Ukuqonda Umgangatho Ophakamileyo Wasemthethweni: Ubudala Nocalucalulo

Ukudibana kwemithetho yocalucalulo yobudala kunye nomthetho wamalungelo okhubazeko kwenza indawo ebalulekileyo yemisebenzi kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Ngoxa iqumrhu ngalinye lomthetho lithetha ngeempawu ezikhuselweyo, isicelo salo esidluliselwana nabasebenzi abakhulileyo abaneziphene sibangela ukuqwalaselwa okungaqhelekanga okusemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela i-Age Discivation in Observation Act (ADEA) kunye namaMelika aneScribeal Act (A) anxibelelanisa ngayo, ukunika ukhokelo kubaqeshi, abaqeshi, abaqeshi, kunye noochwepheshe bezomthetho abachaza ezi meko zintluntlukwano.

Isiseko Somthetho Wokwahlula Abantu Ngeminyaka

I-ADEA, eyamiselwa ngowe-1967, ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekucalucalulweni emsebenzini ngenxa yobudala. Lo mthetho usebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshwa abangama-20 okanye ngaphezulu kwaye ufihla abaqeshwa, abaqeshwa, abadubuli, abanyusi, imbuyiselo, nezinye iimeko zemisebenzi. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka ukwaliwa kokungaphathwa (ukucalulwa ngesiqu) kunye nokungacalulwa (uqheliselo oluyingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto oluchaphazela abasebenzi abadala, kwanokuba bangathathi cala kwangoko ubuso babo).

I-ADEA ikwavumela abaqeshi ukuba benze into engavunyelwayo xa ubudala buyi-bona facial jumbnal jumpration (BFOQ) iyimfuneko kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo weshishini. Noko ke, ukhuselo lweBFOQ lucaciswe ngokulula. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imimiselo elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, i-ADEA ayivumeli ukubhaliswa kokusingqongileyo okuchasene nomthetho okusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala yodwa kwisiphaluka ngasinye, nangona ezinye iinkundla ziwamkele loo nkcazelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Abasebenzi abadala bafumana inkxaso kwi-ADEA ukuze balumkele ngokukhethekile ucalucalucalucalulo ngokweelwano kwabasebenzi.

Isiseko sokwahlula amalungelo

IADA, eyadlula ngo-1990 yaza yalungiswa ngo-2008 nguMthetho wesiHlanziso (ADAAA), inqanda ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekileyo abangasebenzi, abaneziphene, abahlala eluntwini, abahamba ngezithuthi, nabanxibelelana ngekhompyutha. IADA ichaza ukukhubazeka emzimbeni okanye ngengqondo njengento ebangela ukuba umntu angakwazi ukwenza izinto ezininzi, ingxelo engokwenza isiphene, okanye ukugqalwa njengonengxaki enjalo. IADAAAA ibalase ingcaciso, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubantu ukuba bafumane ingqwalaselo.

Abaqeshi abane-15 okanye ngaphezulu kufuneka banike abaqeshwa abafanelekayo indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo abakhubazekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Inkqubo yokusebenzisana ingundoqo kwi-ADA: abaqeshi nabaqeshwa kufuneka badlale incoko entle yokholo ukuze babone iindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo. I-ADA ikwalela ukuziphindezela kwabo basebenzisa amalungelo abo phantsi komthetho.

Apho Imithetho Emibini Inqamleze: Umenzi Okhulileyo Onganelisekanga

Ngokutsho kwenkcazelo evela kwiBureau of Labor Statistics yaseUnited States, abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu abaneziphene ezingaphezulu kakhulu kunezo zincinane abasebenzayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshwa omdala unokucalucalulwa ngenxa yokuba emdala, ekhubazekile okanye ekhubazekile.

Le ngxoxo yenza iimeko eziliqela ezisebenzisekayo:

  • [[NT.:0] Isakhiwo esifanelekileyo sokuhlala kwimeko enxulumene nobudala: Abaqeshi bangasijonga ngempazamo isicelo somqeshwa osekhulileyo sokufuna indawo yokuhlala (umz., idesika emileyo yesifo sokuqaqamba kwamathambo) njengesicelo esingesiso esifanelekileyo kunesemtsha.
  • Imbono malunga nobuchule obusekelwe kubudala kunye nokukhubazeka: Abasebenzi abaphezulu bangagcina ujikelezo lokuba umqeshwa omdala onesiphene ngu "phezu kwenduli" okanye akakwazi ukufunda ubuchule obutsha, obukhokelela kwizenzo zemisebenzi engalunganga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicwangciso seBenefit:[ Ezinye izicwangciso zomqeshi ezilungiselelwe impilo okanye umhlala-phantsi zingahlula phakathi kobudala kunye nemeko yokukhubazeka ngeendlela ezinokuchasana nemithetho enye okanye zombini.
  • Unciphiso kumandla (RIF) izigqibo: Ngexesha lokukhulula, abasebenzi abadala abaneziphene bangajoliswa ngokugqithisileyo ukuba abenzi besigqibo baxhomekeke kuhlolo lokwenziwa kwemiqathango okanye imilinganiso enyukayo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nanto eli qela.

Imiyalelo esemthethweni yeeNkcukacha ezidityanisiweyo

Xa umsebénzi osele ekhulile onengxaki yokukhubazeka efumana unyango olungalunganga, basenokuzisa amava phantsi kweADEA, iADA, okanye zombini. Iinkundla zisoloko zihlolisisa ityala ngalinye ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa ingxelo eyinyaniso ingaphinda iphinde idlule. Umzekelo, umntu ongaphezulu kwama-40 oye waphelelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokucela indawo yokuhlala yemeko yedolo unokuthi aphikise ucalucalulo lobudala (ukuba abasebenzi abaselula abaneziphene bagcinwa) kunye nocalucalucalulo (ukuba isicelo sendlu yokuhlala abantu banokubulawa).

Ezinye iingxelo zisenokuquka ukudibana kwemida ye-africe(ukungalungelelani) okubangelwa kukudityaniswa kobudala nokukhubazeka, kunokuba zibe impawu zodwa. Nangona iADEA neADA iyimimiselo eyahlukeneyo, ezinye iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba ucalucalulo lunokwenzeka xa umahluko okhoyo ngabasebenzi abadala abaneziphene usetyenziswa ukuphazamisana nazo. I-Ecompaliment Explority Commission (EOC) ikhuphele ukhokelo lokuba abantu bangakhuselwa phantsi kwemithetho yomibini.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Kukhuseleko Lwasemthethweni

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweADEA neADA kubalulekile xa kubhalwa imiyalelo emibini:

  • Iiklasi ezikhuselweyo: ADEA igubungela iminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu; ADA igubungela abantu ngesiphene (asikho iminyaka yobudala).
  • Imiqobo ye-Employer: ADEA isebenza ku-20+ abasebenzi; ADA isebenza kwi-15+ abasebenzi. Eminye imithetho karhulumente inemiqobo esezantsi.
  • Imfuno zokwehla komphezulu wenqanawe: I-ADA ifuna indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo yokufumana iisiphene; i-ADEA ayifuni zindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe kubudala kuphela.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Isiphumo esihlukanisayo: I ADEA ivumela iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo, kodwa abaqeshi bangakhusela ukusebenzisa oothunywashe abafanelekileyo ngaphandle kobudala (RFOA). IADA ivumela iintelekelelo ezingqubanayo kodwa ngomgangatho owahlukileyo phantsi kwemigangatho "imilinganiselo yokwahlula" ukukhusela.
  • Izaphuli-mthetho zombini zivumela uhlawulo, umvuzo, kunye nelahleko yokuhlahlela (ephantsi kokhohlo phantsi kwe ADA). I-ADEA ikwanikezela ngelahleko enyibilikileyo kwiimeko zokwaphula ngabom.
  • Ukukhutshwa kwamayeza olawulo: Zombini zifuna ukuqokelela ityala nge-EEOC phambi kokumangalela kwinkundla yesizwe, nangona iilayini zexesha elibekiweyo zahluka.

Uphuhliso loMthetho olubalulekileyo

Izigqibo ezininzi zenkundla ziye zaguqula unxulumano phakathi kobudala kunye nomthetho wocalucalulo lwabakhubazekile. 'Clegand v. Inkqubo yoLawulo lobuGcisa iCorp., 526 U.S. 795 (1999), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba ukubhenela ukhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle (SDI) inokuba neziphumo ze-ADA ukuba zinokuchaza ukungaguquguquki phakathi kokuzibanga ukuba ukhubazeko lwe-SSDI luphela kunye nokuba ngumntu ofanelekayo okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekwindawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo. Lo mthetho ubaluleke ngokukhethekile kubasebenzi abadala abanokufaka isicelo se-SSDI emva kokuba bekhulile kuqhawule impilo yabo.

Gross v. FBL Financial Services , Inc., 557 U.S. 167 (2009), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba iADEa coluptiffs yayingunyaka owexesha elinzima, kodwa unobangela wesenzo esingalunganga, hayi nje owenjongo ekhuthazayo. Oku kuthelekisa imilinganiselo ye-ADA', okuvumela ukuba izinto ezidityanisiweyo (a apho ukukhubazeka kuphela kufuneke into ekhuthazayo). Kumsebenzi omdala ochaza ubudala bobabini kunye nokukhubazeka, ongqina ukuba unobangela wobudala obunononobangela wodwa kusenokuba lucelomngeni ukuba kudlalwe indima ethile. Iinkundla ziye zaveliswa ukuqwalasela imbono nganye phantsi komgangatho wayo.

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo ibandakanya unxulumano phakathi kwe ADEA kunye neADA kwicebo eliyingenelo. EOC v. United Airlines, Inc., 673 F.3d 412 (61) ityala libhalwe ukuba ikepisi kwinzuzo yexesha elide yesiphene yabasebenzi abadala yaphula i-ADEA (ukokuba abasebenzi abadala abangaphezulu kwama-60 bafumana iinyanga ezimbalwa zeengenelo zabasebenzi abancinane). Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba iintambo ezinjalo zingaba ne-discrigi ngaphandle kokuba zigwetyelwe ngexabiso lokunika abasebenzi abadala iinzuzo. Oku kubonisa indlela abadala nabakhubazekile abangeneyo ekuyingenelweni kwabo.

Umahluko Womthetho KaRhulumente

Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho yawo eyalela ucalucalulo lobudala kunye neziphene, maxa wambi enikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunomthetho wesizwe. Umzekelo, i-Fornia Fair Account and House Act (FEHA) igubungela bonke abaqeshi abasebenzi aba-5 okanye abangaphezulu kwaye ayisebenzisi imigangatho yokusebenzisa i-"kodwa" kwiziphumo zobudala. Imithetho karhulumente isenokuluqaphela ngokucacileyo ucalucalucalulo okanye ukubonelela unyango olungaphezulu.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kwabaqeshi

Abaqeshi kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo akhuthazayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela iADEA neADA ngexesha elinye:

  • [[UMTL:0] Abaphathi beSikolo kunye nomsebenzi weHR ngokuqonda nokuphepha ucalulo olusekelwe kubudala nakwisiphene, kuquka ikhethe elingekho ngqiqweni kwabasebenzi abakhulileyo abaneziphene.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphumeza inkqubo eyomeleleyo yokusebenzisana kwizicelo zokuhlala ezingazisusi iimfuno zabasebenzi abakhulileyo njenge "inxalenye nje yokukhula." zonke izicelo zendawo yokuhlala kufuneka zivavanywe ngokweemfanelo zabo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bomqeshwa.
  • Isixokelelwano sovavanyo sokwenza uvavanyo ukuphelisa ujikelezo olunxulumene nobudala olunokuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abasebenzi abadala abaneziphene (umz., uqikelelo malunga nokutshintsha okanye ukuqina).
  • [[UMTL:0] uhlolo olungenelwayo lwezicwangciso ukwenzela amalungiselelo anokuba nempembelelo engaqhelekanga kwabasebenzi abalupheleyo abakhubazekileyo, njengokhokho oluneengenelo zesiphene ezahluka-hlukeneyo ngokweminyaka yobudala.
  • Izigqibo zoshishino lwexwebhu ngocoselelo. Xa uphelisa okanye uthoba umsebénzi omdala onesiphene, abaqeshi kufuneka babe nezizathu ezicacileyo, ezingezozolwaphulo-mthetho ezixhaswe bubungqina obuzinjongo. Ityala le-Vague libhekisa "kwimiba ephambili" okanye "inkxalabo yemali" linokumema ukhuphiso phantsi kwemimiselo yomibini.
  • Icebo lomthetho eliyiNkqubela-phambili xa kuveliswa iinkqubo zokunciphisa unyanzelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abadala okanye abasebenzi abakhubazekileyo abajoliswe ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Sebenzisa iinjongo ezifana nokusetyenziswa, ubuchule, kunye nemigaqo yemisebenzi kunokuba imisele.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zabaqeshi

Abaqeshi badla ngokungayiqondi indlela aqhubana ngayo ama - ADE neADA.

  • Uqikelelo lokuba ngenxa yokuba umqeshwa emdala, ukukhubazeka kwabo kulindelekile, kwaye ngoko akufuni ukuba bahlale phantsi kweADA. IADA ayinayo iminyaka yobudala.
  • Ukunika abasebenzi abakhulileyo izinto ezinyanzelisa ukuba bahambe beneziphene ngaphambi kwexesha, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba baziphindezelele okanye bakhuphe izinto ezakhayo.
  • Ukulinganisa uvavanyo lomzimba lomzimba okanye uvavanyo lwezamayeza oluthe ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwabonisa abasebenzi abakhulileyo beneziphene ngaphandle kokungqina ukuba banxulumene nomsebenzi kunye nemfuneko yoshishino.
  • Ukwala ukuqesha abasebenzi abadala ngenxa yokuxhalabela iindleko ze-inshorensi zempilo ezizayo okanye inkcitho engakumbi. Ezi zinto zinokungqubana neADEA kwaye, ukuba zisekelwe kwimikhwa enxulumene nesiphene, iADA.

Iingcebiso kubaqeshwa

Abasebenzi abakhulileyo abaneziphene abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa bafanele bathabathe amanyathelo alandelayo:

  • Uxwebhu lonke: Lugcine iirekhodi zazo zonke uthungelwano, izicelo zendawo yokuhlala, uhlolo lomsebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi engalunganga yomsebenzi. Ii-'drawing' zexesha ziyabaluleka.
  • Ifayile uxanduva olufike ngexesha ne-EOC: Ixesha lokusebenza liyientsuku ezili-180 ukusuka kwisenzo sokugqibela sokukhupha ucalulo lomlomo (ientsuku ezingama 300 kumazwana akwizibonelelo zomsebenzi olungileyo). Ukungaphumeleli ukubeka ifayile ngexesha kungavala ityala elilandelayo.
  • Ukucela indawo yokuhlala kwangoko: Nokuba ukrokrela ucalulo lobudala, ukucela indawo yokuhlala yesiphene kungabangela ukhuseleko phantsi kweADA kwaye uncede ekumiseni ingxelo yeemfuno zakho.
  • Funa amacebiso asemthethweni: Igqwetha elinamava kubudala kunye nokukhubazeka lingavavanya ukuba yeyiphi intengo eyomelele kakhulu nokuba umthetho karhulumente unika ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo.
  • Ukuqwalasela iimpikiswano zokwahlukana: Ukuba ucalucalulo olubonakala lubophelelekile kubudala bakho kunye nokukhubazeka (umz., umphathi wathi "umdala kakhulu kwaye ugula kakhulu ukuba ungaqhubeka"), qiniseka ukuba uyicacisa kakuhle into yokuba kwityala le-EEOC kunye nerekhothi yakho esemthethweni.

Imigaqo Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Njengoko abasebenzi beneminyaka engama-55 ubudala kunye nenani lamaMerika aneminyaka engama-55 kunye namadala alindeleke ukuba aphindeke kabini ngonyaka wama-2060. Ukudibana kocalulo lobudala kunye nolwesiphene kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi. Abenzi bomthetho nabameli baye bacela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kubasebenzi abakhulileyo abaneziphene, kuquka ukubuyiselwa kwe-ADEA ukuthatha indawo "kodwa" imigangatho yokulungisa ngengxaki ekhuthazayo, ukuyidibanisa neADA kunye neSihlo se-VII. Ezinye izicelo ziye zacebisa ukuba baqaphele "gadi kunye" okanye zichaze ngokucacileyo umthetho worhulumente.

Ukongezelela, iEEOC ibeke imigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kule ndawo, ikhupha ulwahlulo lobudala kunye neziphene. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iEEOC izise amatyala acel ’ umqeshi anzima ajongene nemigaqo-nkqubo ejongene nabasebenzi abakhulileyo ejongene nokukhubazeka ngokwahlukileyo, njengemigaqo-nkqubo yegunya enyanzelisa umhlala-phantsi yemisebenzi ethile esenokungangqubani neADA ukuba umqeshi usenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efunekayo ngokuhlala kwindawo yokuhlala. Ubugcisa bukwanendima ephambili: njengoko abasebenzi abakhulileyo bexhomekeke kubugcisa obuncedisa, abaqeshi-ofisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izixhobo zomsebenzi zifikeleleka kakuhle kwaye uqeqesho aluqhubeli iinjongo zokufunda.

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, jonga kwiqela le-ADEA ``IFLT''' ne ADA] Inethwekhi yesizwe kukhokelo lokuthobela. [ Umbutho womsebenzi we-Facess Factory [ unika abasebenzi izinto eziluncedo, ngelixa SM]SM[] unika umqeshina-o-msebe iingcebiso zentelelo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yocalucalulo yobudala kunye nomthetho wamalungelo okukhubazeka kugxininisa imfuneko yokuzichaza ngokuchanekileyo ukuthobelana nokungavumelani nolwaphulo-mthetho. Abasebenzi abadala abaneziphene banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo yiADEA neADA, kwaye abaqeshi kufuneka baphephe iinkqubo okanye izenzo ezibaphatha ngokungekho sesikweni nakwesiphi na isizathu. Ngokuqonda imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni, imingeni esebenzayo, kunye nokuvela kwemikhwa, bonke abafaki-matyala bangaba negalelo kwimibutho epheleleyo nelungelelanisiweyo yabantu abadala abaneziphene.