Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelanisa Umthetho Okunyanzelisa Igunya

Ummiselo olawula ukugcinwa komthetho uluqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo lwemimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko, umthetho wemithetho-siseko, imizekelo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko yesebe. Yenzelwe ukunika abaphathi izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngexesha elinye bebeka imida engqongqo kwezo zixhobo zokulondoloza amalungelo abantu. Olu lungelelwano alumi ngamaxesha onke; luyazimela ngemithetho yenkundla, nezenzo zomthetho, kunye nokulindela okucwangcisiweyo. Ukuqonda omabini amandla aqalweyo kunye nezithintelo ezibekwe ziyimfuneko kuomasigqeba, abasebenzi bemithetho, abamisela imithetho, kunye nabantu abathe ngqinelaneyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lwesitshixo seso siseko, ukunyanzelwa kwegunya, nokuphangwa, nokusetyenziswa kolawulo, njengoko kusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-mthetho, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla, njengoko kuqinisekiswa ngokweenkqubo ezi zixhobo ezi ziqikelelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya amapolisa

Ilitye eliphantsi lomthetho we-America elilawula ukugcinwa komthetho likwiSigqeba soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ingakumbi iBhili yamaLungelo. Ngoxa uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo ungawakhi amasebe amapolisa, uchaza imida apho bonke abadlali borhulumente − kubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa komthetho . UMthetho-Myezo wesine uthintela ukuphengululwa nokukhuthuka okungekho ngqiqweni, unyanzeleka ukuba nakuphi na ukungenelwa nokuphangwa okufanelekileyo kuthethelelwe ukuba kuthethelelwe ngesizathu esilindelekileyo okanye, kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, ukukrokrexoza okusengqiqweni. Umgaqo-Gando-wo Wesihlanu ukhusela ukhusela ekunyanzelweni kobuqu, uqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanakunyanzelwa ukuba banikezele ubungqina ngokwabo. IsiHlambo seSithandathu sokuLamkelo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika ingxeko nokuvava ityala, okuchaphazela ngqo indlela amapolisa aqhuba ngayo imicimbi kunye nemiqathango.

La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko akangomacebiso nje; anyanzeleka ukuba anyanzeliswe ngomthetho owenziwe ngaphandle, obububungqina obufunyanwa ngokwaphulwa kwala malungelo ekusetyenzisweni ekuvavanyeni (] Mapp v.Ohio, 367 U.S. 643). Ngaphezu koko, ityala loluntu phantsi komthetho wama-42.C. ngo193 inika unyango kubantu abamalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko aphulwayo ngumthetho. Isiphumo sikwimeko esemthethweni apho ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amapolisa kuxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwekomiti kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka.

Ukubanjwa: Kubangelwa Ngunobangela Ofanelekileyo Nokuchaswa Okusengqiqweni

Amandla okubanjwa ngawona abonakalayo kwaye anempembelelo ekhoyo kumthetho. Noko ke, asilo lonke uvalelo lokrokrelo olulukubamba . Iinkundla zohlula phakathi kokubanjwa, okufuna isizathu, kunye nokumiswa kophando, okufuna kuphela ukrokrolo olusengqiqweni. Lo mahluko, umiselwe kwi Terry v. Ohio [3] U.S. 1, 1968), uvumela abaphathi ukuba babambe umntu okwexeshana ukuba banolwazi olungqalileyo, olufuna kuphela ukrobo olusengqiqweni. Oku kukhokelela kwinkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ungumenzi-mthetho.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo: Umgangatho Wegolide

Umba ocacileyo ukho xa umphathi enolwazi lwezibakala kunye neemeko eziza kukhokelela umntu onobulumko ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho, lukho, okanye luza kwenziwa. Ngumgangatho osebenzayo, ongengowobugcisa oxhomekeke kwimo epheleleyo. Umzekelo, umphathi obona ukuthengiselwa kweziyobisi, ova ukuvunywa kwegama, okanye ofumana ubungqina obucacileyo ngokucacileyo obucacileyo bubangela ukubanjwa. Imfazwe ekhutshwe ngumphathi-mikhosi onobugqeba uqinisa ukuma okusemthethweni kokubanjwa, nangona ukubanjwa kunokwenziwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba kukho isizathu esifanelekileyo kunye neemeko ezingaqhelekanga.

Utyibiliko Olusengqiqweni: Umda Osezantsi Wenyathelo Elilinganiselweyo

Ukukrokra okusengqiqweni ngumgangatho olula, ofuna okungaphantsi kwesizathu esilindelekileyo kodwa ngaphezu kwesizathu esiqhelekileyo. Kuvumela abaphathi ukuba bamise baze bafake ikrokrela ukuba banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Le mfundiso ibinconywe ngokwenza uphatho lweprojekthi kwaye igxekwe ngenxa yokukhokelwa kwayo kuhlanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka icombulula imida yokukrokreleka okusengqiqweni, ibamba ezo zinto njengendawo, ukuziphatha, nexesha lemini linokuba negalelo kuhlaluzo ([] Illinois v., 528], U.S.U.NT.1.U.U.

Ukufuna Nokuziphanda: Imfuneko Efanelekileyo Neyahlukileyo

ISine Amendment ivakalisa ukuba “ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, aliyi kuphulwa.” Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuphengulula akunangqiqo ngaphandle kokuba kuqhutyelwe kwisiqinisekiso esisemthethweni okanye kubekwe ngaphakathi komnye wezizathu ezingaziwayo. Imvume mayisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, ichaze ngokuthe ngqo indawo ekufuneka ifunwe, kwaye ikhutshwe ngumgwebi ongathanga nxaxheba. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba igosahluleli esingenamdla, hayi umgcini-mthetho, njengesango yesango yezomthetho.

Oyena Mxholo Ukhethekileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhupha iindidi eziliqela ezivumela ukuphengulula ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zezi:

  • [[NTL: 0] Imvume: Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela kuphendlo, akukho mvume ifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, hayi inyanzeliswe, kwaye ingarhoxiswa nangaliphi na ixesha.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelwayo: Xa usongelo olukhawulezileyo kubomi, umngcipheko wobungqindilili bobunyani, okanye ukusukela okushushu korhalaphiso olubalekayo lukhona, abaphathi bangangena baze bakhangele ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ([] Krucky v. King, 563], U.S. 452, 2011).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhangela Ithuba lokubanjwa: Emva kokubambeka ngokusemthethweni, amagosa angakhangela umntu kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi nokukhusela ukufihla okanye ukutshabalalisa kobungqina ([] Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 1969).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imboniselo yoPlato: Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye libona ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho ngokucacileyo, okokuba ubungqina bunokubanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inqwelo-moya Ezenzekelayo Enxaxhileyo: IVehicles ingakhangelwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ziqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, ngenxa yendlela ezihamba ngayo nexesha elicuthiweyo lokulindela ubumfiliba (] I-Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S 132, 1925).

Ezi zinxaxhi zisoloko zibekwa phantsi, kwaye abaphathi kufuneka baqeqeshelwe kakuhle ukuqaphela xa imvume iyimfuneko kwaye xa isetyenziswa. Ukungaqondi kakuhle kungakhokelela ekucinezeleni kobungqina kunye netyala loluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi: Imigangatho esemthethweni kunye nolawulo

Imimandla embalwa yokunyanzelisa umthetho iqwalaselwa njengokusetyenziswa komkhosi. Ulungelelwano lomthetho lufuna abaphathi-mikhosi bazikhusele bona noluntu ukuba bakhusele ilungelo elisisiseko lobomi kunye nokuthembeka emzimbeni. Umgangatho wokuvavanya izicelo zamandla agqithisileyo phantsi koMphetho-Mdathiso wesine wamiselwa Graham v. Connor [490 U.S. 386, 1989]): inkundla mayihlole enoba izenzo zegosapho zazisengqiqweni na. Ngokukhanyiselwa ngamacandelo neemeko ezijongene negosapho, ngaphandle kokubhekiselele kwinjongo yegosa eliphantsi okanye intshukumisa.

Izinto Ezibangela Uvavanyo Olusengqiqweni

Isigqibo [[NTLT:0] Graham sachonga oothunywashe abaninzi abafanele baqwalaselwe: ubungqnambeko bolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ukrokra ubeka umngcipheko okhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lwabaphathi okanye abanye, nokuba ngaba ukrokrela uzama ngamandla ukuxhathisa ukubanjwa okanye ukuzama ukubhabha. Oku kumele ukuba, ubungcathuzeli bamandla kufuneka bagwetywe ukusuka kumbono womphathi ofanelekileyo, hayi ngoncedo lwexesha elidlulileyo. Oku “umlinganiselo wesibini” kunika abaphathi ababambekayo abaninzi kodwa akuvumeli ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo achasene nokubaleka okungathandekiyo (]) kukrokrene. Garr[FFFFF:3], v[3], U.

Umanyano Olufanelekileyo Nempembelelo Yalo

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela ukukhusela ukunyanzeliswa kwamagosa karhulumente, kuquka amagosa omthetho, kusuka kwityala lasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba bawaphule “ngokucacileyo” amalungelo omthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko umntu onengqondo ebeya kuba ewazi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba amagosa aphendulwe ngamandla agqithisileyo, kwanakwiimeko ezimaxongo. Abaxhasi bawakhusela ekumangalweni kwamagosa etyala kwaye bawavumela ukuba enze imisebenzi yawo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuzinzisa. Ingxoxo engaphaya kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo iye yaqina kwiminyaka yatsha, ngokugqithisa umthetho wotshintsho kunye neNkunganye enika umba oluPhakade unikezelo olunika umbangophicotho ([FLD: 0]], egg. [FL:],[3]],[3]]

Amandla Emvula Kwixesha Lamanani

Inkqubela yobugcisa inyuse ngokuphawulekayo amandla okunyanzelisa umthetho okuqwalasela abantu. Ukusuka kubafundi bepleyiti yelayisensi ezenzekelayo kunye neemfaniso zeseli (ii-Stingrates) ukuya kujongwa kwi-media yoluntu kunye nokwaziwa kobuso, izixhobo zezixhobo zokuhlola zinkulu. Kodwa isiseko somthetho esilawula ukusetyenziswa kwabo sisasebenza. Ukukhusela koMphengululo wesine kuyasebenza ekuphengululeni nasekuxhuzumeni, kodwa oko kuyila “ukuhlola” kwindawo yamanani bekungumbandela wokuzilingwa kakhulu.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Nokwanda Kwayo

Ngokwesiko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi abantu abanalo ulindelo olusengqiqweni lokuzifihla kwinkcazelo eyabelwe ngokuzithandela namaqela amathathu, njengeenkampani zomnxeba (Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S.735,1979),. Le mfundiso yakha yavumela amapolisa ukuba afumane uludwe olubanzi lweengxelo ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, Carpeenter v. United States[FLT][FLT] [585] U.S.6, 2018), iNkuvuma ukuba umlinganiselo omkhulu wendawo yeseli-phone ye-data (ezi-iiii-data) enokulandela i-mfologosa efuna ukupheka kwesivumelwano sokuzikhusela.

I-univerdance yombane kunye nomthetho wengcingo

Ukusebenzisana kwe-electronic sym, njengonxibelelwano locingo, ii-imeyili, kunye nemiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, kulawulwa kakhulu nguMthetho we-Gintertap (18 U.S.C. 76 2510-2523). Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ufumane umyalelo wenkundla osekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sokuba ukunqandwa kuya kufumana ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho olukhethekileyo, oludweliswe ngokweenjongo. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho weSigcino-nxibelelwano (18 U.S.C. 2701-212) ulawula unikezelo lokugcina unxibelelwano kunye neengxelo ezigcinwe ngabanikezeli benkonzo. Le mimiselo imisela iimfuno ezingqongqo, kuquka imigaqo yokulinganisela umlinganiselo ongengobalulo ulwazi oluqokelelweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuhlola kusoloko kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nempembelelo engathethekiyo kuluntu oluncinane kunye nokunokwenzeka komsebenzi wenkonzo. Amasebe kufuneka amisele iinkqubo ezicacileyo kunye nobuchule bokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho ([[FLT: 0] ACLU] Izibonelelo zamapolisa.).

Imilinganiselo kunye nobuchule bokuphendula

Amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho anyanzelelwa ngabom lulawulo oluninzi. Le miqathango yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa, ukukhulisa ukuthenjwa kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ahlonelwa.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle

Inkoliso yamasebe amapolisa aneentlanganiso zangaphakathi eziphanda izityholo zokuziphethe kakubi. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kokuzilawula kuye kwabuzwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekumisweni kweebhodi zokuhlola ezingekho mthethweni kwimimandla emininzi. Ezi bhodi, ezisenokuba zigunyaze ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokuzimeleyo.

Ukuhlala Ngobudlelane Nemimiselo

Abantu abanamalungelo aphulweyo banokumangalelwa phantsi komthetho weCandelo 1983 okanye wephondo. Ngaphezu koko, iSebe leMithetho eBasesikweni lingaphanda ngeendlela zokungahambi kakuhle, yaye, ukuba lifunyanwe, imigaqo yokunyanzelisa imimiselo egunyazisa iinguqu ezithile. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka imiyalelo evumelanayo neSebe lamapolisa kwisiXeko saseBaltimore neSebe lamapolisa laseChicago, elifuna iinguqulelo ezibanzi ekusetyenzisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo, uqeqesho, kunye nokudityaniswa kwamaqela entlalo.

Ikhamera yomzimba- Worn kunye nokubonakala kwelinye icala

Iikhamera zomzimba (BWC) ziye zaba sisixhobo esamkelwe ngokubanzi sokuphendula. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iBWC yandisa ukubonakala, inciphisa izikhalazo, kwaye iphucula ukuziphatha kwawo omabini amacala ekhamera. Iingxaki ezisemthethweni zivele ngokunxulumene nenkxalabo yangasese kumaxhoba kunye namangqina, kwanaxa inyawo zinokunqanyulwa kuluntu ngokubanzi. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yolawulo lwe-BWC, kuquka xa iikhamera kufuneka zikhutshwe kwaye ukuba zigcinwe ixesha elide kangakanani ([[FLT: 0] [NCS Body-Wor Cameras Livement command [FL:1]]).

Ukutshintsha Kwendlela Esemthethweni: Utshintsho Nempikiswano Zakutshanje

Umiselo olusemthethweni lomthetho wokunyanzelisa umthetho alumi ngaxesha linye. Ngokulandela iziganeko eziphezulu zogonyamelo lwamapolisa kwaye kufunwa utshintsho lwenkqubo, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho kunye neenkundla ziye zahlolisisa kwakhona emininzi yemithetho yesiseko echazwe ngasentla. Amanye amagunya ahlaziyiwe ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-siseko ukugxininisa ukupheliswa komthetho kunye nomsebenzi wokungenelela; amanye avile okanye abekel

Kumgangatho karhulumente, izindululo ezifana ne-George Floyd Justice in Polic Imithetho yeQumrhu ziye zafuna ukuthintela ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olugunyazisiweyo ekusetyenzisweni kwegunya, kunye nokuyila imigaqo yesizwe yoqheliselo lwamapolisa. Nangona umthetho obanzi ungakadluliswa, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ibumba nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathatha amatyala anokuhlaziya umlinganiselo wokuzikhusela okuzikhusela okufanelekileyo kunye negunya lamapolisa ukubandakanyela ekuhlolweni okungenatyala okungenasizathu kwizithuthi okanye kwicell phone.

Amaqela oluntu kunye nawobugcisa adlala indima ebalulekileyo kule ndaleko, enyanzelisa ukubonakala okungakumbi nokuphendula. ummiselo womthetho womelele kuphela njengozibopheleleko lokuwunyanzelisa. Ukuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa komthetho kumthetho ongomgaqo-siseko, ikhethe elipheleleyo, kunye nongenelelo olumanqam'ekileyo luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla anikwe asetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho osemthethweni olungelelanisa ukugcinwa komthetho uqulethe ulungelelwaniso oluluqilima phakathi kwamagosa anika amandla okukhusela ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nokuwanyanzela ukuba alondoloze inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukusuka kwisiseko soMmiselo weSine Wolawulo ukuya kwimithetho esoloko ihamba phambili kubuchule bokuhlola nokusebenzisa amandla, onke amandla athwala umlinganiselo olinganayo. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje kwiingcali zomthetho ezimele zisebenzise inkululeko yoluntu kodwa kwanabasemaququleni abaxhomekeke kuzo ukuze bakhuseleke kwaye baphendule. Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili kunye nosukelo lwezilangazelelo-mali, umthetho uya kuqhubeka ukulungele ukutshintsha. Ummi onolwazi olunempumelelo kunye nomthetho womthetho womthetho ukhuselekile ukhuseleko ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye noorhulumente abafanelekileyo abamele balungele ukusetyenziswa kwebutho elifanelekileyo.