Umhlaba othe tye ongokwasemthethweni nowobuGcisa weeMfuno eziNcedileyo zamapolisa

Ukuhlanganiswa kwee-drones kwimisebenzi yokunyanzelisa umthetho kunyuke kakhulu kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, kunikwa abameli isixhobo esinamandla sokuqwalasela uthetho lwenqwelo-moya, ukuqwalasela isihlwele, kunye nobungqina obuqokelela. Ezi nkqubo zenqwelo-moya (UAS) ezingenazintsebenziswano zinika njani indlela exabisayo yokugquma imimandla emikhulu ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ulwamkelo lwazo luphakamisa imibuzo enzulu engokwasemthethweni nengokokuziphatha. Kwintliziyo yezi mpikiswano ziyimfuneko: kufuneka amapolisa afumane ulungelelwano lwenkundla phambi kokuba asebenzise i-drone ukuze abonise iliso, kwaye ukuba oko kuyimfuneko kukuthi, kululungisa njani ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke kunye nomntu ngamnye? Impendulo ayiyo, kwaye njengeenkqubo zobugcisa eziqhelekileyo ziguqula, ngoko ke ziyimfuneko ezisemthethweni ezilungiselelwe ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

ISiseko esingokwasemthethweni soMkhosi

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba umthetho uyimfuneko ngokuqhelekileyo xa amapolisa ephazamisana “nokulindela umntu ukuba yedwa.” Ngokomo wokujonga i-drone, lo mgaqo uba ntsonkothile kuba ii-drons ziyakwazi ukubona iingcingo, ukujongile, nokuthatha imifanekiso ekwimigqeba ebonakala ingenakufikeleleka. [[FLT:] uphakamela umbuzo osemthethweni kuxa uhamba ngekhamera kwimpahla yangasese kusenza uphando olubangela ukuba kufuneke ukhuseleko.

Ukuguquka Kwenkcazelo YoMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Kwezigwebo

Ngokwembali, ukujongwa ngenqwelo-moya ehamba nabantu kwakusoloko kusenziwa ukuba kungaphengululwa, ukuba inqwelo-moya yayikwindawo yomoya ekwaziyo ukubhabha kwaye imbonakalo yayikwindawo kawonke-wonke. ICalifornia v. i-Ciraolo[ [1986] [1986], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ukuba amapolisa abhabhe kwiwaka leenyawo eziyi1, ukuba angaphululeki ngokusindeka kwi-asestiki xa ebona izityalo zemoshebhabha ezivaliweyo. Ngokufanayo, FLORIda v. [19989] [19]) ixhasa uphatho lwe-heliko-phalktrop ezingamashumi amane anesine. Ezimeko zacebisa ukuba nanga nanganye ezikhoyo zijonge emoyeni, ngokokungekho ndawo.

Noko ke, ubugcisa obungalawulekiyo butshintsha icalculus. IiDrone zithulile, zibiza imali encinci, kwaye zinokuthamba ixesha elide. Zingaxhotyiswa ngeekhamera eziphezulu ezilungisa i-metam, i-metalog, kwaye kwane-software yolwazi lweliso lobuso. Ukudibanisa kokuzingisa nokubetha kudala amandla okuhlola okungaphaya koko kwenqwelo-moya ekhatshwayo. Iinkundla ziqale ukuchaza. [[FLT: 0] United States v. Jones [20], iNkuNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iNkulawula i-GPS inqwelo-mafutha ifake inqwelo - efana nento ejikelezayo emelwayo kwaye iphelonke. Imithetho yezomthetho ilumkisa ngekamva apho i-'impomposo-mfatel'. [2]

Ngelixesha Inkundla esezantsi ithandabuza ngokungenagunya. Umzekelo, i-2019 Kentucky ithetha ngesigqibo senkundla, ukuqiqa kwayo. Ukunika amagunya amandla okukwazi “ukufumana ulwazi olungenakuqondwa”. i-applies ngamandla ukujongwa. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyayithandabuza imisebenzi engagunyaziswanga. Umzekelo, inkundla e-201919 yesicelo senkundla yenkundla, Bhailey v. Isixeko sika Frankfort, , , , kuphumeza ukuba ukujongwa kwekhaya elirharyedwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokwaphula umthetho we-Geneardenti. Inkundla eyaziwayo phakathi komntu obhabhabhayo kunye ne-drone, i-drone, i-drone.

Uphuhliso lomthetho wesizwe nolombuso

Ngaphaya komGaqo-siseko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna imvume ekhethekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa. Njengasekuqaleni konyaka wama-2025, ubuncinane, amazwe angama-24 anemithetho efuna isiqinisekiso phambi komthetho onyanzelisa i-drone ekufuneka i-operances kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ingeyomfuneko yokuba amapolisa asebenzise ii-drons, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isisongelo esikufuphi ebomini. Le mithetho isoloko iquka ulungiselelo lokufumana ulwazi, ithintela ukugcinwa okungagqibekanga kwemifanekiso engachatshazelwanga.

Kumgangatho we-asethi yorhulumente, iFAA ilawula i-drone comment, kodwa iKhomishini ayiwumiselanga umthetho obanzi wokuhlola amapolisa. Ulungiso-wokuqala Lomthetho Luyiyo I-Not for Sale Act, lungaphinde lufakwe ngo-2023, luza kufuna imvume yokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze kufumane ugcino-lwazi kumaqela amathathu, kuquka ukubanjwa kwenyawo lwenyawo olubanjwa ngabasebenzi babucala kwaye lwabelana namapolisa. Noko ke, awukhange wenziwe. Ngoko, isiphumo seso, umhlaba uhlala usebenza, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni engqubanayo kwaye ingqubana namaxesha athile.

Indima Yabaxhamli Ekukhuseleni Imfihlo

Iimfuno ezizizo zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuxhatshazwa okungaveli kubugcisa obumdaka. Ngaphandle kwemvume, amapolisa angaqhuba ububanzi, ajongwe ngaphandle kokukrokrelela imimandla ephela, aqokelele imifanekiso yemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yabantu.

Ulawulo Logwebo - mthetho Njengokuhlola Amandla Alawulayo

Isiqinisekiso sifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuchaza [[FLT: 0] unobangela ongagxekwayo kumantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba, ochaza umlinganiselo kunye nemida yokufuna. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ukhangelo lujongiwe, hayi lungasetyenziswa jikelele. Ukuhlola, ijaji ingakhankanya indawo yelizwe ezakugcinwa, ixesha lokusebenza, kunye nentlobo zogcino-lwazi olunokuqokelelwa. Ngaphandle kolu hlobo, amapolisa angasebenzisa i-drone ukulandela omnye okrokrelelwayo nokutshayela imifanekiso yabantu abaninzi abamsulwa. Ulawulo lwejaji lukwakhenkelanisa ingxelo ecacileyo enokuphinda ihlolwe kamva, kufuneka iphikise ukuba isiqinisekiso siphakaliswe ngaphezulu okanye sifumane ubungqina obungachananga.

Ukukhusela i-creeap yomsebenzi kunye nokukhupha umsebenzi

Ii-drone zasekuqaleni ezithengiwe ukwenzela ulwamkelo longxamiseko okanye ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwengozi yemoto kungalungiswa lula ukuze kuqhubekeke ukhangelo. Imfuneko efunekayo yamapolisa ukuthethelela imo yeliso ngalinye, ukucutha isilingo “sokubona nje ukuba i-drone ithatha ntoni.” Imisebenzi ihamba-hamba-hamba-hamba ngezantsi apho ubugcisa benziwa bungasetyenziswanga ngokutsha. /ukuxhalaba ngenye izixhobo, ezifana nepleyiti yelayisensi efakwa kwinqwelo-mafutha kunye nee-klombray. Iimfuno zemfazwe zisebenza njengesixhobo sokudubula umlilo we-athom, zinyanze amaziko ukuba akhawule aze acinge ngaphambi kokuba avule isivalo se-lebhu.

Ucelomngeni Olusebenzisekayo Lokunyanzelisa Umthetho

Abaxhasi bokusebenzisa i-drone engagunyaziswanga baphikisa ngelithi kwimeko ezingathi zinyatheleka ngamaxesha ngezantsi, iziganeko ezisebenzayo, iAmber Alerts , imfuneko yokufumana isiqinisekiso esibulalayo. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kukwaphikisa ukuba ii-drones zinika enye indlela ekhuselekileyo kwiinqwelo-moya ezixhotyiswe ngabantu okanye abaphathi-mikhosi basemhlabeni abangena kwiindawo eziyingozi. Ukulinganisa ezi zinto zisebenzayo nxamnye nokhuseleko lwemfihlo kunzima.

Ixesha Neemeko Ezincamisileyo

Iinkundla zikudala zamkela iimeko ezimxinwa ezithe zathi shwaka ukuchasa kwimfuneko yogunyaziso. Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kubomi okanye umngcipheko wotshaba olusondeleyo lobungqina, amapolisa asenokusebenza ngaphandle kwemvume. Iimeko eziququzelelweyo zisenokuba ngumcimbi onokubaleka onokuthi asabe ukuba amapolisa alindele imvume, okanye ibhatata evalelwe apho imbonakalo ye-oyile inokuba isindisa ubomi. Noko ke, umahluko umele ungabi nakusetyenziswa ukukhupha izimfuno njengomsebenzi wesiqhelo. Eminye iminyango yamapolisa iye yave ive ive imigaqo yezicelo ezikhawulezayo, isebenzisa imityikityo kunye nevidiyo ekhutshwayo ukuze ifumane ulwaniso ngemizuzu ephakathi.

Uhlolisiso lwango-2023 olwenziwa nguphando lwamapolisa aphethe uphando lweForum lwafumanisa ukuba phakathi kwamacandelo asebenzisa ii-drones, ama-70% ayenemithetho elandelwayo yokufumana isiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezingekho mgangathweni. Ama-30% aseleyo axelwa ukuba axhomekeke kwiimeko ezizinzileyo ukuze asebenze ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kugxininisa imfuneko yemigangatho ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni.

Unobangela ofanelekileyo nogcino-lwazi olugqithiseleyo

Olunye ucelomngeni luchaza unobangela olindelekileyo wokuhlola imitha. Ii-Drone zingabamba iimboniselo ezibanzi ze-engile, imifanekiso eshushu, kunye nevidiyo ephezulu ye-difinition. Isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba utyando lukhula umya emacaleni singagunyazisa i-drone ukuba ibhabhe phezu kweyadi kwaye ikhangele izityalo. Kodwa kwangoku enye i-drone iya kushicilela imifanekiso yeempawu zommelwane, abantwana abadlalayo, neminye imisebenzi yobuqu. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhankanye ukuba idata inokuqokelelwa kwaye ingagcinwa ixesha elide kangakanani. Imibutho emininzi yamapolisa iye yamkela imigaqo efuna ukuba i-data ingafanelani nophengululo lwemiqathango icinywe ngeentsuku ezingama-30, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho enjalo kunzima ukuqwalasela.

Imibutho yenkululeko yabemi enjenge ACLU icebise ukuba iintsebenziswano zifuna isiqinisekiso solawulo lonke, zifuna ukususwa kolwazi emva kwexesha elifutshane, kwaye ziyale ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwembonakalo kwinyawo ezimfutshane ngaphandle kogunyaziso olukhethekileyo. Ezinye izixeko, ezifana noSeattle, zicetyiwe kuqala ukuqesha ii-drone kodwa zitsalwe emva kokuba ukukhala kukawonke-wonke, kamva ziphumele imigaqo engqongqo yemithetho elawulayo.

Izicelo ezincomekayo Namalungelo Emfihlo

Ngapha koko, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlola amapolisa kunyusa inkxalabo enzulu yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ubuchule bokuziphatha ngokuzingisileyo, ujongo lwenqwelo-moya olufihlakeleyo lutshintsha amandla phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo. Nokuba imvume ifunyenwe, umlinganiselo wokujonga ungangabi nalubala. Umzekelo, ii-drones zingabonisa ifilimu ngaphakathi kwindlu evalelweyo apho umntu evalelweyo, okanye ajonge kwiifestile eziphezulu ezikhuselweyo ezikhuselwe ngamacala asezantsi. Olu hlobo lokungena elwandle lungaziva njengokwaphulwa kwesidima, nokuba kusemthethweni phantsi kwesiqinisekiso.

Impembelelo Echukumisayo Ekuthetheni Nasendibanweni

Xa abantu besazi ukuba ama-drone asenokuba yintloko kwimibhiyozo kawonke-wonke, kwiintlanganiso zonqulo, okanye kwiintlanganiso zezobupolitika, bangayitshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Oku kungaphazamisa inkululeko yokuLandlwa kweMithetho Yokuqala. Ingxelo yonyaka wama-2022 esuka kwi- Electronic Frontive Foundation[[[FLLT:1]] yamatyala abhaliweyo apho amapolisa axhotyiswe khona ngemibhiyo yemibhiyozo eMinneapolis, Portland, neWashington D.C, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume. EMinneapolis, emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Flod, drones ayesetyenziswa ukuqwalasela imiqathango kunye nezihlwele. Ngoxa amapolisa aphikisa ukuba ii-droneaps zikhusela i-lot, abagxeki abagxeki bethetha ubukhobo obungondyonga bobubhineyonga bobunga bobubhiyobo.

Ukuzifihla Nokugcina Ixesha

I-dream ayiseyonto igcinwa, ihlaziywe, yabelana namanye amasebe. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi olunamandla olufuna ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi, amasebe amapolisa angakha ii-terabyte zomfanekiso ojongwayo kwiminyaka, adala isiseko esinokuphengululwa sentshukumo zabantu. Olu hlobo logcino-lwazi lufana neenkqubo zolawulo ezivaliweyo ezivaliweyo zeUSA Freedom Act. Imfuneko yengqokelela yokuqala yenyathelo, kodwa i-ofilter yangaphakathi ifuna imida ekuthini i-data ingabanjwa ixesha elide kangakanani kwaye ngubani ongayifikelelayo. Exrectron Commentalal Information Information Information Information Center (EPIC)[FLD1] ixhasa imodelibos projecters shorts shorts dreerer, inqandapver-dver-olecter-olecter, i-mover-olecter-mous

Ukucombulula Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nentetho Yesidlangalala

Ingxoxo kawonke wonke nge-drones zamapolisa iye yakhula, iqhutywa kukudityaniswa kwenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa neziganeko eziphezulu. Njengoko abantu abaninzi becinga okanye bemkela iinkqubo ezichaphazelekayo, incoko engqonge iimfuno zemvume iye yaba ngumba ophambili wenkqubo. Imithetho eyahlukeneyo izama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuveleli.

IMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko

Amanye amaphondo, njengeKentucky neWisconsin, aye amisela imithetho efuna ukuba ibhunga lesixeko likhulu likhulu libekelwe imvume ngaphandle kwemvume, ngaphandle kweminye imiyalelo. Amanye, njengeTexas, aye amisela imithetho evumela ukuba kusetyenziswe imigaqo emininzi engekho semthethweni yoluhlu, kuquka ulawulo lweenqwelo-moya kunye nokhuseleko lomda. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, izixeko ezifana neSan Francisco neLos Angeles zinemithetho efuna ukuba nayiphi na ibhunga elifuna ukuthengwa nokusetyenziswa kwe-drone, kanye nemvume yokusetyenziswa kwazo. Le mithetho yayisoloko ingumphumo wokusebenza nge-othengini e-mntracle yoluntu kunye nemibutho yoluntu. Ukungena kolwazi olutsha kuseSanta Clavian County, eKhalian, efuna isiqinisekiso sokuba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo i-ontawe esetyenziswa kwi-eronayinjini yobugcisa, kunye ne-ontamb ’ ekwiminyaka emithathu, ukubukezwa ubuncinane, iminyaka emithathu, ukubukezwa.

Urhulumente wesizwe unikela ukhokelo ngeZiko leSizwe loBululamisi kunye nenkqubo yoLawulo loManyano loManyano lwe-Federal, kodwa akanawo umlinganiso ofanayo. Isebe loBugqwetha lama-2021 enkqubo ye- ekusetyenzisweni kwe-drom] kufuneka iFBI kunye nabanye abameli bomthetho abagunyazi bomthetho ukufumana imvume ngaphandle kokuba isebenza, kodwa loo mgaqo awugubuyisi urhulumente kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni. Ngalo ndlela, umnini-khaya kwikhaya lasemaphandleni e-Oregon angafumana imvume eyomelele ngakumbi kune-ofisi yekhaya kwisazi-Atlantary.

Amanyathelo obuphathi noqikelelo loLuntu

Ngaphezu kwemvume esemthethweni, iibhodi zolawulo loluntu zibandakanyeke ngokukhulayo ekuvuseni amathala eencwadi. Izixeko ezifana neDenver nePortland ziye zaseka iikomiti zobuphathi bobumi ezihlola imo nganye yokusetyenziswa kwe-drone kwaye zinike ingxelo ekuhleni. Ezi komiti zingancomela utshintsho kwimigaqo, ukuphicothwa kwenkcazelo, kwaye zibandakanyeke noluntu ngokubanzi. Ukuphumelela kolo lawulo kuxhomekeke ekuzilawuleni kwazo nakwizibonelelo zazo. Xa kusenziwa kakuhle, kwakha ukuthemba nokunceda amapolisa asebenzise ii-drone ngendlela ezigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo kunokuba zisongelo.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ubugcisa Nomthetho

Ubugcisa bomthambo abumi ngaxesha linye. Inkqubela-phambili kubomi bebhetri, ukuzilawula, kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa idala amandla amatsha kunye nocelomngeni olutsha. Amapolisa ayakukhawuleza abe nokufikelela kwii-drone ezinokubhabha iindlela zokujikeleza ezicwangciswe kwangaphambili ngaphandle komqhubi womntu, ezixhotyiswe nge-Al enokwazi ukuchaza indlela ekrokrelekayo ngexesha lokwenene. Ezi ziphuhliso zingawufiphaza umgca phakathi kwesixhobo sokuhlola kunye nothunyelelwa.

Iingxilimbela Nezinxaxhi Ezizimeleyo

Ukuba i-drone ilungiselelwe ukujikeleza indawo ephezulu ephangaleleyo, ngaba inqwelo-moya nganye ifuna isiqinisekiso? Iinkundla azikawuphenduli lo mbuzo. Abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi ii-frones ezizimeleyo eziqhubeka zihlola azinakwenzeka ukuba zisengqiqweni ngaphandle kwemvume, ngenxa yokuba zona kanye ezobukhali kukuphengulula okuqhubekayo. Abanye bacebisa ukuba iinkqubo ezithungwe ngokumxinwa, ezifana nee-drones ezisetyenziselwa ukuqwalasela iinqwelo-trafiki kwiindlela, zisenokungasebenzisi zonke iindawo zobuqu ukuba azibhaleli bantu abaziwayo. Njengoko imigca yezobugcisa ifuna ukuqinisekisa iimfuneko zokubhabha nje kuphela, kodwa ziquka inkqubo yokuqokelela ulwazi.

Impumelelo Yomthetho Womanyano

Ukunikwa intsebenziswano yemithetho karhulumente kunye nokunqongophala kwemodeli ecacileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, umthetho wesizwe obanzi ugqithiwe ngokugqithileyo. Amatyala aliqela aye aveliswa kwiKhomishini, kuquka iDrone Airrafthostly Act Act, kunye noMthetho wokubona ngaphaya kwecala , oya kufuna isiqinisekiso somthetho sokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho ukusebenzisa i-drone ukwenzela ukuchopha umntu okanye impahla. Ukude kube kungekho namnye oye wadlula. Noko ke, njengoko uphando lwasekuhlaleni lukhula, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lungaya kwanda. Intlanganiso yama-2024 yomthetho yabona imigudu evusele, kwaye abaphula-mkeli abaninzi balindele ukuba kwiminyaka emihlanu elandelayo, iBhunganiso olusisiseko sokhuseleko lwe-drone, ukukhusela olukhoyo lwe-GSPSPGenep, olukhoyo.

Isiphelo

Imfuneko yokuba amapolisa afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba asebenzise i-drones ukuqwalasela umthetho. Amasebe amapolitiki, ngokwenxenye yawo, akamele asebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo yokuzimela yobuqu ngexesha lamanani. Abanqongophi baqinisekisa ukuba ukujonga okukhawulezileyo kujoliswe, okomzuzwana, kwaye kuxhomekeke ekujongeni kookrula, ukukhusela uhlobo olukhoyo lokuhlola okuza kubangela ukuphosa isidima somthetho. Amasebe amapolisa, kufuneka aphucule ngokuphuhlisa imigaqo ekhawulezileyo kunye nokuzichaza ngemeko ezikhoyo ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ngokwenene. Njengoko ubugcisa obude buqhubeka nokuguquka, imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iqhubeke nayo, ngalo lonke ixesha ibeka umgaqo osisiseko woMmiselo weSihlazinzo ekujoliseni: ukuba urhulumente angangeneli ngaphandle kokwenza nje umgaqo ofanelekileyo. Ingxoxo engokwakumgangatho ofanelekileyo wolawulo lwesizwe, isoloko isetyenziswa kwizivumelwano zezomthetho ezisemthethweni zezomthetho, kodwa, isetyenziswa kwizivumelwano zemithetho yoluntu.