Indlela Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Okuwakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Akho

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States udala urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo — owemithetho, onegunya, nowokugweba — kwaye unika amasebe onke ahlukeneyo. Le ndlela, eyaziwa njengokwahlula amagunya, asiyonkqubo yolawulo nje eyintloko eyenza ukuba urhulumente waseMerika alungelelene, abe netyala, akhusele, namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokwahlula nokunyanzela isebe ngalinye ukuba libelane ngegunya, abalawuli abajolise ekuthinteleni nabani na okanye iqela elithile ukuba libe linegunya elinamandla kakhulu. Isiphumo sinkqubo yokuhlola nemilinganiselo eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umthetho, nasiphi na isenzo esiphetheyo, kwaye nasiphi inkundla isigwebo siphantsi kokucalulwa nokulawulwa.

Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo nendlela elilinganisela ngayo omnye komnye kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukwazi indlela amalungelo alo alondolozwa ngayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isebe ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha, lihlolisisa iicheck nokulungelelana kwalo, lize libonise isizathu sokuba esi sakhiwo sisafuneka ukuze kukhuselwe inkululeko namhlanje.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ukwenza Imithetho Ehlonela Amalungelo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, yiKhonkqele — iqumrhu le-bamaral eliyiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. IBhunga linamandla okudala, ukuqukumbela, nokubuyisela imithetho yephondo. Kodwa abaxhasi baqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza umthetho kuyacotha, ngesiquphe, yaye kuxhomekeke kwiimbono ezininzi. Le nkqubo inceda ekuthinteleni umthetho onyanzelekileyo okanye ocinezelayo onokuthi wonakale amalungelo abantu.

Ukuthand ’ Isithethe Nendlela Ecothayo YoMthetho

Phambi kokuba nayiphina ityala libe ngumthetho, kufuneka igqithe zombini kwindlu kunye neBhunga lendlu ngendlela efanayo kwaye emva koko ityikitywe nguMongameli. Esi sakhiwo se-chamber sithetha ukuba i-stave enye ayinakutyhalela lula kwimilinganiselo enzima. Umzekelo, iNdlu, kunye nemiyalelo yayo yeminyaka emibini, iyasabela ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke, ngeli lixa iBhathe, ngemiyalelo yeminyaka emithandathu kunye nomelo olulinganayo, inika uzinzo kwaye ikhusela izilangazelelo zomdla oncinci.

Amandla Eengqungquthela Ajonga Umlawuli

IBhunga leNgqungquthela lenza okungaphezulu kunokubhala imithetho. Ilawula uqingqo-mali lwamaqumrhu, iqinisekisa okanye iyala okanye iyala ukumiswa komongameli (kuquka abagwebi kunye namalungu orhulumente), kwaye inamandla okuqinisekisa. Ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inokuthintela abalawuli abanokusongela inkululeko yabemi. Ngamandla engxowa-mali, iBhunga inganciphisa izenzo zolawulo ezigqitha imida yomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, iKhomishini ingenza ngqongqo ize isuse uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa orhulumente ngenxa “yo, ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni.” Oku kukuthiwa ngamandla oku kuvavanywe ngokungqalileyo kusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo.

Indlela Ingqungquthela Ewakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu

IKhomishini ikhupha imimiselo ekhethekileyo ekhusela amalungelo, enjenge-Civil Rights Act, iVoting Rights Act, kunye ne-Merika enemithetho yokukhubazeka. Le mithetho idala imilinganiselo enyanzelisayo emele isebe eliphetheyo liyixhase kwaye iinkundla zingayisebenzisa ukucombulula ucalucalulo. Ngaphandle kwesebe lowiso-mthetho olunamandla, uninzi lwamalungelo amaMelika ngoku ebengawamkelanga ngokomthetho. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu indima yeBhunga, bona iNdlulo yendlu yocalulo [[FLT:]] yendlu yabameli kunye neyamagunya [FLT:]

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Ukunika iMithetho eNika iNgxelo

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli kwaye elimiswe kwiGatya II, linembopheleleko yokuphumeza nokumisa imithetho edlulayo. Eli sebe liquka uMongameli onguMongameli osisigxina, iKhabhinethi, amasebe karhulumente, kunye nesebe elikhulu elilawula yonke into esuka ekukhuseleni intlalo - ntle. Ngoxa eli gunya lizisa amandla nempumelelo kurhulumente, amandla alo alinganiselwe ngabom ukunqanda ukuba lingabi ngukumkani.

Amandla KaMongameli Nemida Yawo

UMongameli unamandla okukhupha umthetho weveto, imiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu, ukumisela abagwebi besizwe (ngemvume yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso), kunye nokusebenza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. Kodwa onke la magunya akhangelwa. I-veto ingangangatshati ngevoti yama-3-3 kwizindlu zombini zeBhunga. Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingacetyiswa enkundleni ize ihlaselwe phantsi ukuba ingqubana nomGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho okhoyo. Izivumelwano zifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweBhunga, kwaye umsebenzi womkhosi uphantsi kwemali kunye nokulawulwa ngeSigqi soMkhosi.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngoxa Uhlonela Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Isebe elilawulayo limisela imithetho esetyenziswa ngabameli abanjengeSebe leMimiselo, iFBI, kunye neSebe Lokhuseleko LwaseHomeland. La masebe anamandla amakhulu okuphanda, ukuchophela, nokuchophela abantu. Ukukhusela ekuxhatshazweni, umGaqo-siseko kufuneka ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuhlonelwe inkqubo efanelekileyo — ilungelo lokuphawula, ukuchotshelwa kobulungisa, kunye nokumelelwa komthetho. Uhlaziyo lwesine lukhusela ekuphangweni nasekuxhuzumeni okungekho ngqiqweni, kunye noMpanziswano wesihlanu ukhusela ekuzahluleleni ngokwawo. Isebe eliphetheyo limele lisebenze kule mida, kwaye xa lingaphumeleli, iinkundla zikhohla.

Imiqathango yegunya nokulungelelana kwamandla

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Banegunya lomthetho kodwa abadluliswanga yimithetho. Ngexa bevumela uMongameli ukuba athathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza, angapheliswa ngumphathi-mva okanye avakaliswe njengeququzeleli lejaji. Oku kuthintela umphathi-ntloko kwinkqubo yokutshintsha unomphelo ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli uTruman ezama ukuthabatha izijungqu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, ukunqanda ukubetha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula i-Stown shown & Lamp; Cobe. Sawner[FLT] [[FLD:1] [1952] [umzekelo, ukuba uMongameli udeli ocumileyo wegunyaza igunya lokulawula.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Ukutolika Umthetho Welizwe

Isebe eligwebayo, elimiselwe kwiGatya III, liqulethwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Umsebenzi walo kukutolika umthetho, ukugqiba enoba imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ziyawuchasa umGaqo-siseko, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namasebe ezobupolitika, abagwebi bamiselwe ubomi (ngokulawulwa yihambo entle), nto leyo ewakhuselayo kwingcinezelo kawonke wonke kwaye ewavumela ukuba enze izigqibo ngokungakhethi cala kwanaxa kukhuselwa iincutshe ezingathandwayo.

Impinda Yomgwebo: Uphando Olupheleleyo

Uhlolo lwejaji — amandla okuvakalisa umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu — achazwa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa asekwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi. [[FLT] [1] [183]. Eli tyala lanika ijaji isixhobo esinamandla sokuphelisa izenzo eziphazamisa amalungelo. Umzekelo, iNkundla iye yasebenzisa ukuphengulula ityala ukuphelisa umgangatho (] Brown v. Brown , 1954]), ukukhusela amalungelo okuzala ([FLT:] [12] [12], ngaphandle kwemithetho enguMlawuli], ngaphandle kwemithetho egunyazayo.[4], uGenephetho lomthetho.[FLT], uG.[5]

Inkqubo yeNkundla yoManyano kunye nokufikelela kokusesikweni

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo yephondo yinkundla yephondo: iinkundla zesithili (iinkundla zamatyala), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezobheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela intabalala ephindiweyo yokuhlola. Umntu okholelwa ukuba amalungelo akhe aphulwe uyakwazi ukuzisa ityala kwinkundla yesithili, abhenele kwinkundla yesiphaluka, aze acelele inkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iphula inxalenye encinane yamatyala, izigqibo zayo zimisela umzekelo onyanzelisayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zikwano zinendima ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni le mizekelo ukukhusela amalungelo eemini nganye.

Ukhuseleko Oluthe tye

Uzimele-mthethweni kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo. Abagwebi abanyulwa — bamiselwa kwaye baqinisekiswe ngobomi babo, ukuba nje bahlala beziphatha kakuhle. Aba bakhuselekile abanakuncitshiswa imivuzo yabo xa beseofisini. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bayakwazi ukulawula nxamnye neemfuno ezinamandla, kuquka urhulumente, ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphawulile, “Ijaji ingumgcini womGaqo-siseko.” Xa isithi isebenza njani na iinkundla, bona iwebhsayithi ye-get jini ye-jantiary ye-ominethi ye-jantiatment. [[FLT]

Iindlela Osebenza Ngazo: Indlela Isebe Ngalinye Elisibekela Ngayo Imida Abanye

Inkcubeko yenkcubeko ayiphelelanga kukwahlula amagunya kodwa ekunikeni izixhobo zesebe ngalinye ukuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. Nazi iingqikelelo ezingundoqo nolungelelwano olusebenzayo:

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • O ukungqubana kwamavili: Ingqungquthela ingayibhukuqa iveto engumongameli ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kumagumbi omabini.
  • Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa; iBhunga libamba ukuvavanywa kwaye lingazisusa ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kwamadinga: Indlu yengqungquthela kufuneka ivume ukuba ngumongameli wejaji yequmrhu, oonobhala bekhabhinethi, kunye noonozakuzaku.
  • Ulawulo lweBMT: Congress ibamba amandla esipakethi — akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenziwa kwenqanawa enqabileyo: uMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zifuna icebiso kunye nemvume yeentambo ezimbini-ntathu zeCather.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla e-VETO: UMongameli angawugqithisa nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, enyanzelisa ubuchule obugqithisileyo ukumisela umthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uqulunqo: UMongameli angacebisa umthetho amisele ucwangciso lwesizwe kwidilesi yeSizwe se-Union.
  • Imiyalelo esebenzayo: uMongameli angalathisa isebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngaphakathi komthetho okhoyo.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uhlolo lwenkonzo: Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Uphazamiso: Iinkundla ezichaza imimiselo zibone oko kuthethwa ngumthetho, onokuthi umisele indlela abameli abawanyanzelisa ngayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicwangciso zexesha lobomi: Abagwebi bakhuselwe kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika, ibavumela ukuba balawule ngokuzimeleyo.

Iingxelo Kwisebe Eligwebayo

  • Isivumelwano kunye noqinisekiso: uMongameli umisa abagwebi, kwaye iBhunga leNtlanganiso kufuneka libaqinisekise.
  • Imithetho ecwangcisiweyo: abagwebi boManyano bangakhutshwa baze basuswe yiKhomyutha yehambo engafanelekanga.
  • I-juridition: Congress ingaguqula ulawulo lwetyala eliPhakamileyo kwaye ichaze isakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi zesebe.
  • Izilungiso ze-constitualial: [Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolika umGaqo-siseko ngendlela abantu abangawuthandiyo, iBhunga lingacebisa utshintsho (ngeevoti ezimbini-ntathu kwindlu nganye) oko, xa ivunywa ngamatyala amathathu anesine, isusa isigqibo seNkundla.

Isizathu Sokuba Ujonge Amalungelo Akho Uze Ulungelelane

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ikhusela amalungelo akho ngqo ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba lisebenze ngokwalo. Ukuba iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho othintela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, uMongameli angawukhupha, okanye iinkundla zingawubetha. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umyalelo owephula inkqubo efanelekileyo, iinkundla zingawuvala, kwaye iBhunga linokuwuphelisa umthetho walo. Ukuba iinkundla ziphakamile, iBhunga linokuwulungisa umthetho okanye lide liwucebise umGaqo-siseko.

Okwesibini, le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akangowokuqiqa nje kuphela — ayanyanzeleka. Xa amalungelo akho ephulwa, unokuya kwinkundla ezimeleyo ukuze ufune isicombululo. Umlawuli umele alandele imiyalelo yenkundla, yaye iBhunga kufuneka lixhase inkqubo yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye limele lifake inkxaso ekulondolozeni umthetho.

Okwesithathu, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukukhanya nokuziphendulela. Ngenxa yokuba igunya liqhekekile, kunzima ngorhulumente ukuba athathe inyathelo eliyimfihlo. Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala leBhunga, ukujongwa kwamajelo eendaba, nokufikelela koluntu kwiingxelo zenkundla konke kunegalelo kwinkqubo ecacileyo eyenza amagosa aphendule ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokukhusela Amalungelo Enkqubo

Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nomlinganiselo ivavanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ebalulekileyo:

ISebe Elitsha Nesicwangciso Senkundla

Ngeminyaka yee-1930, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wacebisa ukuba “icebo lokulungisa inkundla” lifakelwe izigwebo ezithe kratya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo emva kokubetha kwayo iinkqubo eziliqela ze-New Dec. IKhomishini yala icebo, yaye ekugqibeleni iNkundla yawuxhasa umthetho we-New Deal. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba kwanomongameli odumileyo akanakuwulawula lula umgaqo wejaji, ngenxa yenkqubo yee-checkiary kunye nomlinganiselo.

Isikwenkwe Samanzi

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- United States v. Nixon [19974]) ngamxhelo mnye wagqiba ukuba uMongameli makavumelane nepoena, angalifuni ilungelo elipheleleyo lolawulo oluphezulu. Le vidiyo yabonisa ubungqina bokwenza okubi, kunye noNixon warhoxa. Ijadicary yahlola umphathi, kwaye iBhunga lasebenzisa amandla ayo okunyanzela ukuphendula.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Ngoo-1950 nangoo1960, iBhunga lawisa umthetho obalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu phezu kwayo nje inkcaso enamandla evela kwamanye amazwe. Xa amagosa karhulumente engavumi, isebe elilawulayo (phantsi kooMongameli uKennedy noJohnson) lagunyazisa umthetho karhulumente, kwaye iinkundla zaxhasa ukungqinelana komGaqo-siseko koMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi we-Onke amasebe asebenzisana ukwandisa nokukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nexabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Namhlanje, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kujongene nocelomngeni olutsha, kuquka ukuphandwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu, ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo, nokucelwa ukuba kwandiswe iNkundla Ephakamileyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo ihamba kancinci kakhulu okanye ukuxilonga kuvumela ukuthintelwa. Kodwa abalawuli bayila inkqubo emisela ingqwalaselo kunye namalungelo okukhuselwa kunempumelelo. Ubuchule borhulumente bokuthatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza bunokuba yingozi kwinkululeko — ukwahlulwa kwamandla anokumiswa kwisivumelwano nakumthetho.

Ngaphezu koko, kwixesha lokwanda kwemimandla ehlukeneyo, uhlolo kunye nolungelelwano lwenkqubo kusesona sikhuselo silungileyo ekubunyanzeleni. Imfuneko yokuba amasebe amaninzi avumelane ngaphambi kokuba izenzo ezinkulu zithatyathwe ithintele nasiphi na isibakala ekunyanzeleni umnqweno wawo ngokusisigxina. Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala ekubekeni urhulumente wabo exanduva.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komGaqo-siseko nokwahlulwa kwamagunya, jonga iphepha logcino-lwazi lohlanga kwimGaqo-siseko kunye neCornell Information Information yeZiko loMgaqo-siseko [[FL:3]].

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Eyakhelwe Wena

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente — owiso-mthetho, onegunya, nogwebo — azizizinto ezingenakuchazwa. Azenza iUnited States ibe yiriphabliki eluncedo apho umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umntu, kuquka lawo anegunya. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya noophengululo nolungelelwano kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokwaphula amalungelo akho ngaphandle kwemiphumo. Ngokwahlula igunya nokunika isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuxhathisa abanye, uMgaqo-siseko udala urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukulawula kodwa olinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela inkululeko.

Amalungelo akho awabhalwanga nje ephepheni — akhuselwa yinkqubo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umthetho, nayiphi na imiyalelo iyavavanywa nxamnye nomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala ekusebenziseni amalungelo akho nasekufuneni ukuba urhulumente wakho ahlale engaphantsi kwemida yayo.