Inkqubo kawonke-wonke isebenza njengendlela oorhulumente abaguqulela ngayo ulawulo lwezopolitiko ukuba lube lusebenza, bebumba ukusasaza ubuncwane, amathuba, kunye nemithwalo kwibutho labantu. Ukudibana kwayo nokusesikweni kwentlalo ."injongo yokuphatha bonke abantu ngokusesikweni nokungaguquguqukiyo, okunzulu nokukhuphisanayo. Inkqubo nganye ibandakanya ukuthelekisa okunokuthi kube mfutshane okanye kwandisiwe umahluko okhoyo. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olugunyazisayo lwendlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke eqhubana ngayo nemithetho-mthetho yoluntu kunye nemithetho-ntlalo-ntle, ukuvavanya iziphumo ezingundoqo, iziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi, kunye namaqhinga okuhambela phambili kwezopolitiko.

Ingcamango Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ayiyonkqubo nje emiselwe imithetho okanye imimiselo; imela ukhetho lwamabhongo oorhulumente ukusingatha iingxaki zikarhulumente. Imiqathango yemithetho iquka imfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, izakhiwo, ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Inkqubo ilandela umjikelo wemiqathango: ukumiselwa kwemimiselo, ukumiselwa, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, nokuhlolwa.

Ukuqonda inkqubo kawonke-wonke kufuna ukuqaphela ubunjani bayo obubini. Kwesinye isandla, ingalungisa ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso nokunika iimpahla zikawonke-wonke. Kwelinye icala, ingabangela ukungalingani okugqithisileyo kwesixokelelwano ukuba yenziwe ngaphandle koqwalaselo kuluntu olucekelwe ngokwemiqathango.

Ukuqonda Okusesikweni Kwentlalo

Ingqiqo yentlalo isekelwe kwizithethe zentanda-bulumko. Ingcamango kaJohn Rawl yezobulungisa igxininisa umgaqo womahluko wokuba ukungalingani kuvumelekile kuphela ukuba kungenelwe kancinci, kunikezelwe isiseko. U-Amartya Sen noMartha Nusbaum bayakwazi ukufikelela kwintsingiselo ephezulu kwizinto abantu abakwaziyo ukuzenza nokuzenza, hayi nje ubuncwane abanabo. Ukuqonda okuthelekelelwayo kubandakanya ubulungisa obusemgangathweni, obungasetyenziswayo ekwenzeni izigqibo. U-Amartya Sen kunye no-Martha Nusbaum, ezifuna ukulungisa isimilo kunokuba bohlwaye.

Umlinganiselo ongundoqo wesiko loluntu uquka intlawulo yobulungisa enika ulwabelo (ukwabiwa kobuncwane), ukukhutshwa [uvavanyo] (uvavanyo lwezikhundla ezahlukeneyo nezithethe), ulwabelo [ulwabeko lwendawo-mente] [ukuphembelela ukuphembelela izigqibo], [ olungekho semthethweni [okanye lungene kwidilesi eyahlukeneyo yokuqalisa). Imigaqo yoluntu kufuneka ivavanywe ngokwale imilinganiso yayo yobulungisa.

Urhwebo Kwinkqubo Kawonke-wonke

Abenzi benkqubo basoloko bejongana norhwebo oluvavanya ulungelelwano phakathi kweempahla zoluntu ezikhuphisanayo. Inqaku lokuqala lachaza ulwabelo lwezibonelelo, ukuhambela phambili, kunye neziphumo zexesha elifutshane. Sinweba kwimeko nganye ngemizekelo yekonkrithi kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu.

Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili

Oorhulumente abasebenza phantsi koqingqo-mali olunyanzelwayo. Ukukhetha ukuxhasa uhola omtsha wendlela kusenokuthetha ukuthoba iziko loluntu. Oku kuthengwa kudla ngokuwa nzima kwiindawo ezifumana imali ephantsi, apho iinkqubo zezemfundo zisusa khona abemi ngoxa impilo ifuna ukungasetyenziswa. Umzekelo obalaseleyo kukuthelekisa phakathi kokuthengwa kwemfundo yabantwana bamandulo ngokuchasene nokubanjwa. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukuchitha ixesha ungenelelo kungenelelo loluntu kuvelisa iimbuyiselo eziphezulu zexesha elide, kodwa iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zisoloko zixhasa imiqathango yezentengiso.

Ukulingana vs. Ubuchule

Imigaqo-nkqubo eqwalaselwe ngokunempumelelo . "njengeengenelo ezithe zavavanywa ngokungqongqo" inganciphisa iindleko zolawulo kodwa ngexabiso lokususa ezo zingentla komqobo. Okanye, iinkqubo zendalo yonke njengezonyango lukawonke-wonke okanye ingeniso esisiseko zilingana nokulingana kodwa zingabi namaxabiso aphantsi ngokwentelekelelo yemali. Umzekelo, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasisiseko bengeniso jikelele kumazwe ahlukeneyo baye babonisa inkqubela entle kodwa banyusa inkxalabo ngezikhuthazo zemisebenzi kunye nemali. Isitshixo asikokukuba baphathele impumelelo kunye nokungachasana, kodwa ukufumana imimiselo yemithetho elungele ukujongwa kwazo zombini, njengezibini eziqhutyelwa phambili zerhafu zenkonzo zehlabathi lonke.

Iziphumo ezifutshane nezithelekelelwayo

Abezobupolitika abajongene nemijikelo yonyulo basoloko bekhetha ukulungisa ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lwezakhiwo. Umsebenzi wexeshana unganciphisa ukungaqeshwa ngokukhawuleza kodwa ungakwazi ukuchaza ubuchule obungahambelaniyo okanye obuzenzekelayo. Okwangoku, ukuveliswa kotshintsho lwamandla aluhlaza kudala iingenelo zexesha elide zobulungisa bokusingqongileyo kodwa kungabangela ukulahlekelwa komsebenzi omfutshane kuluntu oluxhomekeke kumandla ombane. Uyilo lwemithetho mayibandakanya uncedo lotshintsho kunye nozalisekiso olunethuba lokunciphisa umonakalo othe kratya.

Imiphumo Yezigqibo Zemigaqo Kawonke - wonke

Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo zahluka ngokubanzi. Inqaku lokuqala lidwelise ukuphuculwa konikezelo lweenkonzo, umahluko wezoqoqosho, kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwentlalo.

Ukufumaneka okuphuculiweyo kwiinkonzo

Imigaqo esebenzayo ingafumana ngokuphawulekayo. Umzekelo, uMthetho weNtolongo eNgamandla (ACA) eUnited States wanciphisa izinga elingakhange libhangiswe ukusuka kwi 16% ngo-2010 ukuya malunga no-9% ngo-2016, ingakumbi ukungenelwa kwabantu abadala abafumana imali ephantsi kunye noluntu olunombala. Noko ke, izithuba zishiyekile kumacandelo awalwanga ulwandiso lweMedicaid, abonisa indlela inkqubo karhulumente edityaniswe ngayo nokuyila iziphumo ezikhoyo.

Iingxaki Zezoqoqosho

Imithetho iyakwazi ukunyusa ukungalingani. Ukunqanda irhafu exhasa ingeniso yamashishini, ukugatywa kwemali, nokugawulwa kweminatha yokhuseleko lwentlalo kufakelele ekunyukeni kobutyebi ukususela ngoo 1980 kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili. iGinibation eUnited States] yanda ukusuka ku 0.39 ngo1970 ukuya kutsho ngaphezu kwe-0.48 ngo-2020, ibonakalisa ulwakhiwo olunzulu lwezindlu olufana nokungavumelani kwezindlu ezithengwa ngokwembali ngokwembali kwimimandla emincinane, ihambisela phambili i-mali kunye nezithuba zobutyebi ezikhoyo namhlanje.

Ukuxhotyiswa

Ukwabelana ngoqingqo-mali, ukuthembana kwelizwe, namalungiselelo okusebenza kunye atshintshela kubemi. EPorto Alegre, eBrazil, uqingqo-mali lokuncedisa kwakhokelela ekunyuseni ukusetyenziswa kwemali kumgangatho wezogulo nemfundo kwimimandla engamahlwempu. Imizekelo enjalo iphucula zombini iziphumo ezingalindelekanga kunye nobulungisa obuncinci, njengoko uluntu lufumana impembelelo ngaphezu kolwabiko lwezibonelelo. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwezi mpawu kufuna ukwenziwa kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nobuchule bezezoshishino.

Imiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Imigaqo eqinisekiswe kakuhle ingaba nemiphumo engalindelekanga. Ulawulo lwentengiselwano, ngeli xesha lukhusela abanye abaqeshi, lunganciphisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu nomgangatho wexesha. Iinkqubo ze-Weternetic-toografi ezimisela iimfuno zomsebenzi ezingqongqo zinganyanzela abantu kwimisebenzi ehlawulwa kancinci ngeeyure ezingalungelelananga, ukunyusa ubuhlwempu kunokuba kubunciphise. Ukujongana noxanduva lwenkqubo yogcino-lwazi kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa nokulungisa iziphumo ezingezizo ezinokulunganga.

Indima Yabaxhasi

Amagosa aseburhulumenteni, imibutho yezemfundo, kunye namalungu ebutho labantu, abadlali abangakumbi baquka imicimbi yezakhono, imithombo yezixhobo, amaziko ehlabathi kunye neziseko ezisekelwe kwintlalo-ntle.

Amagosa Karhulumente

Abameli abacetyiweyo basabela kwizindululo zonyulo, lo gama abalawuli be-bhureaucrates besoloko banobuchule obukhethekileyo kodwa benokubanjwa zizinto zoshishino. Ucango olujikelezayo phakathi koorhulumente kunye noshishino abajongele kulo lungathoba iinjongo zoluntu. Ukusesikweni kwentlalo, iinkqubo ezicace gca kunye nemithetho ebangela ungquzulwano olunentsebenziswano lubalulekile.

Imibutho yoLuntu lwaMasipala

Amaqela angenangeniso namaqela alwandiso lwamazwi asezantsi kodwa ajongene nezithintelo zovimba. Isiseko kunye nezibonelelo-zibonelelo ze-NGO zisenokubeka imibandela ehambelana nothumo lwazo kuneemfuno ezicacisiweyo zoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, amaqela afana noManyano lohlanga lwamaCitys anikezela amaqonga oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukwabelana ngemithetho-siseko epheleleyo.

Imfundo kunye nabaphandi

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina kuxhomekeke kuphando olungqongqo. Noko ke, uphando lungaxhaswa ngamaqela anomdla okanye luqhutywa ngokweentelekelelo ezingahoyi ukungalingani kwenkqubo. Umsebenzi weIris Marion Young [[FLT: 1] kukungabikho kokusesikweni kwesakhiwo ugxininisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwenkqubo kufuneka luqwalasele indlela amaziko akhuthaza ngayo ulawulo, hayi ukusasaza nje kuphela.

Amalungu oLuntu

Abantu abachaphazelekayo ngokuthe ngqo bazisa amava aphilayo nolwazi olusebenzisekayo. Iibhodi zoluntu, ukuva iindlebe, kunye noovesi-zincwadi abasebenzisanayo banokuphucula umgangatho wenkqubo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa komqondiso kusemngciphekweni. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokwenene kufuna iinguqu zokwakha ezifana nolawulo loluntu loqingqo-mali kunye negunya lokwenza izigqibo.

Izifundo zomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente noLuntu

Uphando olunenkcukacha lucacisa imizekelo echazwe ngasentla.

Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kumakhaya

Iinkqubo zokwakha zifuna abaphuhlisi abanokukwazi ukuqukisela amaqela anokufikeleleka kwimisebenzi yorhwebo. Izixeko ezifana neSan Francisco neNew York ziphumele iinkqubo ezinjalo ezineziphumo ezidibeneyo. Ngelixesha zivelisa izindlu ezinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo, inani leeyunithi lidla ngokuba lincinane, kwaye abaphuhlisi bangathetha ngezambuku. Ngokwahlukileyo, imodeli yezindlu zoluntu zaseVienna, ezihlala malunga nama-60% abantu, zibonisa ukuba utyalo olukhulu lukawonke-wonke lungafumana zombini ubunjani nobuchule.

Utshintsho Kwimpilo

Ulwando lweMedicaid phantsi kweACA encitshisiweyo yempilo, kodwa luchaphazele ulwando olushiye abantu abadala abazizigidi ezisi-5 abafumanayo ngaphandle kokugqunywa ngo-202020. Okwangoku, amazwe anenkqubo yokhuseleko lwempilo jikelele, njengeKhanada kunye neUnited Kingdom, afumana iziphumo zempilo ezilinganayo kwixabiso eliphantsi kwixabiso lemali lemali. Ukuthengwa kwentengiso kubandakanya irhafu ephezulu kunye nemiqobo ehlahliweyo. Iinkcukacha zemithetho yokwenziwa kwenkqubo yokuchaza ukuxilonga, ixesha lokulinda, kunye nexabiso lomguli lokufumana iziphumo zezentlalo-ntle.

Imfundo

Imithetho yokusebenzisa inkxaso-mali yesikolo elinganayo kumaphondo afana ne-New Jersey (Abott v. Burke) iye yathumela ubuncwane obuninzi kwimimandla engaphantsi kwemiqikelelo, ikhokelela ekuvavanyeni amanani aphezulu kunye neziqu ezifumana imali ephantsi kwabafundi. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezizingisileyo zokwahlula iinqobo kunye neziko lesikolo zabucala zingakuphelisa oku kungenelela. Ukurhweba phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nomgangatho wesizwe kuyaqhubeka kukhuphikiswana. Ubungqina obuvela ku .S. Isebe lemfundo .S.

Okusesikweni Kwemeko - bume (Ufundisiso Loonobumba Abatsha)

Ubulungisa bokusingqongileyo bavela kwimibutho engqubana nengca elwa nomzekelo onzima wokuhlala kwamaziko anetyhefu kuluntu olunombala. I-ofisi yeNkundla yokusingqongileyo yeSigwebo seNtlalobume bemekobume, emiselwe ngowe-1992, ijolise ekufakeni i-equare eququzelelweni kwizigqibo zokulawula. Sekunjalo, ukunyanzelisa bekungavumelani. Ingxaki yamanzi ingumzekelo onzima: amanyathelo okubulala akhokelela ekungcoliseni ityhefu, okuchaphazela kakhulu abemi baNtlangala. Izinguquko ezifana nokubuyisela imibhobhobho ekhokelayo exhaswe yi-Infraublicraclationmentation Actal Act, zimele inyathelo eliphambili kodwa zifuna ukwenziwa okuqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Okusesikweni Kwentlalo Ngomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Izithintelo eziliqela zesakhiwo nezopolitiko zithintela inkqubela. Siyanda kuluhlu lokuqala.

Ukuchasa Kwezobupolitika Nezilangazelelo

IMinizeli yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yeNkundla eManyeneyo ngowe - 2010 yavumela ukuba kusetyenziswe imali engenakulinganiswa kweyabemi abaqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kusetyenziswe imali eninzi kunabemi abaqhelekileyo. Izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo ezifana nerhafu ehamba phambili okanye ukhuseleko lwempilo lwehlabathi lonke, kwanaxa uluvo lukawonke-wonke luzixhasa ngokuqatha.

Ukungoneli kweNgxowa-mali

Kwanemigaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle iyasilela ukuba iteyibhile yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, isilingi samatyala, kunye neengcamango zokunciphisa iintsilelo zinganciphisa iinkqubo zentlalo. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemali yexesha likaxakeka kuyenzeka xa kuza kubakho kwezobupolitika, kodwa utyalo-mali lokufumana utshintsho lusoloko lungalufaki uluntu olucekethekileyo. Ingxelo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali Oxfam [ ibalasel' indlela ubutyebi obuyaya bukhula ngayo ngexesha lendyikitya ekhoyo ngenxa yokunganeze inkxaso ephantsi kwabasebenzi.

Ukuya Kwabo Kudityanisiwe Kuze Kube Yindlela Elungeleleneyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yendlu, impilo, umsebenzi, kunye nemfundo idla ngokuphuhliswa ngokuzikhetha, phezu kwako nje ukunxibelelana kwazo. Umzekelo, iindawo zokufihla intloko zinokuxhaswa ngumbutho othile ngoxa iinkonzo zempilo zengqondo zikhokelwa zezinye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimingxube yeenkonzo ezixhasayo. Iimodeli zenkonzo ezidibeneyo, ezifana “akukho mnyango uphosakeleyo” ozayo kwamanye amazwe, zibonisa isithembiso kodwa zifuna ukulungelelanisa ukudibana komoya kunye nokusebenzisana kogcino-lwazi.

Imbali Nendlela Ethe Tye

Izigqibo zexesha elidlulileyo ezinyanzelisayo ezikhoyo. Xa uhola wendlela wakhiwe wahlula ungingqi, kunzima ukususa ngokwezobupolitika nangokoqoqosho. Ngokufanayo, imigaqo-nkqubo engokwemeko efana noMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle yowama-1935 yakhutshwa ngaphandle kwe-olimo kunye nabasebenzi basekhaya abathi ngokuphandle bangabikho mnyama ngokulinganayo. Utshintsho lwenkqubo ludla ngokufuna ukudilizwa okanye ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo encamisileyo, ebangela ukuchasana okukrakra.

Izakhono zokuKhuthaza Ubulungisa

Nangona kunzima, uqheliselo olukhulayo luneendlela ezisebenzayo. Sisebenzisa ubuchule obuninzi obusuka kweyakuqala.

Ukwenza inkqubo equkayo

Ngapha koko, inkqubo equka ukumisela izisombululo kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo ukususela ekuqaleni. Izixhobo ziquka abemi bejaji, ukuvota okungenamdla, kunye nezivumelwano zoluntu eziyingenelo. Isixeko saseBarcelona “Decid” iqonga livumela abemi ukuba bacebise baze bavote kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Ezi ndlela zokwandisa ukhuphono olusemthethweni kwaye zinciphisa ukukhuphiswano, nangona zifuna ixesha kunye nobuncwane.

Unikezelo logcino-lwazi oluqhutywayo nge-Equotrics

Ugcino-lwazi lungatyhila ukwahluka kunye nenkqubela-phambili. Ukungacaciswa kolwazi ngohlanga, ingeniso, ubufanasini, kunye nejografi kubalulekile. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zisebenzisa “amakhadi okutsala afanelekileyo” ukuvavanya izicelo zoqingqo-mali. Umzekelo, uRhulumente Alliance on Race and Equity (GARE) unika izicwangciso ukwenzela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bahlulele ubuhlanga kwiinkqubo zenkqubo. Noko ke, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-data kufuneka kwenziwe ngokwemilinganiselo esesikweni, ekuphepheni ukujongwa kwamaqela aphantsi.

Ubuchule nomthetho

Intshukumo ye- Grasroots ingaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye ibangele imivulo yezobupolitika. Umlo we-R1, umbutho we-R1, kunye namaphulo okulungisa imo yezulu konke kuye kwaphembelela inkqubo yolawulo kumgangatho wobulali namazwe. Imibutho elungelelanisiweyo yezentengiso kufuneka idibanise inyathelo elingqalileyo kunye nokuququzelela inkqubo yezonyango. Imibutho engangeni ngeniso njenge URBAN Institute [[FLT: 1] yenza uphando oluzisa imigudu yokungaqhamiseki ngeziphumo zenkqubo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe

Iinkundla zinganyanzelisa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Imithetho yokulawula iintlanga zesikolo, ukulingana komtshato, kunye nokugweba okusingqongileyo kuye kwawahambela phambili amalungelo entlalo-ntle. Amaqumrhu anomdla kawonke-wonke aqhubekekayo, njengeNaACP Ukhuselo-mthetho, asebenzisa igalelo lokunyanzelisa ukuqinisekiswa komGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iingqeqesho zezowiso zifuna ukunyanzeliswa kwaye zisenokujamelana nokungavumelani.

Iindlela zokuhamba zelizwe lonke. Zijoliswe ekufikeni

Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka phakathi kweenkqubo jikelele (umz., ingeniso esisiseko, ukuhlawula unyango olunye) kunye nezijoliswe kuko. Iindlela zendalo zinciphisa ihlazo kwaye zakha imibutho ebanzi yezobupolitika, kodwa azinakufikelela kweyona iphantsi ngaphandle kokujongwa. Imodeli exubileyo . "iimeko epheleleyo"nenkxaso eyongezelelweyo yamaqela asweleyo" isebenza ngcono. Umzekelo, izidlo zesikolo ezikhululekileyo zinciphisa isikelelo, ngexa zisongezwa kwimiqobo yemali yesikolo ehlawulwayo.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-siseko kawonke-wonke kunye nobulungisa bentlalo lunamandla ngokwemvelo kwaye luzele ziintengiso. Akukho nkqubo yobundilele; nasiphi na isigqibo sinika iinzuzo nemithwalo ngendlela enokukhuthaza okanye inciphise ukungalingani. Ukuqonda iziseko zentetho, ubungqina obuxhobisayo, kunye namathuba acwangcisiweyo ayimfuneko kubenzi benkqubo kunye nabameli abazinikele kwibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Ngokubambelela kwiinkqubo eziqulukileyo, ugcino-lwazi oluneempembelelo, noluhlala luphaphile ngeziphumo ezingalindelekilengabonwanga, kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe imigaqo yemithetho ehambayo ihambela phambili kwimithetho elungileyo. Uhambo luyaqhubeka, kodwa izixhobo zenkqubela enenjongo zifikeleleka.