvumela ubungqina ukuba ingtshutshiso ingqina ukuba ubungqina bungafunyanwa ngokwendlela esemthethweni.

Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wokuzikhetha awusebenzi kwiingxoxo ezithile ezingqinelanayo, ezifana nokuchotshelwa kwetyala okuzukileyo okanye ukugxothwa kwetyala. Kule meko, imfuneko yobungqina obuthembekileyo isenokuwudlula lee umphumo wokuthintela ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphulwa komGaqo-siseko.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Malunga NoMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo

Xa kuqwalaselwa ubunkimbinkimbi boMphetho wesihlanu, akumangalisi ukuba iimbono ezininzi eziphosakeleyo ziyaqhubekeka. Enye intsomi iqhelekile yeyokuba ukubongoza owesihlanu kuthetha ukuba unetyala. Enyanisweni, ilungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela likho ngokuchanekileyo ukukhusela abamsulwa, abanokubanjwa kubungqina obuphicothiweyo okanye abanyanzelwa ukuba bavume ubuxoki. Ukusebenzisa eli lungelo akukokuvuma ububi; licebo lobulumko lomthetho wonke umntu afanele alisebenzise xa kufanelekile.

Enye into ephosakeleyo kukuba uHlaziyo lweNhlanu lukhusela umntu ekumele anike naluphi na ulwazi kumthetho. Enyanisweni, abantu kufuneka banikele inkcazelo esisiseko, njengegama labo nomhla wokuzalwa, xa bevalelwe ngokusemthethweni. Eli lungelo alibugubungeli ubungqina obuphathekayo okanye amaxwebhu akhiwe ngokuzithandela nagcinwayo. Umzekelo, umnini-ofisi weshishini akanakukwala ukuvelisa iingxelo zemali ngemiqathango yeFind Demplete ukuba ezo ngxelo zadalwa ngokuzithandela kwaye akanyanzelwanga ukuba anikele ubungqina.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba uHlomelo lwesihlanu lusebenza kuphela kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Njengoko kuxoxwe ngako oko ngaphambilana, lusebenza nakuyiphi na indawo apho ubungqina bunokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukubekwa kwetyala kwabemi, ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho, kunye nophando lolawulo.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Kubantu Ngabo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Ohlanu Ohlaziyiweyo

Ukuba ukhe uzifumane ukwimeko apho amalungelo akho oMphetho wesihlanu asenokuchanabeka khona, kukho amanyathelo aliqela asebenzisekayo onokuwathabatha ukuze uzikhusele:

  • Ungabi nanto kwaye uvakalise ngokucacileyo ukuba ucela amalungelo akho oMphengululo wesihlanu. Musa ukuzama ukuncokola namapolisa okanye ukuchaza izizathu zakho zokuhlala uthulile. Makube yithi "Ndiqhelise ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithulile kunye nelungelo lam kwigqwetha."
  • cela igqwetha ngoko nangoko. Ilungelo lokucebisa lidibene kakhulu noMphetho-mva wesihlanu. Xa ucela igqwetha, yonke imibuzo kufuneka iphele de igqwetha lakho libe likhona. Ungalichasi eli lungelo, nokuba ucinga ukuba akukho nto ungayifihlayo.
  • Musa ukuthetha indlela oza kuphendula ngayo ekuncinwani. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukuba bazicacisa nje, amapolisa aza kuqonda aze abayeke bahambe. Enyanisweni, nantoni na oyithethayo isenokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nawe. Kwanamazwi abonakala emsulwa anokujijwa okanye athatyathwe ngaphandle komongo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Yazi ukuba ukungathethi kusenokusetyenziswa kuwe kwezinye iimeko. Kwimimiselo engangeni nelungelo lokugcina umntwana okanye kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ukuba uthe cwaka kwakho kungasetyenziswa njengobungqina obuchasene nawe. Khangela negqweth phambi kokuba ugqibe ukuba kufuneka uthethe okanye uhlale uthule.
  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphengulula. Ngoxa uHlaziyo lwesihlanu lusebenza ngokuyintloko ngobungqina, uHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba awuvumi ukuphendla, ulondoloza amandla akho okucel ’ umngeni ububhali bokuphendla kamva.

Indima yeeNkundla noPhuhliso oluPhakathi

Ukutolikwa koMgqino-mva weFind 5 kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengoko iinkundla zisebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha kunye neemeko eziyinyaniso. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathetha ngemibandela efana nokuba urhulumente anganyanzela umntu ukuba avule i-cell phone yakhe okanye anikeze igama eliyimfihlo. Riley v. California [[FLT]] (2014, iNkunye iNkundla yamangqina ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla iseli yemeko yokufumana iseli ukuze abambe, ukukhankanya ubuninzi bezixhobo zogcino-data zobuqu ezi zinto ziqulathwe yinkqubo. Kutshanje, kutshanje, kuthengwe kwimeko ze-Genetting [[FLT].[FLT]] (2017]), iNkugwebo okumiselwe ngurhulumente okufumana indawo ye-sethi ye-mouselkth Exempletene, kodwa kubandakanya neziphumo ze-Gene, kwane, kwathi ye-Gene.

La matyala abonisa ukuba uHlomelo lwesihlanu asiyomfundiso eqinileyo esemthethweni kodwa ngumgaqo onamandla ohambelana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buhambela phambili, iinkundla ziya kuphikisana nemibuzo yokuba ngaba ukukhutshelwa kwekhowudi okanye ukuvulwa kweminwe okanye ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kobuso buyisiqinisekiso esisisiqinisekiso esikhuselwe kuMphetho-Mgaqo-jiko-mva-jiko wesihlanu. Abantu nakumagqwetha abo kufuneka bahlale besazi ngezi zindululo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselekile ngokupheleleyo.

Isiphelo

UHlomelo lwesihlanu lulukhuselo olubalulekileyo lwenkululeko yaseMerika, lukhusela abantu kumandla omanyano karhulumente kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho nangaphaya. Iingxelo zayo ezintlanu ezigqugqisileyo (iiintloko zejaji, iingozi eziphindiweyo, ukungaziniki, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nolawulo olubalulekileyo) zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uphatha abemi ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uhlonela amalungelo abo asisiseko. Ngoxa ukubuyiselwa komthetho kuneziphene kwaye okungafaniyo, ukhuseleko lwawo olungundoqo luhlala luqinile, kwaye iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zibachaza ngokuqwalasela iinyaniso zale mihla.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho oMmiselo weNhlanu asiyonto nje yolwazi olusemthethweni; yindawo ebalulekileyo yokuba ngummi onembopheleleko. Enoba ubizwa njengengqina, ubuzwa ngamapolisa, okanye ufuna nje ukuxelelwa, ukwazi oko kwenziwa nguMmiselo wesihlanu kwaye ungakukhuseli kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezivakalayo phantsi kwengcinezelo. Ukuba ukhe ujongene nemeko apho amalungelo akho asengozini, musa ukuthandabuza ukufuna icebiso legqwetha elifanelekileyo elinokukukhokela kwiimeko ezinzima zenkqubo yomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya ngoMmiselo wesihlanu nokusebenza kwawo, jonga ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zinegunya:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iqumrhu loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko weCandelo loMququzelelo wesihlanu
  • [[UMTL:0]Ez: Umthetho weSigqibo soMgwebo wesihlanu kunye neMiba yeNkqutyana
  • [[UMGaqo-siseko wohlanga]: IsiGaqo-siseko seNkqubela-phambili yesihlanu

Ngokuhlala wazi kakuhle yaye uwasebenzisa ngobulumko amalungelo akho, unokuqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zoMphetho wesihlanu zihlala ziyinyaniso kubo bonke abantu baseMerika.