Kuluntu olukhululekileyo, ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nenkululeko yabantu kukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo. Amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho anikwe amandla amakhulu okuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthatha impahla, nokubamba abantu. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlola okunamandla, amandla anokuba neqhayiya lula. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ukungenelela korhulumente okungokwasemthethweni yimfuneko ``umthetho onyanzelela amapolisa ukufumana imvume yangaphambili ngaphambi kokuphendla, ukuxhwaleka, ukuxhuzula, okanye ukubanjwa. Le mfuneko ayikho nje njengomqobo we-bhuzam; ngumgamgamfa womgaqo-siseko okhusela imfihlolo, ukukhusela ukubekwa komthetho, nokugcina umthetho. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba agunyazise imigaqo, indlela asebenza ngayo, neenkundla ezikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwemiqatha.

Yintoni Imvukelo?

Isiqinisekiso sixwebhu esisemthethweni esikhutshwe ngumgwebi okanye ijaji engoondilele egunyazisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba uthathe inyathelo elikhethekileyo, njengokuphendla isakhiwo esithile, ukuthatha ubungqina, okanye ukubopha umntu orhanelwayo. Inkqubo iqala xa amapolisa enikezela nge-affidavit efungxeza izibakala eziqinisekisa ukuba ngokunokwenzeka zibangela, oko kukuthi, inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala ezithe ngqo nezinokucazululwa, ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo ethile okanye umntu othile owenze isono. Ijaji ke kufuneka ihlole ukuba izibakalazo zidibana nomda osemthethweni. Ukuba ngaba umgwebi wanelisekile, isiqinisekiso siyakhutshwa; ukuba akavunywanga, loo bungqina buzakuba bungavunywa.

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngenye indawo ekhethekileyo indawo ezakuphengululwa kunye nabantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa. Le mfuneko "yokwahlukana" ikhusela imiyalelo jikelele" uhlobo oluvumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba asebenzise amakhaya kunye namashishini ngexesha lobupolisa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo igxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba imvume jikelele azinangqiqo" phantsi koMphetho-Mdathiso-mva-mvakathi. Ngokunyanzela ukuba, imfuneko esemthethweni yamapolisa anyanzelisa ukuqwalaselwa kwawo kwaye athethelele izenzo zawo ngaphambi kokuba angene kwisithuba sabucala.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Izinto Ezifunwayo Ezingummangaliso

Imfuneko yogunyaziso isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla amapolisa. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunokwenziwa ngokukrokreleka, ukubeka abemi ekuhlolweni ngokusekelwe kuphengululo olungekho mgangathweni okanye olunekhethe. Kwimbali, abalayishi beBhili yamaLungelo babezazi kakuhle iingozi zegunya elilawulayo elingathintelwanga. UMthetho wesine woLawulo lwamagunya aphezulu ubhalwe ngokungqalileyo ekusetyenzisweni koncedo jikelele eBritani, nto leyo evumela amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba akhangele nayiphi na inqanawa, indawo yokugcina impahla, okanye ikhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umbhalo we-andendmentment uyayalela ngokucacileyo ukuba "akupheliswa kwemfazwe, kodwa ngokokuba kukho isizathu esilindelekileyo," ukuseka umqobo ocacileyo phakathi kwezenzo zobupolisa ngokusemthethweni kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Uphatho lwejaji luyilichpin yale nkqubo. Imaji engenamdla, kunokuba ibe yigosa elisendle entsimini, yenza isigqibo esipheleleyo malunga nokuba ityala likhona kusini na. Oku kufaka umenzi wesigqibo sobundilele phakathi korhulumente nomntu ngamnye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhangela kusekelwe kwizibakala ezingundoqo kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo. Imfuneko idala ingxelo ebhaliweyo , isiqinisekiso kunye nokuxhasa kwayo i-ffidavit , enokubuye ibuye ilungiswe kamva ziinkundla kunye noluntu. Oku kubonakalisa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphendula; ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi baxoka okanye bashiya izibakala, isiqinisekiso, sinokucelwcinywa, kwaye ubungqina bungacinywa. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngomo lwembali, bona [[FLT:] uHlunyuselo lwe-Esterty [FLGenestmest] [F]

Ukukhuselwa Ngokomthetho Nemilinganiselo

EUnited States, uHlaziyo lwesine luyinkuselo ephambili esemthethweni ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni. Umbhalo wayo unika iziqinisekiso ezibini ezicacileyo: ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, kunye nemfuneko yokuba imvume ikhutshwe kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekileyo, ixhaswe sifungo okanye isifungo, kwaye ichaza indawo ekufuneka iphendulwe kwaye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lungu-sethi se-se- ngaphandle kokuba bawele kwisizathu esingeso sichaziwe kakuhle. Lo mgaqo waziwa ngokuba "ukhetho lwemfazwe olusebenzayo" kwaye usisiseko lokuphendla nomthetho wokuxhuzula.

Noko ke, ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo weSine aluphelelanga. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba kwiimeko ezithile, ezifuna isiqinisekiso asisebenzi okanye siyaphikisana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Isitshixo sikukuba ezi zimnqakathi mazimxinwa kwaye zingqale. Ukuba amapolisa anwebe inkcaso engaphaya kwengqiqo yawo yantlandlolo, ukukhangela akubi namigaqo-siseko, kwaye ubungqina bungakhutshwa phantsi komthetho wokuzimela.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngaphezu kweminyaka emininzi, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yayila iinkalo ezininzi apho amapolisa anokuphendla okanye athabathe ngaphandle kwemvume.

  • Iimeko ezicacileyo: Xa kukho imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yokukhusela ukonakaliswa emzimbeni, ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukuphunyuka kokrokrelelwa, amagosa angangena kwikhaya okanye afune ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa avile ukudutyulwa okanye ukukhwaza ngaphakathi kwendlu, angangena ukunikezela uncedo okanye abambe iferi ebalekayo.
  • Imvume: Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuphendla, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, hayi inyanzeliswe, kwaye ingasuswa nangaliphi na ixesha. Amapolisa akanyanzelekanga ukwazisa abantu ngelungelo lawo lokulandula, kodwa iinkundla zisoloko ziqwalasela ukuba umntu uyazi ukuba akanako na ukuthi hayi. ukuphengulula ngokuphendla ngemvume [[ zibonisa ukuba abemi abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba banyanzelekile ukuba bathobele kwanaxa bengenanto yokufihla.
  • Isiganeko sokukhangela kubanjwa okusemthethweni: Emva kokubambeka okusemthethweni, amagosa angaphendla umntu wobanjwa kunye nendawo ekufikelelwa kuyo ngokukhawuleza ("ummandla wokudityaniswa") ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Oku kunxaxhithiswa akunweki kuphando olupheleleyo lwekhaya lonke okanye isithuthi ngaphandle kokuba izibakala ezongezelelweyo ziyayithethelela.
  • Imbono ecacileyo: ukuba igosa likhona ngokusemthethweni kwindawo kwaye libona ukurhwetywa kwenqanawa okanye ubungqina obucacileyo, bangayithatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Noko ke, umphathi kufuneka abe nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba into bubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ukufunyanwa kufuneka kungabinamdla-mthetho, azinakusebenzisa lo mahluko njengerhintyela lokuyivula kwikhaya.
  • Umahluko ozenzekelayo wezithuthi: Kuba izithuthi zihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingashiya ummandla, amapolisa angaphengulula isithuthi ukuba anesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba siqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kunxaxhi akufuni iimeko ezingaphaya kohambo lwesithuthi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isandul'ukulinganisela oku kunxaxhiweyo kwi- Collins v. Virginia (2020), ibamba ukuba ucalucalulo lwemoto alusebenzi kwizithuthi ezipakiweyo kwikhaya.
  • Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokukhangela: Kwimeko ezithile zolawulo okanye zolawulo, ezifana neendawo zokuhlola ukungakhuli, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi zabasebenzi abaqeshi emva kweengozi, okanye ukhuseleko lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, urhulumente angaqhuba iphulo lokukhangela ngaphandle kokukrokrelelwa. Oku kuphengululwa kufuneka kwenziwe ukwenzela ukunceda "imfuno ekhethekileyo" ngaphandle komthetho oqhelekileyo, njengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye impilo kawonke wonke.

Nganye kwezi zimkhethe iye yasulungekiswa kumashumi eminyaka e-ligia, kwaye imida yazo isaqhubeka ikhuphiswano. Kwinkangeleko ebanzi, i- Cornell Greek Information Institute ingeno ephezulu ekuphengululeni nasekuphangweni. [[FLT: 1] inguvimba olungileyo.

Umthetho Osisiphendu

Umthetho wokuzikhulula yimfundiso ewenziwe ngabagwebi ekwalela urhulumente ukusebenzisa ubungqina obufunyenwe ekuchaseni uHlaziyo lweSine sokuMiselwa kweMithetho ePhakamileyo ekulingweni. Yaqala yasetyenziswa kwiinkundla zesizwe kwi- Weeks v. United States [14]) yaye yandiselwa kwiinkundla zenkundla [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [iiii-Mapp] v.[[FLT] [iikhulu] [193]. Injongo yomthetho kukuthintela ihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa nokugcina ingqibelelo yetyala. Ngaphandle komthetho okhutshetshe, imfuneko iya kuba nezinyo; abaphathi bezakuba nentshukumisana intshukumisa encinane ukufumana ukuba ubungqina obungekho mthethweni obungamkelekiyo. Abagxeki-orhoxiweyo basenokuphinda bafumane ukuba bakhusele ukuqiniseka. Abagxeki-mthetho abakhonjiweyo abathiweyo bavumeleneyo ukuba bafumane ii-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni (emva)

Imiphumo Yokuphanda Okungenamvuzo

Xa ihambo yamapolisa ikhangela ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kwaye ngaphandle kokuwela kumonakalo ongaziwayo, kwaye iziphumo zingaba mbi. Kumgangatho womntu ngamnye, ukuphengulula okungaqinisekiyo kukuhlasela kwemfihlo okunokuthi kuphazamise umntu okhaya okanye umzimba wakhe uphengululwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangasebenzisana nempahla yabo ngokobuqu, bathabathe izinto ngaphandle kokuzithethelela, babangele umonakalo wengqondo. Kumgangatho wenkqubo, ukuphengulula ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kukonakalisa ukuthemba kwabantu kumthetho. Iintlangane ezivakalelwa ukuba zinokumiswa okanye zikhangelwe nangaphi na ixesha zisenokungasebenzisani na amapolisa, zixele ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye zingqine njengamangqina. Oku kululaza ukhuseleko lukawonke kunokuba kukhuthazwe.

Ngaphezu koko, ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokungekho mthethweni obungekho mthethweni buye bacinezelwa phantsi komthetho ozinzileyo, okuthetha ukuba ayinakusetyenziswa kwityala lomtshutshisi. Oku kungakhokelela ekuphelisweni kwetyala okanye ekuguqukeni kweziphumo zetyala. Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngu Riley] v. California (Umnyaka, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ukuba amapolisa afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla okuqulathwe yi-cell phone ngexesha lokubanjwa. Inkundla yazi ukuba ii-cell phone ziqulathe inkcazelo yobuqu, imiyalezo, i-opera, iingxelo zembali zemali, iingxelo zemali zemali, iingxelo zemali ezifumana izinto ezizimeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba ii-cellnethi ezisebenzisa imfanelo yohlobo oluthile, zisebenza ngokupheleleyo ekubopheni, emva kokuba kunyanzelwe ityala elingongongongongongongomnye emva kwethuba lokubanjwa.

Elinye icala elibonisa iziganeko zendalo lingu Cercenter v. United States [2018], eyathetha ngokufumana kukarhulumente ulwazi olungenasiqinisekiso lweseli-ndawo yembali (CSLI) kwizithuthi zezixhobo ezineminxeba. INkundla yabamba ukuba abantu banokulindela ukuba izinto zobuqu zobuqu ngokwengxelo yentshukumo yabo yomzimba njengoko iboniswa yi-data yeseli, kwaye urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Esi sigqibo salahla i "Imfundiso yeqela leqela" eyayibanjwe ngaphambili ukuba ulwazi oluhlangatyelwe ngokuzithandela kunye nesinikezelo senkonzo alukhuselwanga. [[FLT] [FL:2] CEPPPP] ngoku ikhusela indawo ye-data ekhuselekileyo, i-okhesaseburhulumente xa sithe kufuphi.[FUT]

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Neingxubusho Eziqhubekayo

Imfuneko yogunyaziso ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Inkqubela kwinkqubela kwezobugcisa, iinkqubo zokujongana neentlanganiso zolwazi, kunye nokukhula kogcino-lwazi oluqokelelwa ziinkampani ezizimeleyo kuye kwayintsonkotha kakhulu isiseko sesithethe. Amasebe omthetho agcina imiyalelo axhomekeke kubungqina bamanani (i-email, imiyalezo yezentlalo-mbini, intengiselwano yemali, kunye nogcino-lwazi olusuka kwizixhobo ezichuliweyo ezifana ne-Amazogzow Echo okanye ii-Rings bears. Kwimeko ezininzi, amapolisa aphikisa ukuba akufuni siqinisekiso se-DPrometersting, ukungazinziswa kwe-oksidiom, ukungazi ukuba ukungabikho kolawulo lwesithathu (umnikezelithonga). Ngoko ke, [[FLT.0] Cententreevery [[FLD]]]

Enye indawo exhalabisayo kukusetyenziswa "kolwakhiwo lwe-IC," apho amapolisa afumana khona ubungqina kwiindlela ezingenagunya `njenge-National Security Agency ajonge ukhuseleko oluqhutywa ngaphandle kogunyaziso(* kwaye ngokukhangela emva koko yenza ulungiso olusemthethweni lokufihla imvelaphi yayo. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko yogunyazo nokuphelisa iziphumo zomthetho wokunqanda. Imibutho yenkululeko yabemi imeme ukuvela kokukhanya okuphezulu kunye neenkundla ukunyanzelisa ngokungqongqo imfuneko yemvume kwanaxa kubandakanya uphando lwezobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxha.

Ukunqamleza isigaba sehlabathi lonke, ezinye iidemokhrasi ezininzi zigcina iimfuno ezifanayo zemvume, nangona iinkcukacha zahlukile. Umzekelo, phantsi kweNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, Inqaku lesi-8 likhusela ubomi babucala, ikhaya, kunye nonxibelelwano. INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oluntu ibambelele ekubeni nakuphi na ukungenelela kwamagosa karhulumente karhulumente kufuneka kube "kuvumelana nomthetho" kunye "oyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi," edla ngokufunekayo phambi kogunyaziso lomthetho. Umgaqo umgaqo ungomnye: ijaji ezimeleyo kufuneka ahlole amatyala okuphazamisa phambi kokuba kwenzeke, hayi emva koko. Umqathango wemithetho ehamba phambili kwemithetho ekhoyo kwiNkundla yezo zolawulo-mthetho [[FLT: 0] yeNkulawula yamaLungelo oluNtloko oluNtu kwiSigqeqeqesho oluNkileyo kwiSihlano lweNtloko [8[FFFFF:1].]

Isiphelo

Imfuneko yogunyaziso asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; siseko lomgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi. Ngokufaka ijaji yobundindi phakathi kwemeko kunye nomntu ngamnye, iqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kugwetyelwe ngokunokwenzeka, kudityaniswe ngomcimbi, kwaye kuphantsi kolawulo lwejaji. Iimfuno zikho, kodwa zilinganiselwe ngenyameko kwiimeko apho imfuneko yenyathelo elingxamisekileyo ingaphezulu kwenzala yemfihlo exhotyiswe kakhulu. Xa ezo zingaqhelekanga zinwebeka kude kakhulu, okanye xa amapolisa egqitha imfuneko epheleleyo, iziphumo ezingundoqo, ukucinezelwa kobungqina, nokungathemba kwabantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Kule nkathi yohlolo lwamanani kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza, ukugcina imfuneko ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Abahlali kufuneka bawaqonde amalungelo abo, kwaye iinkundla kufuneka bahlale bephaphile ekutolikeni koMgqiqo-nkqubo wesine ukuchaza ubugcisa obutsha. Ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko lucekeceke, kodwa imfuneko enika ixesha elivavanyiweyo lokugcina umlinganiselo uxilonga. Ukuwuhlonela akungomqondiso wokuchanabeka kulwaphulo-mthetho; kukuzibophelela kumthetho ngokwawo.