Indima YeRhuluneli Ekupheliseni Ukhuseleko Lolutsha Lolwaphulo - mthetho Nokulungisa Utshintsho

Ucelomngeni lolwaphulo-mthetho lolutsha kunye nokuphumelela kweenkqubo zobulungisa zolutsha lucinezeleko lwamaphondo alo lonke elaseUnited States. Ngoxa imixholo yezondaba isoloko ijolise kwiziganeko eziphezulu, umsebenzi wemini-mini yokunciphisa ukuphanga nokuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni kuyenzeka kwiqondo lobuntwana. Abalawuli belizwe, njengabalawuli abaphambili, baphethe amasuntswana abalulekileyo amandla , ukusukela ekusebenziseni uqingqo-mali kunye nemiyalelo yegunya ephambili kwimicimbi yomthetho yokumisa nokumisa iintloko ezingundoqo. Amaqhinga abo aphembelela ngokuthe ngqo indlela amawaka abantu abaselula abayifumana ngayo inkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye enoba banamathuba okwenyaniso eguqula ubomi babo. Eli nqaku lihlola abalawuli abangeneyo abahlukahlukeneyo abasebenzisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukungenelela nokukhusela iinkqubo zokuzilungisa iinkqubo zokuphatha nokuzilungisa iinkqubo zokuphatha, ukukhuthaza nokuhlola ezikhoyo ngexesha lokukhuthaza ezi ntlalo.

Iintlawulo zokhuselo: Oonobangela abathi bajoliswe

Uphando lwangexesha elizayo lubonisa ukuba eyona ndlela inciphisa indleko kunye nobuntu yokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lolutsha ikukuthintela ukuba lungaveli kwindawo yokuqala. IGatya-mbuso ezinqamlezileyo iilayini zeqela ixhase iinkqubo zokuzikhusela ezithi zithethe ngoonobangela abaziwayo bobungozi besimilo sobuhlolo-ntloko: ubuhlwempu, unxunguphalo, ukunqongophala kwabantu abadala ababonakalisa imo yendima entle, ukudilika kwesikolo, kunye nempilo yengqondo efunekayo. Ezi nkqubo azikokuzinkonzo zentlalo kuphela.

Ukutyelela Ekhaya Nenkxaso Yentsapho

Iinkqubo zasekhaya ezityelelwa ekhaya kwasekuqaleni kobuntwana, njenge-Monist-Fold-Foldshiship, zinobungqina obunamandla bokunciphisa ukubanjwa kwabantwana abazalwa kwiintsapho eziphezulu. IRhuluneli kumaphondo anjengoColorado neMichigan zandisa ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa iimali zikarhulumente kunye nezibonelelo zikarhulumente. Ngokuxhasa abazali abatsha ngokutyelelwa koomongikazi, ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana, kunye nonxulumano nobuncwane bengingqi, ezi zinyathelo zilawula ukudluliselwa okuphakathi koonobangela bobungozi obukhokelela ekuphambuka. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumaxesha amaninzi lubonisa ukuncitshiswa okubalulekileyo kwesimilo solwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwabantwana abaneminyaka eli-15 ubudala.

Iinkqubo zeSikolo neSmyri

Iiyure eziphakathi kweyesithathu ngokuhlwa neyesithandathu emva kwemini, ingakumbi kwimihla yesikolo, zikhokelele ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabantwana. Ekubeni beqonda oku, abalawuli abaninzi baye basebenzisa inkqubo yokufundisa emva kwesikolo nasehlotyeni enika ulawulo, ulwakhiwo, ulwakhiwo, ulwakhiwo lobuchule. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya yaseKapaniya emva kwemfundo neNkqubo yoKhuseleko inceda amakhulu amawaka abafundi abaxhaswa yimfundo, ubugcisa, kunye nokuzonwabisa. Ngokufunyanisekileyo abalawuli balungela icandelo lemfundo okanye izithintelo zeenkqubo zemfundo zikarhulumente ezinika inkxaso, umanyano olusekelwe kwimibutho yabantu. Isiphumo siphinda-phinde sibe: ubutsha bugcinwe bukhuselekile, bunemveliso, kwaye bavelisa ukukhuphisana okunciphisa isibongozo sokunga kobugqwanga.

Inyathelo Lokuqalisa Ulawulo

Irhuluneli zisoloko zixhasa uqeqesho lwamaqumrhu oLutsha oludityaniswe kwi-risk kunye namatsha - ntliziyo aqeqeshiweyo. Iintlangano ezifana neBig Brothers Big Ourses of America zifumana inkxaso-mali kumazwe amaninzi ukwandisa omnye ukuya kumnye umqeqeshi. Uphando olusuka kwi-Ofisi ye Juvenile Justice kunye noDelinquisel uSiteko lwamaqumrhu (OJDP) lubonisa ukuba ukukhuthaza ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha kobundlobo. Ijajingalamli baye basebenzisa amandla abo okukhuthaza ukuququlunqwa kwabaphathi bezente, bafumana iziqeqeqeshi, kwaye babalase impumelelo ekukhuthazeni ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwi-adiognoteorsi.

Ukulungisa Ubulungisa: Ukusuka Kwisohlwayo Ukusa Kwindlela Yokubuyisela Ingxaki

Imodeli yesithethe yokusesikweni kwabantwana, edla ngokubonakalisa iinkqubo zenkundla yabantwana abadala, iye yagqalwa njengengenangeniso. Ukubophelela abantu abaselula kwityala elincinane kubenza buhlungu, kubachaphazele kwizaphuli-mthetho ezinzulu, kwaye kuphazamise imfundo kunye namaqhina entsapho, kwaye kudla ngokunyusa amathuba okucaphuka kwekamva. Iijaji ziye zakhokelela kwiinguqu eziye zabangela ukubuyiselwa kwezinto, ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe ekuhlaleni, kunye nobulungisa obungokwesithethe.

Ukukhulisa Isizukulwana Senkundla Yetyala Eliyinjubaqa

Utyekelo olungundoqo lotshintsho luye lwasetyenziswa “ukuqinisekisa ubudala,” ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-17--waka kunye namanye amaxesha eli-18 leminyaka iphathwa ekuqaleni kwinkqubo yolutsha kunokuba ibekwe ityala ngokuzenzekela xa bebadala. Amazwe afana noMntla Carolina, New York, kunye neVermont anike umthetho, ngokufuthi exhaswe ngabalawuli, ukususa abakwishumi elivisayo kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Le mithetho iqaphela ukuba uphuhliso lobuchopho bolutsha luqhubekela phambili kwiinkqubo zamashumi amabini, kwaye abantu abaselula banokukwazi ukubuyisela izinto. Isiphumo sikhulu: ukuhla kokubekwa kweentolongo, ukunciphiswa kwe-nciphithiweyo, ukuncitshiswa kwe-nciphiswa kwemali, kunye nokugcinwa kwemali kwityala eli-mali elifutshane. [FOLD:] Ingqungquthelana yesizwe ye-Scrences (FFS) kunye nezi amanqaku aphezulu eekhohloniswe yi-17.[FURG.]

Iinkqubo zokuguqulela kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzikhumbuza

Irhuluneli zixhase iinkqubo zokuzinzisa iingcinga ezikhuthaza ubutsha kude nolungiselelo lwenkundla esemthethweni. Idiversion ingaquka iibhodi zokuphendula ityala loluntu, iinkundla zabakwishumi elivisayo, okanye iingqungquthela zokulungisa ityala apho ulutsha ludibana khona nexhoba kunye namalungu oluntu ukulungisa umonakalo. Icebiso elivela kwiintlangano ezifana ne i-JJD'SD’s Model Guide Applys [[[FLLT:1]] Imigaqo yemodelity Programs ikhetiwe rhoqo. Amazwe amaninzi abekwe kwezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuvalelwa kwetyala, njengabaphathiswa kwenkundla, okanye ukugatywa kwenkundla.

Impilo Yengqondo Nonyango Olusetyenziswayo

Umlinganiselo omkhulu wolutsha olukwinkqubo yobulungisa obukwinkqubo yokuziphatha engekho ngqiqweni yempilo entle. Irhuluneli ziye zatyhalela ukudityaniswa kovavanyo lwempilo yengqondo kunye nonyango kumaziko okuvavanywa kwabantwana kunye nokuvalelwa. Kumazwe afana neTexas ne-Ohio, imiyalelo yegunya iye yafuna ukuba bonke abaselula abangene kwinkqubo yohlolo oluneengxilelo. Ukuxhasa iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ezisekelwe kuluntu, ngokuchasene nokuthembela ekuhlaleni kwekhaya, kube yinto ephambili. Iinkokeli ziye zasebenzisa uMdicaid Raiters kwandisa ukunikezelwa kobu bungqina obusekelwe kwimibalntistemicology kunye noMerfationstions, eziboniswe ekunciphiseni ukubekwa kwe-1910%.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu

Ukwakha ukuthembana phakathi komthetho nolutsha kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho nokulungisa. IGavera-mikhosi iye yaqalisa amanyathelo aguqula indlela amapolisa asebenzisana ngayo nabantu abaselula, ngokufuthi ngokugxininisa ekubekeni iliso, ukugweba ngokwezemvelo, nokuganana kolutsha.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yoLuntu namagosa eziXhobo zeSikolo

Ubukho bamapolisa kwizikolo buye baba ngumxholo odidayo, kodwa abalawuli abaninzi basebenza ukucombulula indima yabaphathi beZibonelelo zeSikolo (SROs) ukwenzela ukuba bajolise ingqalelo ekwakheni ulwalamano kunye nokuthintela ukubanjwa kwemingxube emincinane. Ukuqeqesha i-SROs kwinkqubela yobuntwana, iimpendulo zobugxwayiba, kunye noqheliselo lokulungisa zifuneka ngokukhula ngemiyalelo karhulumente. Ijajingameli kumazwe anjengeMaryland neConnecticut iye yaxhasa umthetho wokulinganisela ukubanjwa ezikolweni ngenxa yezenzo ezincinane ezifana nokuziphatha okungalungelelanangalungelelananga, isalathisa abaphathi ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokuphatha iklasi okanye abacebisi bezifundo endaweni yoko.

IBhunga loLutsha

Iirhuluneli ezininzi ziye zadala amabhunga akhuthaza ulutsha anika abantu abaselula − kuquka nabo banamava obuqu kwinkqubo yokulawula `a' engqalileyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo. La mabhunga adibana rhoqo nabasebenzi berhuluneli, anika ingxengxezo kumthetho ocetyiweyo, kwaye anceda ekulungiseni iinkqubo zomanyano zolutsha. Ngokufaka igalelo lolutsha, abalawuli baqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ziyasabela kwiimfuno zengingqi. Umzekelo, iKomiti yephondo i-Juvenile Juvisory Advisory yaseWashington iquka amalungu olutsha athenjiweyo, kwaye iimbono zawo zikhokelele kwiinguqu kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ekuboshweni, nendlela iinkonzo zokulungisa eziye zanikelwa ngayo.

Iinkqubo zokungenelela ekulweni nogonyamelo lwasekuhlaleni

Kwizixeko ezinezidubedube zogonyamelo lolutsha, abalawuli baye bathumela ubuncwane kungenelelo logonyamelo olusekelwe eluntwini (CVI). Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa abathunywa abathembekileyo . Ngokufuthi abasebenzi abangaphambili , kwaye bagxininise ekuphazamiseni imijikelezo yempindezelo. Ulawulo lweSpecial Intervention nePrevention Program, oluxhaswa ngoqingqo-mali lwezwe, luxhase imigudu yeCVI kumaqela anjenge-Oakland ne Los Angeles. Ijajinga-Pronegarvey idi yeCVI ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi namathuba okufundisa, iqonda ukuba umsebenzi ozinzileyo uthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ubungqina, obushwaye bashwaye yafunyaniswe ngumbatho [[FLT:], ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokusebenza kweCLG.CP.

Imfundo nophuhliso loMsebenzi: Iindlela eziya kwimpumelelo

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabatsha lusoloko lunxulumene nokungathobeli kwesikolo nokungabi namathuba ezoqoqosho. IRhuluneli idibanisa utshintsho lobulungisa babantwana nemfundo nemigaqo yezemfundo neyomsebenzi ukuze kuveliswe iindlela ezicacileyo zokuphumelela kwabantu abaselula.

Iziko lokubuyiselwa nokuchacha

Ulutsha oluninzi olubanjiweyo okanye olubandakanyekileyo kwiinkundla luye lwawa ngokwemfundo yaye lusenokuyeka. IiRhuluneli ziye zaxhasa ezinye iindlela zemfundo, ezifana namaziko okufumana ingeniso elungeleleneyo, anika ucwangciso oluthambileyo, ukuchachana kwetyala, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi. La maziko asoloko esetyenziswa ngamakholeji angancediyo okanye asekuhlaleni asebenzisana nephondo lesikolo. UDagen’s Reengarageragement Program, umzekelo, ivumela abali-16 ukuya kuma-21 eminyaka ubudala abashiye isikolo okanye abasengozini yokufumana iimali zediplorix okanye iGED ngoxa befumana ingcebiso neenkonzo zomsebenzi. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiphondo lubonisa ukuba abathathi-Acrificism abambalwa kunabafana nabo bangangeni kwiinkqubo ezinjalo.

Imisebenzi yolutsha

Iinkqubo zomsebenzi zolutsha zasehlotyeni (SYEP) ziboniswe zinciphisa ukubanjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo ngokukhuthaza amava omsebenzi kunye nenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Iirhuluneli zephondo ziye zasebenzisa imali yolwandiso lwemali yemali yesebe lokusebenza ukwandisa i-SYEP ukwenzela ii-SYEP zolutsha oluselutsha. Ezi zikoloni zisebenzisa imali yemali yeSYEP ngokuxhasiweyo ngemali yemali karhulumente ekhoyo ngemali. Ngokunjalo amaphondo ayabandakanyekileyo, amabamba axhasa iinkqubo zolutsha ezibhaliswe ngokwezempilo, zobugcisa, kunye noomatilo-thengi. Ezi ziqeqeshela-mfundo yesikolo zidibanisa iimfundo zesikolo kunye nokuqeqeshwa okuhlawulwa kwe-job, zinika abantu abaselula iindlela ezisemthethweni zezezoqoqosho. Kumazwe anjengoMzantsi Carolina, urhulumente ulawulo lwezolawulo olusebenza ngqo kunye nee-omeli-othreantracreantss kwiiprojecteds zeenkqubo zabo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo zolutsha.

Ukufezekiswa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi nokuphendula

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ukwazi oko kusebenzayo. IGavereji ifake ingeniso kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezizala abantwana ngaphaya kokusesikweni, imfundo, kunye neenkonzo zabantu. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba baphawule iinguqu, ukujonga ukusebenza kwenkqubo, kunye nokutshintshela ubuncwane kwiindlela ezisebenzayo.

Ugcino-lwazi lweJaji oluNcinane oluNcinane luqhawukile

Irhuluneli ezininzi zindulule iibhodi ezibonisa uwonke-wonke ezichaza iziphumo zobulungisa obungundoqo bolutsha, njengemiqathango yokubamba, ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa kwe-diviv, kunye nokuqanjwa kohlanga/uhlobo oluthile. Utah’s Justice Distboard, umzekelo, ihlaziywe kwaye iquka uqhawulo lwengingqi, udidi, uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nesiphumo. Oku kukhanyisa kubangela ukuba abameli bafune ukunyanzela utshintsho xa kuvela iziphumo. Ibamba liye lasebenzisa ezi bhodi zoqhawulo-mthetho ukujolisa iinjongo ezithile, ezifana nokunciphisa inani lolutsha ekuvalweni ngeminyaka engama-20%, kwaye banganikela ingxelo yenkqubela kwi-komiti yowisolawulo kunye nezoluntu.

Ukugqalwa Nabantu Beentlanga Ezingafaniyo

Ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubulungisa bolutsha kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egqithisileyo kolutsha ngemibala kwinqanaba ngalinye. Abalawuli abaninzi baye bazibophelele ekuthetheni ngezi zenzo ngokuyalela ukuqokelelwa kohlanga/i-data yodidi, bafuna uqeqesho olupheleleyo kubo bonke abasebenzi bezobulungisa, kunye nenkxaso-mali ephambili kwiinkqubo ezisebenza ngokuyekelelayo ekuchaphazelweni kwemibutho yabantu. EMinnesota, umkhosi werhuluneli kulungiso lobulungisa lolutsha ngokukhupha icebiso lokuphelisa ukumangalelwa kwenkundla yenkundla yetyala elingu-14 neshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka ubudala, nokuchezukisa ubutsha obunetyala obusezantsi kwiinkqubo zoluntu. [imilinganiselo] kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe imilinganiselo yokungaphindwa kwemibango yentlalo-ntlalo-ntle yemibango.

Ukwenziwa komGaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Iirhuluneli ziye zaguqula inkxaso-mali yobulungisa babantwana ukusuka kwiindleko zokufumana nje iindleko zokhuphiswano ukuya kukhuphiswano olusekelwe kubungqina bokuphumelela. Amaphondo amaninzi ngoku afuna ukuba iinkqubo zokwamkela imali karhulumente zibekwe kwintsebenzo yobungqina, ukusuka ekuthembiseni ukungqinelana. Umzekelo, iBhunga lentsapho nelabantwana lokuqala laseOhio linikezela ngemali esekelwe kubungqina bokutyelela ikhaya kunye nongenelelo lwezempilo yengqondo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulinganiselwe ii-dola zemali uthengelwe kwimiqathango ebonakalisa impembelelo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-radivition kunye neziphumo zolutsha.

Isiphumo: INkxaso ePhambiliyo yokukhathalelwa nokuphendula

Abalawuli bezorhulumente basebenzisa uludwe olubanzi lwendlela zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho lolutsha nokuphucula ubulungisa babantwana, kodwa ezi ndlela zisebenza kakhulu xa bedityaniswe namaqela oluntu. Iinkqubo zokukhusela ezomeleza iintsapho nezikolo, iinguqu ezithi zithathe indawo yokuvalelwa ngonyango loluntu, iimodeli ezisebenzisanayo ezilwa nolwakhiwo lwezobupolisa, kunye nemfundo enika ithuba lokwenene, kwaye ezi zinika iingcinga-enzame. Zingamalungu ekwakheniyo ekwakheni kwenkqubela ebanzi ekwaziyo ukuqhubekeka nokukhula nokukhula kwengxaki entsha yokungavumelani kolutsha. Iinkokeli eziye zakhokela ngokunempumelelo kule ndawo ziyenze ngokulinganayo, ezifaka abagcini-matyala abahlukene, zifaka ubuchule obuzinzileyo ekuboneni ukuba baqhubeke, ziqhubeke zikhula zisuka kwiziphumo ezikhoyo zentlalo-edipo zolutsha zize zifumane ubuchule bokufikelela kwizixhobo eziluncedo.