Umbono Wesiqalo: Okusesikweni, Inkululeko Nentlalo - ntle Njengeentsika ZomGaqo-siseko

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseIndiya singaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqalo sentsontela. Yikhampasi yentanda-bulumko enika ulwalathiso kuso sonke isiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ijoliswe nxamnye nesigxina sokuthotywa kwelizwe kunye nomzabalazo wokuzimela, inkqubela iminqweno yesizwe esizimisele ukwakha ulungelelwano olutsha. Amagama ayo okuvula. [==Thoma", abantu baseIndiya"", , ngexesha ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, ulubo lwezibophelelo oluphantsi [FLT: 0] [iiiiiiii], , , [iiiiii], , [FLT], [FLT] kunye [FLD] [5] [FFFFF:5]]

ISibhengezo sasingesiso isiqalo sokucinga emva; kwaxutyushwa ngenyameko kwiNdibano yeConstitutuent phakathi ko 1946 no1949. Amalungu afumana impembelelo evela kwimithombo emininzi, kuquka umGaqo-siseko waseMerika, iSindululo samaFrentshi samalungelo omntu, kunye neSibonda saseSoviet kumalungelo entlalo nezoqoqosho. Noko ke, iDawula yangamaIndiya ihlukile ekumanyaneni kwayo okusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle njengeenjongo ezixhomekeke kuyo. Le asiyonkqulekiso ediyo kodwa ilawula imithetho elawulayo, ukutolika komthetho, ukucaciswa, kunye nezenzo zegunya.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ngamnye wale migaqo esisiseko ngokweenkcukacha, uphando oludibanisa uqhagamshelwano lwazo, kwaye luhlola indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi mini. Likwaqwalasela iingxaki ezibakho xa kuguqulelwa iinjongo zomGaqo-siseko kwizinto ezikhoyo. Ekupheleni, abafundi baza kuqonda ukuba uPregeget inguxwebhu oluphilayo . "iindawo eqhubeka ikhuthaza nokukhokela uhambo lohlanga oluya kwibutho elinobulungisa, elikhululekileyo, nelilungeleleneyo.

Imbali: Ukwenziwa Kombono Wohlanga Olutsha

Isiqalo samkelwa ngoNovemba 26, 1949, saza kamva salungiswa ngo1976 ukudibanisa amagama "Socialist," "Sociast," kunye "Indawo epheleleyo" ne"Idrafti yayo yantlandlolo, eyacetywa nguJawaharlal Nehru kwiNjongo yakhe yenjongo kaDisemba 1946, yabe iqulathe izibophelelo ezingundoqo kubulungisa, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle. INdibano yeConstituent yaphikisana ukuba le migaqo yayiyinyanisekile okanye yayiyintele. Isivumelwano sasisithi xa uPregailday ngokwakhe enganyanzelekanga kwinkundla yomthetho, sisebenza njengesixhoko esingundoqo sokutolika ukuqonda amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko.

Abaqulunqi bomgaqo-siseko baseIndiya babekuqonda kakuhle ukulingana okunzulu kwesizwe, ukungalingani kwemigangatho, ukuswela izoqoqosho, kunye nocalucalulo lwentlalo. Baqonda ukuba ukuzimela kwezobupolitika kuphela akuyi kuqinisekisa inkululeko. Inkululeko yokwenene yayifuna ukudityaniswa kokungabikho kokusesikweni okucwangcisiweyo. Oku kukwenza isiqalo sobuIndiya sahluke: asiyahluli kubulungisa bentlalo. Endaweni yoko, igxininisa ukuba aba babini baxhasana.

Abasebenzi bakwajonge ngokucokisekileyo kumongo wehlabathi jikelele. Amashwangusha emfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, ukunyuka kwe-fasc, kunye nongquzulwano oluqhubekayo nxamnye nobuthanga. Babefuna umGaqo-siseko ongayi kuthintela nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwengcinezelo kodwa okhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo ukukhula kwabantu. Yiyo loo nto isiqalo sithetha ngokukhusela bonke abemi ngokusesikweni //imeko entle, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko."Inkululeko yokucinga, imbonakalo, ukholo, kunye nonqulo.

Okusesikweni: Intsika Yokuqala Yomgaqo-siseko

Ukuzimisela kwesiqalo kwi-stitugent kukwaphuka: intlalo, izoqoqosho, kunye nemithetho yezobupolitika . Olu hlelo lubanzi lubonisa ukuqonda kwabalawuli ukuba okusesikweni kwenye isangqa akuphelelanga ngaphandle kokusesikweni kwezinye. Ibinzana elithi "````imeko-mentlalo, ezoqoqosho, nezobupolitika'' libonakala kwisiqalo njengenjongo epheleleyo, kodwa umlinganiselo ngamnye uneenjongo ezahlukileyo.

ISigwebo seNtlalo

Imithetho-siseko ifuna ukuphelisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi, kwisigaba, kwisini, kunqulo, okanye kummandla. Ifuna ukuba urhulumente asebenze ngenkuthalo ekususeni imiqobo ethintela amaqela athile ekufumaneni amathuba nezinto zobuncwane. UmGaqo-siseko usebenzisa ubulungisa bentlalo-ntle ngamalungiselelo afana nokupheliswa kwe-toucasu (Article 17), ukwalelwa kocalucalulo (i-Artle 15), kunye nokubekwa kwezihlalo kumaqumrhu emfundo nasemsebenzini kawonke kuluntu (iinkcube 16 ne-335).

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokungaguqukiyo kwinto yokuba okusesikweni kwentlalo kungumsebenzi osisiseko womGaqo-siseko. Kwimeko ezinjenge I-Indra Sawhney v. Umanyano lwe-Indiya (1992], iNkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba amathandabuzo awahlukanga kukulinganisa kodwa yindlela yokufikelela ukulingana okungalinganiyo. Ukugxininiswa komthetho wentlalo kunika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokwayamkela imigaqo ethetha ngengxaki yembali.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho

Ubulungisa bezoqoqosho bubandakanya ukwabiwa ngokusesikweni kobutyebi, ubuncwane, kunye namathuba. Bujolise ekunciphiseni ukungalingani nokuqinisekisa ukuba ummi ngamnye unendlela yokuphila ngesidima. Imigaqo-siseko eLawulayo yeRhulumente, ingakumbi Amanqaku 39(b) kunye nama-39 (c), ibhekisa urhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zoluntu zabelwe ukulungiselela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Ukuzinikela kombutho kwimithetho yezoqoqosho kubangela utshintsho lwelizwe, umlinganiselo wemivuzo-o-omrhumo, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko.

UmGaqo-siseko awuyaleli inkqubo ethile yezoqoqosho, kodwa ukufakwa kwegama elithi "Socialist" kwingcamango yama-42 yokuHlaziya kwagxininisa ingcamango yongenelelo lukarhulumente ekulungiseni ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Oku akuthethi ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho; kunoko, kuthetha ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho apho urhulumente edlala indima elawulayo neyokwandiswa. Umthetho wezoqoqosho uhlala ukhuphisana kwaye utshintsha, ingakumbi kumo worhwebo nolwamzinzo, kodwa iingcambutho zawo zomgaqo-siseko kwiPregegger zicacile.

Ubulungisa Bezobupolitika

Ubulungisa bezobupolitika buthetha ukuba nenxaxheba efanayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. UmGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba umntu omdala jikelele (iNgqongqo-ntle 326), eqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi unelungelo lokuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, imfundo, okanye isikhundla sentlalo. Kwakhona umisela unyulo oluzimeleyo, lulungiselela unyulo ngamaxesha athile, kwaye uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nendibano ukuze kuvunywe ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

Okusesikweni kwezobupolitika akubhekiseli nje ekuvotini. Kodwa ke, umgaqo-siseko ubandakanya ilungelo lokukhuphisana nonyulo, ubumbano lwezopolitiko, kwaye urhulumente uyaba netyala. Ukuzibophelela kukaPregegger kwimithetho yezobupolitika kuye kwavavanywa yimibandela enjengokuba i-Pregnational i-gasticess yezobugqeba, amandla emali kunyulo, nemfuneko yedemokhrasi yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqela. Noko ke, isiseko somgaqo-siseko silungiselela iindlela zokuguqula okuqhubekayo, njengoko kubonwa ekungeneleni kwenkundla ukugunyazisa ukuvavanya iphephandaba nemiqathango yentlawulo yephulo.

Inkululeko: Isiseko Sobomi Bedemocratic

Isiqalo sithembisa "ukuxhotyiswa kwengcinga, intetho, inkolelo, ukholo, kunye nonqulo." Olu hlobo lukhulu ludlulela ngaphaya kwenkululeko engakhiyo /inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni − ukuquka iimeko ezifunekayo ukuze abantu bakhulise ubuchule babo kwaye banikele kubomi babantu bonke. Inkululeko kwicebo lomgaqo-siseko waseIndiya ayiphelelanga; isebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho, ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, nokuziphatha. Kodwa ingcamango isoloko ixhasa inkululeko, kwaye imiqathango kufuneka ilungelelene kwaye ithetheleleke.

Inkululeko Yokucinga Neyokuthetha

Inqaku 19(1) (a) liqinisekisa ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha neyokuvakalisa, elithi iNkundla Ephakamileyo ithe yayichaza ngokuba "nguMama wayo yonke inkululeko". Le nkululeko yenza abemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi, ukugxeka urhulumente, nokuxhasa utshintsho. ISihlomelo sinyusa eli lungelo kwixabiso lomgaqo-siseko ngokulinxulumanisa kwiprojekthi yolawulo-siseko.

Kwimeko ephawulayo Romesh Thapar v. Umbuso weMadras (1950), iNkundla yathi inkululeko yokuthetha ilele kwisiseko soombutho bedemokhrasi. Izigwebo ezilandelayo zikwandise eli lungelo ukuquka inkululeko yokucofa, ilungelo lokwazi, kwanelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka. Ukuzinikela kwenkululeko yokuchaza kunika isiseko esiqhelekileyo semeko kawonke-wonke, nangona zivavanya intetho egqwethiweyo, intiyo, intiyo, kunye nokujonga kwemeko kuyaqhubeka kuvavanya imida yayo.

Inkululeko Yokukholelwa, Yokholo Nonqulo

Ukwahluka konqulo lwaseIndiya yenye yeempawu zayo ezichazayo, kwaye isiqinisekiso seDatshi yenkululeko kwimicimbi yokukholelwa nonqulo sibonisa ukuzibophelela kwimicimbi yokungakhathalelwa kwehlabathi. UMthetho wama-42 Wo Amenzi wongeza "ngeSigxina" ngokucacileyo kwiDasa, kodwa lo mgaqo wawusele ufakwe kumalungiselelo oMgaqo-siseko enkululeko yonqulo (Artles 2528).

Inkululeko yokukholelwa ithetha ukuba abantu bakhululekile ukuba bamkele, baqhelise, okanye basasaze unqulo lwabo, okanye bakhethe ukungalandeli naluphi na unqulo.Urhulumente kufuneka alondoloze ubundilele kuzo zonke iinkonzo ngoxa elondoloza amandla okulawula imisebenzi yehlabathi enxulumene nonqulo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko isebenzisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuchaza ubukhomfazi njengenkalo esisiseko yoMgaqo-siseko. S.R.Bommai v.Umanyano lwaseIndiya [1994]), iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba ubukho bonqulo buyinxalenye yesiseko kwaye ayinakulungiswa. Ukugxininisa kwenkululeko ngaloo ndlela kunika zombini ikhakamfa kucalulo lonqulo nekrele ekuzameni ukusetyenziswa konqulo ngenjongo yezobupolitika.

Imida Yenkululeko

Akukho nkululeko ipheleleyo. UmGaqo-siseko uvumela imiqathango esengqiqweni kumalungelo asisiseko kumdla wolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuziphatha. Okwenza isiqalo sibaluleke kukuba simisela isiseko esichazayo: imiqathango kufuneka isebenze kwiinjongo ezinkulu zomGaqo-siseko zokusesikweni nentlalo-ntle, inganciphi inkululeko. Uxanduva lokungqinelana luxhomekeke kurhulumente ukuthethelela nayiphi na imiqathango, kwaye iinkundla zivelise umgangatho wokulungelelana ukuqwalasela imiqathango enjalo.

Intlalo - ntle: Imisebenzi KaRhulumente Eqinisekisa Ubomi

Ukuzinikela kwePregedge "kuxhomekeke kubo bonke abemi" iimeko zokuzimela kakuhle zibanjwa kwiMithetho eLawulayo yoMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe. Igama elithi "Welfere" aliveli ngokucacileyo kumbhalo wesiNgesi, kodwa ibinzana elithi "ukwahlula kubo bonke abemi" lithetha indima esebenzayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwabantu. Inguqulelo yesiHindi isebenzisa "6" (ishumi elinesibini), kwaye isakhiwo sonke sicacisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uqikelela imeko yentlalo.

Ilizwe lezentlalo kwingqikelelo yomgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya awuvumi ukusetyenziswa kwemodeli ye-laissez-faire yenkulungwane ye-19. Endaweni yoko, ukwamkela indlela yokunceda intlalo-ntle apho urhulumente enembopheleleko elungileyo yokuqinisekisa imilinganiselo encinane yokuphila, imfundo, ukukhathalelwa kwempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo. Imigaqo eLawulayo, nangona ingeyomfuneko, ingundoqo ekulawuleni ilizwe, kwaye inkcaza enika imigaqo yokuziphatha neyokutolika.

Inqaku lama-38 liyalela urhulumente ukuba akhuthaze intlalo-ntle yabantu ngokukhusela ulungelelwano lwentlalo apho okusesikweni kumele kuchazwe khona `entlalo, kwezoqoqosho, nakwezobupolitika-ukuze kwazise onke amaqumrhu obomi besizwe. Inqaku le-39 lidwelise iinjongo ezithile, kuquka iindlela ezaneleyo zokuziphilisa, ukulingana kwemali ehlawulwayo, nokukhusela abantwana kunye nolutsha ekuxhatshazweni. Inqaku lama-41 lithetha ngelungelo lomsebenzi, imfundo, kunye noncedo lukawonke-wonke kwiimeko zokungaqeshwa, ukugula, nokukhubazeka.

Impilo Engaphaya Kwemigaqo Esisiseko

Ngoxa iMithetho Ethe ngqo inganyanzeliswanga enkundleni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasetyenziswa ukwandisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo asisiseko. Uni Krishnan v. Umbuso ka-A.P. (1993), iNkundla yafunda ilungelo lemfundo kwiGatya 21, ikhokelela kuMphetho-mva-phambili wama-86 owenza imfundo yokuqala ibe yindlela esisiseko. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lempilo litolikiwe njengenxalenye yamalungelo obomi, igalela imeko ukunikezela ngezamayeza kunye nokuphucula impilo yabantu.

Inkcazo yentlalo-ntle ikwasekelwe kumthetho wentlalo-ntle onjengeSizwe samaZwe aqeshwayo iSiqinisekisi (MGNREGA), iNational Food Security Act, kunye neLilungelo lemfundo. Le mimiselo iguqulela iingcamango zomGaqo-siseko kwiimfanelo ezinyanzelekileyo, idala isiseko sokulungisa okutsha nokukhusela intlalo-ntle.

Ucelomngeni Lwezentlalo

Ukusebenzisa imeko yentlalo-ntle kufuna ubuncwane obuninzi, kwaye amandla eIndiya asoloko ehluleka ukufikelela kwiinjongo zomGaqo-siseko. Ingeniso yerhafu, ubuchule bolawulo, kunye nezobupolitika konke kuya kuchaphazela ukuphunyezwa kweenjongo zentlalo-ntle. UQala lokungena ephepheni alimiselanga inkqubo ethile yezoqoqosho, kodwa kufuneka ukuba ukhetho lwemigaqo luvavanywe ngokuchasene nomgangatho ophezulu wentlalo-ntle yabantu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngomlinganiselo wolwandiso phakathi kokukhula nokulungelelanisa, ukuphumelela kwentengiso nongenelelo lombuso, kunye nongenelelo lobuqu kunye nomanyano.

Ukunxibelelana Kokusesikweni, Kwenkululeko Nentlalo - ntle

Isiqalo asibonisi okusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle njengemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo okanye ekhuphisanayo. Kunoko, ikujonga njengokuvisisana kombono omnye womGaqo-siseko. Okusesikweni okungenankululeko kunokuba yingcinezelo; inkululeko engenako ukulingana kobulungisa; kwaye intlalo-ntle engenankululeko isenokuguqukela ekubeni ngunozala. Inkcubankca-phambili yemiGaqo-siseko yaseIndiya ixhomekeke ekuqondeni ukuba le migaqo imele ilandelwe kunye.

Ngokomzekelo, ubulungisa bezoqoqosho bufuna ukuba urhulumente asasaze oovimba, abasenokubandakanya imiqathango yamalungelo empahla. UmGaqo-siseko udibanisa olu lungelelwano ngokwenza ilungelo lokunika impahla ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni kunokuba ube lilungelo elisisiseko (elipheliswe kukuHlanyiselwa kweMimiselo yama-44). Ngokufanayo, okusesikweni kwezentlalo kusenokufuna uvuselelwa nto leyo ethintela inkululeko yabantu abathile okwethutyana ukuze kuqinisekiswe usukelo olubanzi lwemithetho-siseko yokulingana. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba imiqathango enjalo ivumelekile ixesha elide xa ilungelelaniswa kwaye ifeza iinjongo zePreging.

Ukudibana kwale migaqo kukwacacisa isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko unyanzelisa imisebenzi kubemi ecaleni kwamalungelo. IGatya 51A, elifakwe kuMphetho-mda wama-42, lidwelisa imisebenzi esisiseko equka ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano, ukukhusela imekobume, nokuzabalazela ukuphumelela kuyo yonke imiba yomsebenzi womntu ngamnye nowomanyano. Le misebenzi ibonisa ukuqwalaselwa koMgaqo-siseko ukuba amalungelo neembopheleleko ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye.

Ukubuya Kwexesha Elitsha: Isiqalo Senkulungwane Ye - 21

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe emva kokuzimela geqe, ukugxininisa kwePregegry kokusesikweni, inkululeko nentlalontle kusasebenza kakhulu. Kuveliswe iingxaki ezintsha zokungalingani kwemiqathango, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ezopolitiko nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kodwa imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko inika abantu izinto zokuthetha ngazo.

Ilungelo lokuzimela, eliqashelwa njengelungelo elisisiseko ku K.Passawamy v. Union of India (2017), lamiselwa kwisibopho soMgaqo-nkqubo sokuzibophelela kwinkululeko nesidima. INkundla yathi ukuzifihla kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yombono womgaqo-siseko webutho labantu abakhululekileyo nabasesikweni. Ngokufanayo, i-jurisprudence ibhekile yentlalo entle kaPregedgery ukuqaphela ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okucocekileyo nokusempilweni njengenxalenye yelungelo lobomi.

Intshukumo zoluntu zobulungisa bobufanasini, LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kunye nokufakwa kwesiphene kuye kwathatyathwa kwisandulela ukuphikisa ukuqondwa okugqithisileyo kobulungisa nenkululeko. Ukususwa kobufanasini .Navtej Singh Johar v. Umanyano lweIndiya [2088] lubhekise ngokucacileyo amaxabiso enkululeko, ukulingana, nesidima. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba iDagnometria ayingombhalo othe ngqo kodwa ngumthombo ophilayo wokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko ovela ngotshintsho.

Ukuzinikela komgangatho wokhuseleko kwakhona kuvavanywa lucelomngeni lwezoqoqosho, lokwenza ingeniso, kunye nomsebenzi oyingozi. Imbopheleleko karhulumente yokukhusela ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ifuna ukuba kulungelelaniswe imithetho yentlalo neyomsebenzi, kwandiswe ukhuseleko lwezentlalo, kwaye kufakelwe imali kwimfundo nobuchule. IDaambridge ayiyilawuli imigaqo ekhethekileyo, kodwa ifuna ukuba iziphumo zenkqubo zilinganiswe ngokuchasene nophawu lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Uqikelelo: Isiqalo samaIndiya kwimo yezulu yomhlaba wonke

IPregedge yaseIndiya iyavumelana nezinye izinto ezitshayelelweyo zomGaqo-siseko kodwa ineempawu ezahlukileyo. UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States uqala nge "Thina bantu" kwaye ujolise "Ubulungisa obumiselweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bulungile kwasekhaya, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iiNkululeko zeNtshuluko" I-Indiya ichaza isithethe kodwa yongeza ukuzinikela okucacileyo kwimithetho-siseko yentlalo nezoqoqosho, ibonakalisa impembelelo yengcinga yoluntu kunye neemeko ezithile zoluntu lwaseIndiya.

UMgaqo-siseko wamaFrentshi ka-1989 uqinisekisa imigaqo yowe-1789: inkululeko, ukulingana, ubudlelane. Isiqalo seIndiya sisondele kumzekelo wamaFrentshi ekugxininiseni kwayo kwi-unity (osongezelelwe kuMphetho-mda wama-42 (okwakubhekiswa kuMgaqo-nkqubo njengo "ukuqinisekisa isidima somntu ngamnye kunye nomanyano kunye nokuthembeka kwesizwe). Noko ke, indlela i-Indiya ephatha intlalo-ntle njengomsebenzi wesizwe njengomGaqo-siseko icace ngakumbi kunemimiselo emininzi yaseNtshona, etyekele ukushiya intlalo-ntle kwimigaqo-mthetho.

UmGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, owamkelwa ngo-1996, uphinda uhlomelo lwawo lwamaIndiya lokuphilisa ulwahlulo lwangaphambili nokuseka ibutho labantu elisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, kwimithetho-siseko, nakumalungelo asisiseko. Zombini ezi mithetho ziyaqonda ukuba okusesikweni kufuna ukusingatha iimpazamo zembali kunye nokudala iimeko zokulingana okusezantsi. Ngalo ndlela iPregegethi yeyntsalela kwentsapho yemithetho eguqulayo esebenzisa umthetho wezomgaqo-siseko njengesixhobo sokutshintsha intlalo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzalisekisa: Umsantsa Ophakathi Kwezinto Ezizifunayo Nezokwenene

Phezu kwalo nje umbono womgaqo-siseko, ukuguqulelwa kokusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle kuhlala kungangqinelani. Ukucalucalulwa, ngoxa kupheliswe ngokusemthethweni, kuyaqhubeka kwizenzo zoluntu. Ukungalingani ngokwezoqoqosho kuye kwanwenwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kunye ne-1% enkcitho eninzi yolawulo lwesabelo sobutyebi besizwe. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, nangona kulingana ngokusesikweni, kubangelwa yimali, amandla ezihlunu, kunye nokuzibandakanya okusekelwe kwimiqathango yasekuhlaleni.

Iinjongo zokhuseleko loluntu zijongene neengxaki zobugxwayiba, ubuqhetseba, ulawulo, kunye nokuxhathisa kwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezijolise ekunciphiseni umgangatho wobuhlwempu kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo ziye zafumana impumelelo ephawulekayo-(iminyaka elindeleke ukuba abantu baphile ngayo) kwaye amanani abantu abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ayanda, kwaye ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo buye banda (kodwa izigidi zabantu azikabi nakukwazi ukufumana unyango olufanelekileyo, imfundo, nokungondleki kakuhle. Isifo se-COVOVAD se-19 sabhetha ubuqhetseba bene-effet shortss kunye nokunga kumgangatho ophezulu wabasebenzi becandelo.

Inkululeko, kwakhona, ijongene nezisongelo zobungcwabi, uphando, kunye nokurhoxa kwenkululeko yamaqumrhu. Umbono weSihlomelo womanyano-lwazi (imvakalelo yokuba nabemi abahlukeneyo kulo mahluko-hlukeneyo) uye wavavanywa kukuthand ’ intlalo-ntle nokuthetha intiyo. Uxanduva phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni luyaqhubeka luvelisa ukhuphiswano olungokwasemthethweni nolwezobupolitika.

Ezi ngxaki aziyiphelisi imigaqo yePregedge. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umsantsa phakathi kweenjongo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nenyaniso ekhoyo unika impembelelo ekuqhubekeni kwemfazwe nokuhlaziywa. ISihlomelo singumqondiso onika abemi ityala. Imibutho yezentlalo, imibutho yezentlalo, kunye namajelo-ndaba azimeleyo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni lo msantsalo ngokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke nangokufuna ukuba abe ngumGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Ukugqalwa ngokunempumelelo Kombono WomGaqo-siseko

Ukugxininisa kwePregedge kokusesikweni, inkululeko, nentlalo - ntle asiyonto idala lexesha lenkululeko. Kungumsebenzi ophilayo oqhubekayo ukubumba idemokhrasi nebutho labantu. Izizukulwana eziphumeleleyo ziye zayichaza le migaqo ngokuqwalasela ucelomngeni olutsha namathuba, ukwandisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo nokuphucula intsingiselo yobumi. UmGaqo-siseko uye watshintshwa amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa imfundiso esisiseko iqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo esisiseko yeDregegegest ayinakutshatyalaliswa.

Ukuqonda isiqalo somdlalo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka kubomi bukawonke-wonke bamaIndiya. Kunika isigama sokuziphatha sokuphikisana ngomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, isiseko somthetho sokukhusela amalungelo, kunye nombono wentlalo wokwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelingenabudlelane. IPreggey isikhumbuza ukuba umGaqo-siseko awuloxwebhu nje olusemthethweni kodwa liyisivumelwano sentlalo-ntle `iqela lesivumelwano sexesha elizayo elingcono kubo bonke abemi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko, abafundi bangajonga Isiqinisekiso sewebsite yaseIndiya, iNkundla yezogwebo yaseIndiya inika uphando lwezomthetho zemfundo [, kwaye indawo inika ucalucalulo olufikelelekayo lwezindululo zomgaqo-siseko, ngexesha [[FLTLT:]] IBhuku leOxFLT ye-INTP]. [FLT:]

Uhambo ukusuka kwisithembiso somgaqo-siseko ukuya kwinyaniso yentlalo alunakugqitywa. Kodwa isiqalo sinika isikhokelo sohambo, ukuzama kwedemokhrasi yeIndiya kumaxabiso ahlala ehleli esesikweni, inkululeko, nentlalo-ntle. Le migaqo ayipheleli ngokwayo kodwa ithetha isiphelo esikhulu: ukudalwa kwebutho labantu apho wonke umntu anokuhlala ngesidima kwaye abe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bohlanga. Ngumbono osetyenziswa nguMgaqo-siseko, kwaye ufanele ukuzabalazela.