Ucalucalulo lobudala kwindawo yomsebenzi luhlala lungumba oqhubekayo, oluchaphazela abasebenzi ukusuka kwizikhundla ezikwiqondo eliphezulu ukuya kwi-C-suite. Ngelixesha i-Agescation in Account Act (ADEA) inika isiseko sokhuseleko kubasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu, umgangatho wokoqobo wokukhuselwa uxhomekeke kakhulu kwilizwe osebenza kulo. Imithetho yomgangatho karhulumente ingazalisa izithuba ezishiyekileyo zabasebenzi abatsha, okanye (__inmeko) ayinikeli phantse ifanele ifumane inkxaso engakumbi. Abaqeshwa, iingcali zoovimba babantu, iinkokeli zeshishini, ukuqonda oku kukhuselwa komsebenzi wentelelo, ukuthothotyelwa, ukuthotyelwa, ukuthotyelwa komthetho, nokuphathwa kakuhle.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imida yocalucalulo lobudala bobudala kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo, libalaselisa apho imithetho karhulumente inwenwa khona kwaye iphosakele khona. Siza kuhlola umahluko wemimiselo karhulumente, iinkqubo zoqikelelo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zabasebenzi nabaqeshi. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela inzululwazi yendalo enokuthi iwaguqule ngayo amalungelo akho kunye neembopheleleko zakho ngokuphathelele ucalucalulo lobudala.

Ukhuseleko localucalulo lweminyaka eManyeneyo: Isiseko

Umthetho oyintloko wezwe obhekisa kucalucalulo lobudala yi- Agenti in Employment Act (ADEA) ka1967. I-ADEA iyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekuqeshweni, ekudutyulweni, ekunyusweni, ekuhlawuleni, kwintlawulo, kwizabelo zemisebenzi, kwizabelo zemisebenzi, kuqeqesho, nakwezinye iimeko zemisebenzi. Isebenza kubaqeshi abasebenzi abamalunga nama-20 okanye abaqeshwa, oorhulumente, oorhulumente, abaqeshwa, kunye namaziko omsebenzi.

Ngoxa iADEA ikhusela ngokubalulekileyo, inezinto ezininzi eziphawulekayo ezisikelwe umda:

  • Umnyango wemali: Ishishini elinabaqeshwa abangaphantsi kwama-20 liyakhululwa, lishiya izigidi zabasebenzi zingenakhuseleko lwamazwe.
  • Umgama omalunga nomgama ophezulu: Kuphela abasebenzi abangama-40 nangaphezulu abagqunyiweyo; abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-40 abakwazi ukuzisa ityala phantsi kwe-ADEA kwanokuba bajongene nocalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala (umz., bekhetha abacebisi abadala kunabaselula).
  • Isiphumo esingqubanayo sithi: Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase U.S. igqitywe Smith v. IsiXeko se Jackson (2005] esihlula iziphumo ezibonisa iziphumo zibonakala phantsi kwe ADEA, kodwa ikhuselwa ngobubele kakhulu kunonokhuseleko lwe-ITH. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba izibhengezo ezinjalo ziphumelele.
  • Umiselo: Ityala lokuqokelela kunye nesohlwayo alifumaneki phantsi kwe ADEA; abalawuli abalawulayo bangafumana kwakhona intlawulo ebuyiselwayo, umvuzo ongaphambili, kunye nelahleko esele idibene (intlawulo yangasemva ephindwe kabini) kuphela kwiimeko zokwaphula umthetho ngabom.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uqikelelo lommiselo: Intengo ze-ADEA kufuneka zigcinwe jikelele ngeKhomishini ye-Oficity Elinganayo (EOC) ngeentsuku ezili-180 (ientsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu kumazwe akwizibonelelo ezibekelwe ixesha elifanelekileyo lokusebenza).

Ngenxa yale misantsa, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo yocalucalulo lobudala. Amanye anikela ukhuseleko kubo bonke abasebenzi kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo, abaqeshi abancinane, okanye anike unyango olomeleleyo. Noko ke, amanye awanikezeli lukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo, nto leyo eshiya abemi bexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumthetho karhulumente, okanye bengenaloncedo luncinci ukuba umthetho karhulumente ubuthathaka.

Isiseko Semithetho KaRhulumente: Ushwankathelo Nezinto Ezingundoqo

Ngonyaka wama-2025, ngaphezu kwama-40 amazwe anemithetho ethintela ucalucalulo lobudala emsebenzini. Noko ke, ubukhulu namandla ale mithetho ahlukene kakhulu. Owona mahluko uphawulekayo ukwiindidi eziliqela:

Amazwe Akhusela Abasebenzi Abaselula

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ichaphazela kakhulu kukuba umthetho karhulumente ukhusela abasebenzi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40. Ngelixesha iADEA igqubuthela abo bangamashumi amane nangaphezulu, eminye imithetho karhulumente iyaluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala beminyaka yobudala bomqeshwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshi oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala ugqithelwe ukunyusela phambili kuba ekhetha “ubutsha ubuso." unokuba netyala.

Ingxelo ephawulekayo ekhusela bonke abasebenzi, kungekhona ezo zingama-40+, iquka:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] ICalifornia – I-Fair Account and House Act (FEHA) inqanda ucalucalulo nxamnye naye nawuphi na “ongaphezulu kwama-40,” kodwa ukuba ngaba umthetho utolike u-FEHA ukuchaza kwakhona ukukhusela abasebenzi abaselula kucalucalulo lobudala kwiimeko ezithile. Ngaphezu koko, iKhalifoniyani inemiqathango ebanzi echasene nocalucalulo olugungcelo lonke ixesha.
  • INew York [[FLT: 0] – iThe New York State Human Rights Law (NYSRL) ithintela ucalulo lobudala kuye nabani na oneminyaka eli-18 okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kwenza iNew York ibe yeyona mimandla ikhusela abasebenzi abaselula.
  • Amasacusets[[FL:1] – iMassachusetts Fair Accers Act ikhusela ucalucalulo lobudala kubantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala, kodwa ilungiselelo elahlukileyo (M.G.L. c. 151B, 76 4(1C)) uthintela ucalucalulo kulo nawuphi na umqeshwa ongaphantsi kwama-70 asekelwe kwiminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Noko ke, ukukhusela abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-40 ubudala kulinganiselwe kwaye kudla ngokufuna ukuba kuboniswe ukuba ucalucalulo lwalungo lwesizathu esingayiyo i-boya-boya-bona.
  • Illinois – UMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu e-Illinois woyisa ucalucalulo lobudala kubantu abangamashumi amane nangaphezulu, kodwa kwakhona uquka ukhuseleko kwabo bangaphantsi kwama-40 ukuba ucalucalulo lusekelwe kubudala ngendlela “engenangqiqo."
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Shashington – i-Washington Law Against Discritination (WLAD) inqanda ukucalucalulwa kweminyaka nakuwuphi na umntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, ukuba bakwi-18 ubuncinane.

Kula maphondo, abasebenzi abaselula banokufumana uncedo olungakumbi kunabanye abantu abasebenza nabo, kuba besithi, kwanakula mazwe, ukucalucalulo lunokuba lucelomngeni ngakumbi kubasebenzi abakwiminyaka eli - 18ne939 kuba ukuthelekisa iminyaka yobudala akuyi kubangeli ngxaki kangako njengabo bajolise abasebenzi abakhulileyo.

Amazwe Abhencayo Ingcaciso Yocalulo

Ngaphandle kokuqukunjelwa ngeminyaka, amanye amazwe achaza izenzo zokucalucalula ngokuphangaleleyo. Oku kuquka ukwandisa ingcamango yokuthabatha inyathelo elibi, ukucutha imilinganiselo yokubetha, okanye ukufihla ngokucacileyo ukukhathazwa, ukuziphindezelela, okanye imiphumo egqwethayo.

  • ICalifornia- FEHA isebenzisa “intshukumisa edibeneyo” umlinganiselo: ukuba iminyaka yobudala yayingunobangela oshukumisayo kwisigqibo, umqeshi ufanele ukuthembeka. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-ADEA, ifuna“ kodwa "kweya" u-.FEHA ikwakukwalela ngokucacileyo ukukhathazwa ngokweminyaka, lo gama ukuhlaselwa kwe-ADEA kungekakhuselwa.
  • INew York - ivumela amatyala asekelwe “kwintshukumisa engalunganga” kwaye ivumela ukuba ichaze i-“athomo” ikhethelwe ngabasebenzi kunye nabaphathi. INew York ikwanikezela ngeziphumo ezingenamda zentelekelelo kunye nezobuhlanga obungagqibekanga, obunobukho bemithetho yemihlathi.
  • Iminnesota – Umthetho weMinnesota Amalungelo Abantu walela ucalucalulo lobudala kuye nabani na oneminyaka eli-18 okanye ngaphezulu kwaye uchaza “iminyaka engu-20. Ikwavumela ukumangalelwa ngasese ngaphandle konyango lokuqala oludinisayo, ngokungafaniyo namazwe amaninzi.
  • New Jersey – The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (NJLAD) inqanda ucalulo lobudala kuye nabani na olishumi elinesibhozo okanye ongaphezulu kwaye isebenzisa “umlinganiselo ongundoqo ofak ’ isandla kwinkangeleko”, oluncedo kakhulu kwiziphumo zeADEA kuvavanyo“ olungelulonke.

Ezi nkcazelo ziphangaleleyo zithetha ukuba abalawuli kula mazwana banethuba elinamandla lokubonakalisa ucalucalulo, kwanaxa ubungqina bungaqondakali okanye bubandakanya iintshukumisa ezidibeneyo. Kubaqeshi, oku kuphakamisa izithintelo ekukhuseleni ukukhutshwa kobudala.

Amazwe Anemiqathango Okanye Angenazo Ezinye Iinkuselo

Kwelinye icala kukho iziganeko ezithi mhlawumbi akukho mthetho wocalucalulo olingana nomntu okanye imithetho elandelelanayo neADEA enezandi ezimbalwa. Kule miba, abasebenzi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40 okanye abasebenzela abaqeshi abancinane basenokungabi nalo nanye ikhambi elisemthethweni.

Amazwe angakhuselekanga kangako aquka:

  • --Texas azinayo imisebenzi ye-oyile ye-odoli jikelele egquma ikhethe lobudala. Endaweni yoko, abasebenzi baseTexas kufuneka bathembele kuphela kwi-ADEA. Amashishini anabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-20, akukho khuseleko lomgangatho karhulumente.
  • [[NTL: 0] Florida – Umthetho we-Florida okwindawo ebanzi wamaLungelo (FCRA) wokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala, kodwa kubantu abangamashumi amane nangaphezulu. Isebenza kubaqeshi abanomsebenzi abali-15 okanye abangaphezulu, ukwandisa kancinci umqobo wezwelonke. Noko ke, i-FCRA ibonelela kakhulu i-ADEA kwaye ayiniki mayeza awongezelelekileyo.
  • Georgia-Incwadi ye-Georgia’s Fair Accessical Acts igqubuthela ucalulo lobudala kodwa kuphela kubasebenzi bakarhulumente. Abasebenzi behlelo lobucala eGeorgia abanalo ukhuseleko lomthetho karhulumente. Kufuneka bathembele kuphela kwi-ADEA, kwaye ukuba umqeshi unabaqeshwa abangaphantsi kwama-20, akukho lukhuseli.
  • Ohio- – umthetho weOhio wocalucalulo (R.C. 4112.02) uthintela ucalucalulo lobudala kubantu abangamashumi amane okanye abadala, abaqeshi abasebenza aba-4 okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoxa umqobo wokunikezela usezantsi, umthetho ulandela ngokusondeleyo imigangatho karhulumente ngokweziqinisekiso kunye namayeza. iOhio ayiluniki ucalulo lwabasebenzi abatsha.

Amanye amazwe aneminye imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo aquka i-Alabama (akukho mthetho wocalucalulo lobudala obungachazwanga), iMississippi (okungekho mthetho wesizwe obanzi), kunye noMzantsi Carolina (olandela ngokusondeleyo). Abasebenzi kula mazwe kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukhetho lwabo olusemthethweni lumxinwa.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Kunyanzelo Nendlela Yokunceda

Ukukhusela ucalucalulo lobudala akubangelwa koko kuthethwa ngumthetho ephepheni, kodwa indlela onyanzeliswa ngayo nendlela ofumaneka ngayo. Nantsi imilinganiselo yemeko enzima yesizwe.

Ukupheliswa kolawulo kunye nokuthuthwa

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna abasebenzi ukuba bafake ityala kwisebe eliqhuba imisebenzi esesikweni (FEPA) phambi kokuba bamangalelwe enkundleni. Ii-spane zexesha ziyahluka:

  • [[UMTL: 0]A – 180 iintsuku (300 zentsuku kumazwe neFEPA).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ICalifornia – iminyaka emithathu kwingxelo zeFEHA (Umlinganiselo weminyaka e-1 weFEHA ikhalazo ze DFEH iyacetyiswa).
  • INew York - 3 iminyaka ye-NYSHRL ithetha ukuba ivela kumhla wocalulo.
  • Florida – iintsuku ezingama-353 ukulayisha ifayile neKhomishini yeFlorida kwiManyano zoluntu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ii-Texs – Akukho nkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente; abasebenzi kufuneka bafake ifayile nge-EOC ngeentsuku ezingama-300.

Ukusilela ukufikelela ixesha elimiselweyo kunokuba yingozi kwityala, ngoko abasebenzi bamele bahlole imimiselo karhulumente neyorhulumente.

Iindlela Zonyango: Umonakalo Neeathorney

Omnye umahluko omkhulu kukufumaneka komonakalo wetyala nesohlwayo. I-ADEA ayivumeli ezi zinto; imithetho yorhulumente iyahluka:

  • [[NTLA: 0] ICalifornia – FEHA ivumela umonakalo woxinzelelo (uxinezeleko, iintlungu nokubandezeleka) kunye nesohlwayo somonakalo wokuqhatha, ubungendawo, okanye ingcinezelo, ngoonobumba abaxhomekeke kubungakanani bomqeshi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] New York – i-NYSHRL ivumela umonakalo ongenasiphelo kunye nomonakalo wesohlwayo (ophantsi koonobumba kwezinye iinkundla).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amatyala – ivumela umonakalo wokuhlawulela kwaye izihlandlo ezithathu zibuyisela imbuyekezo yokwaphula ngabom.
  • Ohio – ilahleko yeNkatho ihliswa nge R250 000 ukuya ku R350 000 kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bomqeshi (ukufana noluhlu lweSihloko se VII).
  • [ Florida – Ityala lokuqokelela kunye nesohlwayo lifakwa kwi R120 000 ukuya ku R350 000 esekelwe kubungakanani bomqeshi, kwaye iimali zamagqwetha ziyafumaneka.

Kumaphondo afana neTexas, apho kungekho mthetho wobudala kubaqeshi abasemthethweni, abaqeshi abangoorhulumente banokufumana imbuyekezo ebuyiselwa emva, intlawulo yangaphambili nelahleko esele ikho phantsi kweADEA.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kwabaqeshi

Abaqeshi abasebenza kumaphondo amaninzi bajamelana nocelomngeni lokuthobela. Umgaqo osemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe ungabeka umqeshi kwityala kwelinye. Amaqela eHR kufuneka aqwalasele oku kulandelayo:

  • Izixhobo zesandla ezicacileyo zesizwe: eziqinisekisa iincwadi zabaqeshwa kunye neenkqubo ezilwa nocalulo zihlaziywe ukubonakalisa iimfuno zomthetho wesizwe, ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele kugqumo lwabasebenzi abaselula kunye nenkcazelo zobudala obukhuselweyo.
  • Ukuqeqesha: Phumeza uqeqesho olugquma kungekuphela nje ulawulo kodwa lukwaquka imiqathango ecacileyo yombuso. Umzekelo, eNew York, oomabhalane kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwimigangatho ebanzi ye-NYSHRL.
  • Imithetho elandelwayo yoququzelo: Amanye amazwe afuna abaqeshi ukuba balandele iinkqubo ezithile zokuphengulula izikhalazo, kuquka amanyathelo okubhala kunye nokunika izikhalazo ngeziphumo zoshwankathelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqokelelwa kwengxelo: Iimfuno zenjongo zefayile zabasebenzi zohluka-hlukene; amanye amazwana agcina iirekhodi ngexesha lomsebenzi kunye nexesha elisisigxina emva kokuphelisa.
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi lwe- Lomphezulu welizwe:[ Khombisa rhoqo uphicotho-zincwadi lwendawo apho inkampani yakho inabasebenzi kunye nemithetho yocalulo yobudala obuhambelanayo. Qinisekisa ukuba ukuqeshwa, ukunyuselwa, kunye nezigqibo zokuphelisa ziyavumelana nowona mgangatho ungqongqo ufanelekileyo.

Abaqeshi kufuneka baqaphele ukuba amaziko alwa nocalucalulo athe afumana iingxelo ezithe ngqo. Umzekelo, iNew York State Division of Human Rights neSebe lamaLungelo elinguNondyebo laseKhalifoniya (elalibizwa ngokuba yiDFEH) anobundlobongela ekuphandeni nasekumangaleleni iingxelo, maxa wambi ngaphandle kokukhalaza okusemthethweni komqeshwa.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Kwabaqeshwa

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukhe wacalulwa ngenxa yobudala, iqhinga lakho elingokwasemthethweni lifanele liqale ngokuqonda imithetho yelizwe lakho.

  1. [[FLT: 0] Uxwebhu yonke into: gcina amaphetshana amagqabantshintshi ocalulo, izenzo ezichasayo, kunye nayo nayiphi na imizamo yokuchaza ukuziphatha. Gcina ii-imeyili, uhlolo lomsebenzi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ebhaliweyo.
  2. Qinisa intlawulo yelizwana lakho: Misela ukuba urhulumente wakho ukhusela abasebenzi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40, ugquma abaqeshi abancinane, okanye unikela amancedo awongezelelekileyo. Iwebhsayithi ye-EEOC (eoc.gov/iofisi ye-field) inikeza ulwazi lwemo-mouse.
  3. ifayile nge siseko esisiso sonikezelo: Kwimeko nge FEPA, ungafuna ukufaka kuqala uxwebhu ngeli sebe. Ukudada nge EEOC ngexesha elinye kungakhusela iprojekti yakho yolawulo ngeli lixa uqala inkqubo yombuso.
  4. Igqwetha: imithetho yocalulo lwemisebenzi intsokothileyo kwaye izele yimigibe yemiqobo. Igqwetha eliqhelene nomthetho wesizwe nowesizwe lingacebisa ngeyona ndlela ingcono yokufumana i-forum kunye necebo.
  5. Uqwalasela amancedo acacileyo emeko: Kumazwana anjengeKhalifoniya okanye iNew York, usenokuba nommiselo omde wesithintelo kunye nokufikelela kwilahleko ye-complation, uyenza imeko yakho iqine ngakumbi.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba uhlala kwimeko ekhuselekileyo ngokulinganiselweyo (umz., iTexas, iGeorgia, iFlorida), ufanele uphaphele ngakumbi ekugcineni ixesha elifanelekileyo lokufika kweEEOC uze uqwalasele enoba ingcamango yakho inokuziswa na phantsi kwezinye iingcamango (njengokuziphindezelela okanye ukwaphulwa kwenkqubo yenkampani).

Ikamva Lokwahlulelwana Kwabantu Ngeminyaka

Izinto eziliqela ezikhoyo ziphembelela indaleko yayo:

  • Ulwandiso lwesizwe: Umazwe amaninzi acinga okanye adlulisa imithetho enciphisa umlinganiselo wobudala wokwandiswa konyango. Michigan, Colorado, kunye ne-Oregon asandul'ukuyihlaziya imithetho yawo.
  • [[NTL:0] Izilungiso ze-Foderal: I-Pixelting Works Atting Distrucriminal Act (POWADA) icetyiwe kwiBhunga ukubuyisela iziphumo ezisebenzayo zeziphumo ezisebenzayo nokucacisa ukuba “ifekta yegalelo” yanele. Ayikadluli, kodwa ihlala iyimbambano ephilayo.
  • Ucalucalulo lwe-DIGital kunye nolu-Al: Njengoko abaqeshi besebenzisa i-Al ngokuqhubekayo ekuqesheni nasekunyuseni, ucalucalulo lobudala lungangena kwii-algorith. I-EEOC ikhuphe ukhokelo lokwahlula iziphumo ze-Al, kunye namanye amazwe (umz., i-Illinois, kwisiXeko saseNew York) ibeke imithetho ejolise ngqo kwiziko zesigqibo semisebenzi ezenzekelayo.
  • Cwangcisa ubunkimbinkimbi bomsebenzi: kunye nabaqeshwa abakude, umbuzo othi umthetho karhulumente usebenza nzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthetho welizwe apho umqeshwa asebenza khona ngokuyintloko ulawula, kodwa oku kungakhokelela ekudidekeni kwabaqeshi namaqela asemaphandleni.

Ukuhlala ulungelelanisa olu phuhliso kubalulekile kubaqeshwa nabaqeshi. Isiqinisekiso sokuhlaziya okusemthethweni okusuka ku [[FLT: 0]EOC okanye isebe lakho lomsebenzi wezwe linganceda.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo yokhuselo lobudala eUnited States iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwemeko nganye. Ngelixesha i-ADEA inika isiseko esinzima, izithuba zayo qha, ingakumbi malunga nabasebenzi abaselula, abaqeshi abancinane, kunye nemiqathango elinganiselweyo .

Kubaqeshi, le misebenzi ifuna ucwangciso lononophelo, ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yengingqi. Kubaqeshwa, kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokwazi imithetho yasekuhlaleni nokusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko umsebenzi wemithetho-siseko uqhubeka kumgangatho worhulumente nowezwelo, ukhuselo localulo lobudala luza kuba luntsokothile kakhulu. Ukuhlala waziswe ngemithombo ethembekileyo enje AAAAARP kunye Nolo

Ekugqibeleni, ucalucalulo lobudala akufunekanga lube ngumqobo kumsebenzi ofanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni okukhoyo kwilizwe lakho linyathelo lokuqala lokumela amalungelo akho okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakho ufanelekile. Enoba ungumqeshwa okanye umqeshi, ulwazi oluqhubekayo lwale mithetho lubangela ukuba abasebenzi babo bonke ubudala basebenze ngokulinganayo.