Ukuhlaziywa Kwamapolisa Okusemthethweni

Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kulo lonke elaseUnited States ziye zamisela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiinkqubo zokufumana amapolisa, ziqhutywa zifuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala okungakumbi, ukuphendula, kunye nokumela ibutho labantu. Le mithetho inempembelelo ngqo enokuba ligosa lomthetho, indlela abameli abatsala ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba, nendlela amasebe achaza iibheji ezahlukahlukeneyo amele ahlanganele ngayo. Isiphumo esinempembelelo somsebenzi womthetho siye sabuyisela umbhobho wamapolisa, sidala amathuba kunye neengxaki zokuba iinkokeli zoshishino, abenzi benkqubo, nabasebenzi bezomthetho, kunye nabantu kufuneka bahambele phambili.

Isenzo somgangatho karhulumente sikhawuleze kakhulu ekulandeleni kweziganeko eziphezulu zamapolisa ekusetyenzisweni kwamapolisa kunye neziphumo zencoko yesizwe malunga notshintsho lwenkqubo. NgokweNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Romslatures, ngaphezu kwama-40 ajonge umthetho othetha ngqo ngokubhaliswa kwamapolisa, imigangatho yoqeshwa, kunye neenguqu. Ngelixesha imilinganiselo yokwahluka-hluka-hlukene, imisonto eqhelekileyo iquka ukuphelisa imiqobo yabathathi-nxaxheba phantsi kweemvelaphi, ukuqeqesha abantu ngokukhetheka okungagqibekanga ngenxa yokuqesha iindawo zokuqesha, nokufuna ukuqeqesha abantu abaqeqeshiweyo.

Ukuqonda indlela le mithetho echaphazela ngayo ubuninzi kunye nomgangatho wabafaki-zicelo, kwakunye nokumanywa kwabemi, kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kulawulo lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kumthetho karhulumente wakutshanje, iziphumo ezinokuxhotyiswa kwimingeni yokubhaliswa nokuhluka-hluka, iingxaki eziye zavela, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo olusenokufuneka luqhubeke.

Umhlaba oPhawulweyo: Amalungiselelo Angundoqo eMithetho yeLizwe

Imithetho karhulumente ethetha ngokukhutshelwa kwamapolisa kunye nokwahluka-hluka okuqhelekileyo iwela kwiindidi eziliqela. Owona mbutho uqhelekileyo ujolise kwinkqubo yokubhalisa ngokwayo, uzama ukususa imiqobo yenkqubo eye yakhutshwa ngokwembali, abantu abanemibala, nabathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezingezozasithethe.

Ukuqeqesha amagosa ahlawulela ukurhoxa

Ngoku amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba amagosa abandakanyeke ekubhaliseni nasekuqeshweni koqeqesho olupheleleyo olupheleleyo lwekhethe elicacileyo kunye nokhuphiswano lwenkcubeko. Ingcaciso icacile: ukuba abantu abakhetha abatshayeli banezimvo zokungaqondi kakuhle, iqumrhu labafaki-zicelo nabaqeshwa lizakubonisa oko kujikelezo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya iSindululo soMgangatho woMkhosi woXonke noMqeqesho (POST) yavelisa uqeqesho olukhethekileyo olusisigqumathelo somsebenzi oqengqelelweyo, oluye lwamkelwa yimibutho emininzi ngaphaya kwelizwe.

Ukumisela Usukelo Lwabantu Abahlukahlukeneyo Nebanokufikelela Kwizinto Ezingafaniyo

Inani elandayo lamaphondo afuna ukuba abameli bomthetho bamisele amaxhoba anokufumaneka. Le mithetho isoloko inxulumene nokuhlelwa kwamanani ommandla osebenza. Eminye imithetho iyakuyalela ukuba kunikelwe ingxelo yonyaka kubemi abasebenzayo, ngoxa eminye iqhubeka ifuna ukuba amaziko abonise inkqubela okanye aphulukane nesiqinisekiso okanye inkxaso-mali yesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, i-Illinois, yatshintsha uMthetho wayo wokuqeqesha amapolisa ukuze ifune isebe ngalinye lithathe icebo elinokwahlukahlukana kobuzwe, ukuqesha, ukuqesha, nokuhlala ngohlanga, ubuhlanga kunye nelungu.

Iinkqubo zokubuyiselwa ezisekelwe kuluntu

Umthetho okwimimandla enjengeMinnesota neOregon uxhase imigudu yokufikelela abantu ekufuneka beyingenise kumbhobho ngaphambi kokuba bawusebenzise. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisana nezikolo eziphakamileyo, iikholeji, kunye nemibutho yoluntu ukubhenca amaqela angaphantsi kwemisebenzi yobupolisa, maxa wambi kuquka iinqanawa ezihlawulwayo, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye neenkampani zovavanyo. Intanda-bulumko ephantsi kokokuba ubhaptizo lufanele luqale kude kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe isikhalazo, kwaye ukwakhiwa kweso sakhiwo ngemibutho ekwimibutho ephantsi kwembali kuyimfuneko yokutsala abafaki bezicelo abahlukeneyo.

Ukulungisa Indlela Yokusebenza

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo ithanda ukulwa notshintsho lomthetho ibandakanya utshintsho oluncinane. Amanye amajelo aye ahlisa imfuneko yobudala ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 ngokwezikhundla ezithile, ngoxa amanye ekhululekileyo kwiimfuno zemfundo (umz., engasafuni iqondo elinxulumeneyo) okanye engasafuni uluhlu lwamava amkelekileyo ngaphambili (njengomsebenzi wezentlalo-ntle, okanye uphando lolutsha). Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukunciphisa imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yeminyaka kulala kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni komsebenzi, kodwa ikhomba-myutha eninzi enxulumene ngamandla nomsebenzi kunye nekhusikhusi esifanelekileyo esivela kwiimvelaphi ezifuna uncedo. [[FT.[FLT:]Pult] uPriceltiveltive Refecence Forum[FUR:1]

Ukulinganisa Impembelelo Ekuhlaziyweni Kwabantu Neendidi

Iziphumo zomthetho karhulumente wokubhaliswa kwamapolisa zintsonkothile, zahluka-hlukene, zilawulwa, ziphunyezwe ngokuthembeka, kunye nobume bentlalo. Ngoxa ezinye iingxelo zibonise uphuculo olunokufumaneka kwii-metric ezahlukeneyo, ezinye iinkcukacha zicebisa ukuba ukubhaliswa jikelele kuye kwaba nzima kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngaphandle kwemithetho ekhethekileyo. Ukungathotyelwa komthetho kweminye imiba kufuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezimo zangaphambi nezasemva komthetho.

Iziphumezo ezifanelekileyo: Izicelo ezinyusiweyo ezivela kumaqela aPhantsi

Amaphondo amaninzi aye anikela ingxelo yolwando olubhaliweyo kwizicelo ezisuka kubathathi-nxaxheba bemibala nabafazi emva kokwamkelwa komthetho ojolisekileyo. Umzekelo, uhlolo lwama-2022 lwemiqathango yotshintsho lwamapolisa eNew York lufumanise ukuba amasebe aphumeze iinkqubo zokubhalisa uluntu abona ulwando oluyi15-20% kumalungu achaza ukuba yiBlack, iSpeyin, okanye i-Asia kwiminyaka emibini. Ngokufanayo, uphando lwamasebe aseKhalifoniya awamkela uqeqesho olufanelekileyo lwe-POST abonisa ukunciphisa okukhutshwayo phakathi kwequmrhu eliqeshiweyo neqela eliqeshiweyo.

Ngapha kwemiqathango, amasebe amaninzi anikela ingxelo yonyulo ekuthembekeni nomanyano lwabantu. Xa amacandelo okuqesha equka abameli boluntu, okanye xa izinto zokuqesha zigxininisa ngokucacileyo isibopho sesebe ekwahlukahlukaneni, abacelayo bangaziva bemkelekile ngakumbi. I-Rpopu yoRiphabliki[ ipapashe uphando oluchaza indlela amasebe asebenzisa ngayo ukhuthuzo lokubhata-bhaqo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo okuqulukileyo alwa ulwalamano olomelele ngakumbi noluntu oluncinane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kulwaphulo-mthetho olunentlukwano olunelonye lwemibalwano lwetyala.

Ucelomngeni Nemiphumo Engalindelwanga

Ngaphandle kwezi mpumelelo, abameli abaninzi baye bazama ukufikelela iimfuno ezintsha zowiso-mthetho. Isombululo semiqobo engundoqo ngumqobo ongundoqo. Ukuxhobisa uqeqesho oluntlukwano, ukuqhuba iziganeko zoluntu, nokulandelela ugcino-lwazi lwabemi lufuna inkxaso enikezelweyo kunye nabasebenzi. Amasebe amancinane, ingakumbi lawo asemaphandleni, ngokufuthi awalufumani uqingqo-mali ukuze athobele ngokupheleleyo. Amanye amazwe, ngexa kuphunyezwa imiyalelo, awasabi nenkxaso eyongezelelekileyo yokuxhasa, ashiya abameli befuna iindleko okanye umlinganiselo wokufumana iindleko okanye ezinye iinkqubo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lu inkcaso yezobupolitika ukusuka kuzo zombini ngaphakathi nangaphandle komthetho ogcinwayo. Kwezinye iindawo, amaqumrhu kunye nemigangatho yeqela kunye nezobungangamsha zixhathise iingcebiso zezahluka-hlukeneyo, ziphikisa ukuba zilingana okanye zihlisa imigangatho. Oku kuxhathisa kungabonakala ekufezekiseni okucothayo, ukungahambelani, okanye ukungxengenwa okusemthethweni. Kwimeko ezimbalwa eziphezulu zepropati, umthetho karhulumente uye walungiswa okanye waphinda wabuyiselwa emva kwengcinezelo yamapolisa, kudala umsebenzi wemithetho etshintshayo enqamleneyo kwimo efanayo.

Inkxalabo ngemigangatho ephantsi

Umba wemiqathango elungelelanisiweyo yolungiso oluninzi. Xa amaphondo ehlisa iimfuno zemfundo okanye ukuthomalalisa imiqobo yokuhlola imvelaphi, amanye amaqumrhu amakhulu amapolisa kunye neengcaphephe zemfundo alumkisa ukuba umngcipheko womsebenzi wokuvuma abo bangenako umgwebo, ukukwazi ukumelana, okanye ukubekwa kwesimilo okufunekayo kumapolisa anamhlanje. Noko ke, abaxhasi bachasa ukuba imigangatho yesithethe isoloko ingenayo ixhomekeke kubungqina kwaye ayisekelwanga bungqina. Umzekelo, ukufuna umgangatho weminyaka emine ekholejijini ungavavanya amajoni okanye iinkokeli zoluntu ezinoko ukuwafumana amagosa afanelekileyo. Isitshixo, bayaphikisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi nayiphi na indlela ekufuneka ixhomekeke kumsebenzi kwaye inokulinganiswa ngokuthe rhoqo.

Uguquguquko lwesizwe: Ukuqwalasela iziganeko ezithathu

Ukuze uqonde iingenelo zehlabathi, kuyanceda ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe awahlukeneyo angene ngayo kutshintsho.

EKhalifoniya: Iqela Elineentloko Ezintle, Imisebenzi Edityanisiweyo

IKhalifoniya ibiphambili ekutshintsheni utshintsho lowiso-mthetho. Ukongeza kwimfuneko yokukhetha i-POSTR, urhulumente wagqithisa i-AB 846 (2020) eyalela amaqumrhu ukuba angahluleli abafaki-zicelo ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi yomyayi, eqonda ukuba imiqathango enjalo echaphazelekayo ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela abantu amibalabala. Kwakhona lo rhulumente waxhasa inkqubo yokuqhuba inqwelo-moya yokuqeqesha abaphathi-majoni banamhlanje abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze basebenze njengezigidimibutho. Iziphumo zangaphambili ezivela kumqhubi-nqwelo-moya zabonisa ukuba amasebe asebenzisa oontanga abona ulwando olu-25% kwizicelo ezisuka kubaquququzeleli bemibala ngonyaka omnye.

ITexas: Idecentral, Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

ITexas, ngokwahlukileyo, iye yathatha indlela elungeleleneyo. Ngeli xesha iKhomishini yeTexas ekwi-Law Enforcement (TCOLE) imisela imilinganiselo esisiseko, inkoliso yemigaqo yokufumana i-office imiselwe kumgangatho kamasipala. Izixeko ezininzi ezinkulu `kuquka Houston, Dallas, kunye ne-Austin' ngokuzimeleyo isebenzisa imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo, kodwa i-patrone karhulumente ibingacothanga ukuthatha amanyathelo. Imali ka-2023 ebiyafuna onke amaququmrhu ukuze afumane amaziko asekelwe kwingingqi ayiphumeleli. Njengesiphumo, iTexas ibonakalisa umahluko obubanzi: eminye imidabini ephezulu, ngelinye ihlala imhlophe namadoda amhlophe namadoda.

Connecticut: Ukuxhasa Iintlobo Ngeentlobo

Umthetho odluliselwe kwi-Connecticut odluliselwe kuma-2021 ogunyazisa izixhobo kunye nobugcisa kulwamkelo lwesebe lwemigaqo-nkqubo ehlukeneyo kunye nokubandakanya. Le ndlela i-"carrot" ingqineke isebenza ngokukhuthaza amaqumrhu amancinci ukuba athathe inxaxheba. Urhulumente wenza izibuko elisembindini elibhengeza iimfuno zomsebenzi kuwo onke amasebe, lenza kube lula ngabathathi-nxaxheba abasuka naphi na apho kurhulumente ukuba basebenzise. Ukusukela ekundululweni kwemibutho, inani lezicelo ezivela kumabhinqa nabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa liye lanyuka kwi-18% yephondo.

Ukubonelela ngeNkcitho nokuSebenza kweziXhobo

Umthetho wesizwe udla ngokusilela ukuphendula umthwalo wemali awubeka kumasebe. Amanyathelo amaninzi okuzilolonga afuna abasebenzi abongezelelekileyo, izinto zokuqeqesha, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye namaphulo okufumana inkxaso-mali. Ngaphandle kokunikezelwa kwemijelo ekhoyo, amasebe kufuneka afumane ubuncwane obukhoyo okanye afune inkxaso. IBhureau yeMibaliso yeJaji ibhale ukuba amaziko akwimimandla engagunyaziswanga zimfuno azinakunga kangako ukunikela ngokupheleleyo ukuthobela, kwaye abo basebenzisana nentlawulo zeminye intsebenziswano yempilo yasekuhlaleni okanye yengqondo.

Amanye amaphondo aqalile ukucombulula lo msantsa. Umzekelo, eNew Jersey, yakha ukwenziwa kwenkqubo "Ubunzulu kwiPolication" enika inkqubo exhaswayo ngemali yokuhlawula iindleko zenkundla. Imali yokuhlawula iindleko zoqeqesho lokhethe, uhambo lweziganeko, kunye nokuxhobisa amalungu ebhodi yoluntu. Amanye amaphondo afumene ingxengxezo yequmrhu eligunyazisiweyo kwiU.S. Isebe leSebe leSebe le-Community Policisionscision Minicision Minicision (COPS), nangona le misebenzi yokhuphiswano ilinganiselwe kwaye ingaqinisekiswanga.

Indima Yolawulo Loluntu

Umthetho kumaphondo amaninzi kukho abameli abaququzelelwe ngokusemthethweni kwinkqubo yokubhaliswa. Ngokomzekelo, eWashington, kwiHoouse Bill 1310 kufuneka ukuba amaziko okuqesha amapolisa aquke ubuncinane elinye ilungu elingengowabupolitika elisuka kuluntu elisebenzayo, elikhethelwe abantu abasuka kumaqela akwimbali. Imithetho efanayo eMntla Carolina naseGeorgia iye yaseka iikomiti zobuGcisa ezihlola izinto zokubhalisa kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvelela uluntu kwandisa ukubonakala kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso esebe ahambelana namaxabiso kawonke-wonke. Abahlalutyi baxhalatyiswa kukuba kungakhokelela ekuqeshweni okanye ekuxabaniseni inzala. Uvavanyo lwangaphambili luye lwaxutywa. Ingxelo evela kuqeqesho olufanelekileyo [[FLT: 0]] Imanyano yesizwe ye-Civinian Oversity of Law Infticementment (NACOLE) ifumanise ukuba xa inxaxheba yabangabemi boburhulumente isoloko iphucula ukuthembana nokuphendula, kufuneka ikhatshwe luqeqesho olufanelekileyo kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo yokuphepha ukulibala okanye ukwaliwa okunganyani kwabo bafanelekayo.

Imigaqo yexesha elizayo: Uhlenga-hlengiso lwenkqubo kunye noqheliselo oluhle

Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka elungisa iindlela zawo, kuye kwavela izifundo eziliqela ezinokukhokela umthetho wexesha elizayo.

  • Imigangatho esekelwe kwi-i-'FLT': Imiqathango yokufumana kufuneka isekelwe kuhlalutyo lwexesha lomsebenzi kwaye iqinisekiswe ngophando, hayi ngesithethe. Amazwe kufuneka afake ingeniso kuphando ukuze aqonde iimfaneleko eziqikelelwe kwangaphambili ezisebenzayo nezobupolisa.
  • I-parime epheleleyo:[ Nawuphi na umyalelo omtsha kufuneka ufike nomthombo wenkxaso-mali onikezelweyo okanye inkqubo yokurhoxisa amasebe amancinane. Inkqubo zokubuyisa ingeniso iphumelele kakhulu kunemiyalelo engabhaliswanga.
  • Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olude: Ukulinganisela, amazwana kufuneka afune abameli ukuba bangenise inkxaso-mali yonyaka kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuqesha, kuquka ukuwohloka kwamanani okuguqula abantu ukusuka kwisicelo ukuqesha, kunye namanani eenkumbulo. Le nkcazelo kufuneka yenziwe ngokubanzi ukuze abantu baphendule.
  • Ucalulo olunxulumene namaqhina: Umthetho ophuhliswayo ekubuzeni nemibutho yabasebenzi unokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uphunyezwe ngokuchuliweyo. Iinkqubo zobuchule zilondoloza imigaqo-mthetho esesikweni nentlonelo edityanisiweyo edibanisa izivumelwano ngeli xesha isehambisela phambili iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
  • I-commonity miphatho:[ Kunokuba ijolise kuphela kwixesha lokuqeshwa, imithetho esebenzayo ixhasa iinkqubo ezibonisa abantu abaselula ukuba basebenze njengepolishi kwangoko. Oku kuquka ezikolweni zesikolo, iinkqubo ezinde, kunye nonxulumano neekholeji ezimnyama zembali kunye namayunivesithi (HBCUS) kunye namaziko e-Speyin (HSHS).

Imibutho emininzi yesizwe, kuquka i- Prolice Foundation kunye ne-International Association of Shills of Police, iveze umthetho wemodeli odibanisa ezona zenzo ezingcono ezivela kwiimeko kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukumkela ezo ntlobo kunganciphisa uqhekeko olukhoyo ngoku kwaye udale imigangatho efanayo, ngexa usavumela ulwelo lwendawo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wephondo unamandla okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kunye namanyathelo ahlukeneyo. Xa yenziwe ngobuchule nangenkxaso efanelekileyo, le mithetho isenokukhokelela kwimikhosi yamapolisa emela amapolisa, ukuthembana noluntu okungaphezulu, kunye neziphumo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke eziphuculiweyo. Noko ke, inkqubo ayingenayo imiqobo: imiyalelo engacaciswanga kakuhle ingabangela ukuthomalalisa imithombo yezopolitiko, okanye ibangele ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezobugcisa. Le mithetho isebenzayo yileyo isekelwe kwiinkqubo eziziko lokhuseleko, kwaye idityaniswe ngenkxaso yemali eqhubekayo.

Ikamva lobupolisa eMelika lizakuxhomekeka kwindima enkulu yokuba abalathisi bemithetho yesizwe bangawubetha na lo mlinganiselo. Njengoko amasebe kulo lonke ilizwe ezama ukuzalisa iindawo zokuhlala nokuphinda athembeke, ukuqwalaselwa kokuqeshwa nokungavisisani kuya kukhula. Ngokufunda kuzo zombini impumelelo nokungaphumeleli komthetho wakutshanje, amajelo angayi kuzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezandla engeyokuphela nje kumntu oza kubavumi abangakumbi kodwa kwakhona aqinisekisa ukuba abo baza kuba batshayo baxhotyiselwe ukusebenza ngobuchule kunye nokuthembeka.

Ekugqibeleni, injongo ayikokutshintsha nje umntu onxibe ibheji, kodwa kukuguqula indlela yomthetho ngokwayo. Umthetho wesizwe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuloo migudu ibanzi, yaye indaleko yawo eqhubekayo iya kubumba umsebenzi kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo.