Ukuqonda Ingxaki Ephindwe Kabini Kumbandela Wokuziphatha Okubi Kwamapolisa Nokutshutshiswa Okuphosakeleyo

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengomnye wezona zinto zidala zokukhusela kwimiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho yase-Anglo - America, osekelwe kwingcamango yokuba urhulumente akafanele avunyelwe ukuba abekwe ityala eliphinda-phindiweyo lomntu omnye ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Le migaqo ivela kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu owenziwe ngoMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, othi, akukho mntu “uya kuthotyelwa ityala elifanayo ukuze abekwe kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye amalungu omzimba.” Ngoxa lo mthetho umele ubekwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiimeko ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuya kucaca kakhulu xa kuvela izityholo zamapolisa okanye ukugxolelwa okuphosakeleyo. Kwezi meko, ukuphindiweyo, iingceba ezibini zinokubakhusela abamangalelwa abamsulwa nabamsulwa, preyibekayo, ityala labo basetyenziswa kakubi ngokwenkqubo yomthetho.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukudibana kwengozi ephindwe kabini, ukudibana kwayo nokunganyaniseki kwamapolisa kunye nokumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo, iimfundiso ezingokwasemthethweni nezingakhuselwanga ezinokukhuselwa, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuguqula ezimisele ukuthintela ukungabikho kokusesikweni ngaphandle kokuncama iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko.

Isiseko sembali nesomGaqo-siseko sobungozi obuphindwe kabini

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini asiyonto isungulwayo yangoku. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva kwiinkqubo zomthetho zamandulo zamaRoma kunye namaGrike, kwaye ngexesha lomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, umgaqo wawusele umiselwe kakuhle. Umgaqo-siseko udebet bis] une-regri exeari e en eaem causa — “akukho mntu ofanele akhutshwe kabini ngenxa efanayo” — waba lilungu elingundoqo lobulungisa. UmGaqo-siseko walethi we-Framers of the U.S.

UMthetho weNkqutyana weNkqutyana weSichibiyelo weNkqutyana ka-Gawulayo we-Gadi ye-Date Diogracy Claus usebenza kumaphondo nge-Adtic Procession ye-14th Rescle, njengoko kuqinisekiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Bhenton v. Maryland [1969]. Ikhusela abamangalelwa ngeendlela ezintathu ezingqalileyo: ukukhusela abamangalelwa kwityala lesibini emva kokugwetywa, ukukhuselwa kwetyala lesibini emva kwetyala, nokukhuselwa kwisohlwayo emininzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo.

Noko ke, igalelo aliqinisekisi ukuba ukhuseleko luqinisekile. I-jeopardy kufuneka iqhotyoshelwe ngokupheleleyo — okuthetha ukuba inkundla yetyala ifungile, okanye kwityala lebhentshi, ingqina lokuqala lifungiswe. Ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe iingozi, izityholo zinokurhoxiswa zize ziphinde zilungiswe. Emva kokuba ityala ligwetywe, nangona, lo mqobo uphantse uphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isiphi na isiphene esi sisenokubonakala.

Indlela Ekungenelela Ngayo Ukuziphatha Okuphosakeleyo Kwamapolisa

Ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa kuquka izenzo ezininzi, kuquka ukunyanzelisa, ukuxoka, ukuxokisa, nokutshabalalisa ngabom izinto eziye zatyholwa. Xa ukuziphatha okubi okunjalo kukhokelela ekugwetyweni okungekho sikweni okanye ekugwetyweni, kwenza ukuba nawaphi na amatyala alandelayo abangele ukuba igosa elinxaxhayo liphendule ngetyala lolwaphulo - mthetho.

Ukumangalelwa Kwamagosa Ezaphuli - mthetho Emva Kokugwetywa Okanye Kokwenziwa Kwetyala

Ukuba igosa lityholwa ngokwesigebengu ngenxa yesenzo sokuziphatha okubi — njengokuhlasela ngokugqithisileyo — kwaye likhululwe, iNkundla yeQela Elibini uYeoparde uvalela urhulumente ukuba aliphinde alicinezele elo gosa lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, kwanokuba ubungqina obutsha buvele kamva. Umzekelo, ngowe-1992 ukuvavanywa kwamapolisa aseLos Angeles ngokusetyenziswa kwegunya eligqithisileyo ngokusetyenziswa kweRodne King, inkundla karhulumente yakhulula amagosa amane okuhlasela. Kamva, ijaji enkulu yatyhola amagosa amabini ekwaphulelweni ngenxa yomthetho wolawulo olusemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuba ukumangalelwa komthetho okubandakanya ulawulo olwahlukileyo — i-United States kunoKhalifoni — ayivalelwanga ngokuphindwa kabini phantsi kwemfundiso ephindiweyo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba ityala elinetyala elirhabaxa linokusingela ukurhoxinwa kwetyala likarhulumente.

Umthetho ongokwabantu kunye nokufakelwa kwengozi okuphindwe kabini

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaxhoba ehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa anokuzisa ukumangalelwa kwamapolisa phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S. 1983 ngokuchasene namagosa noomasipala, efuna ilahleko yokwaphula umthetho. Ezi zenzo zoburhulumente azisolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke azingenisi mangozi-ngozi-mbini. Kwanokuba igosa likhululwe kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi basenokulifumana elo gosa elibekelwe ityala nembuyekezo. Ngaphezu koko, iisuti zamakhaya zingabhenca iindlela zokuzi zokuziphatha okubi kwaye zikhokelele kwienguquko zemithetho, ezifana nemithetho ehlawulwa yimibutho yamapolisa.

Ukungabi Namali Eninzi Okunokusetyenziswa

Nangona umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungawathinteli amayeza asekuhlaleni, imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekukhuseleni igophe idla ngokuwakhusela kwityala ngaphandle kokuba aphule “umthetho owenziwe ngokucacileyo”. Oku kudala umqobo owahlukileyo kokusesikweni, kodwa akusuki kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Abaxhasi botshintsho baphikisa ngelithi ukudibanisa ukukhusela umzimba okufanelekileyo nengozi ephindwe kabini kushiya amaxhoba ngaphandle kokuwakhusela xa ukuziphatha okubi kungavunyelwanga ukuba kuthandabuzeke ngokusengqiqweni kwimeko yesaphuli-mthetho.

Ukutyholwa Okuphosakeleyo: Xa Urhulumente Ejolise Ityala Kumntu Ongenatyala

Ukumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo kubandakanya ityala elizisela umntu omsulwa izityholo, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokungachani, ukuphosa ityala, ukuvuma izono, okanye ukungxengxeza okucacileyo kwamapolisa okanye abatshutshisi. Xa ityala eliphosakeleyo liphumela ekuxolelweni, ubungozi obuphindwe kabini budla ngokuthintela urhulumente ekulicikidanga elo mntu umsulwa — nokuba kwiminyaka kamva, ubungqina obucacileyo bokungabi natyala buvela.

Ingxaki Engathethelelwayo

Masithi umntu umangalelwa ngokuphosakeleyo ngokubulala, ukuma ityala, kwaye ukhululwe. Kwiminyaka kamva, ukuvunywa kwezona zimo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nobungqina be-DNA obungqina ubumsulwa. Phantsi komthetho wangoku wase-U.S., umntu okhululweyo akanakuphinda abekwe ityala, kodwa eneneni lilo [ benefig — abanakubekwa ityala kwakhona. Kwimeko yokurhoxiswa komthetho owenziweyo, ingxaki ekhoyo ivela xa urhulumente, [[FLT:]] phambi kokuba [FLT]] ukuvavanywa, akuvunywa ukurhoxiwa kobumsulwa obunamandla, okanye xa ukuthembeka kufunyenwe kamva kodwa kuphehliwe kwizikhundla ezikhoyo. Kwimeko zokurhoxisana, ukurhoxakeka okuphiweyo kusenokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ukuguquka kobubungqina obulinganayo, ukuba ubungqina obungamele ukuxhaswa ngokusemthethweni.

Ezikhethekileyo: Xa Uvavanyo Luvunyelwa

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakhupha iindidi eziliqela apho ingozi ephindwe kabini ingathinteli ukuchotshelwa kwakhona:

  • Ityala leMisqumrhu ngenxa yokubonakalisa imfuneko: Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanako ukufikelela kwisigqibo (i-hangger count), ijaji ingavakalisa uqulu-tyala oluphosakeleyo. Ityala livumelekile kuba ingozi ayigqitywanga kumgwebo wokugqibela.
  • Isibheno sokugxothwa esingasiso isigwebo: Ukuba ijaji echophele ityala likhupha izityholo ezisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni (umz., ukunyanzeliswa kobungqina) kunokuba babe msulwa, abatshutshisi bangabhenela kwaye baphinde bazame ummangalelwa.
  • Ukubuyiselwa kotshintsho ngokubuyiselwa kwezityholo: Ukuba ulweyiseko lutshintshiwe ngenxa yemposiso yokuvavanya (hayi ukungafezeki kobungqina), urhulumente angamcinezelela ummangalelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imfundiso egqithisileyo: Njengoko kuphawulwe, iinkosi ezahlukeneyo (ulawulo norhulumente) ngamnye angatyandwa ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini.

Ezi zinto zingafaniyo zinokusetyenziswa kumatyala ehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa. Ngokomzekelo, umtshutshisi angajiki tyala ngabom ukuze aphephe ukugwetywa, agcine ukhetho lokufuna ukuphenduliswa. Okanye, ukuba ityala lirhoxisiwe ngenxa yokuba amapolisa efihla ubungqina bokutyhola, urhulumente ungayiphikisa ityala — nto leyo enokuba lithuba lesibini kumntu omsulwa lokungqina ukuba akanatyala, kodwa kwakhona lithuba lokuxhatshazwa ngokubhekele phaya.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Lobukhosi Engathatyathwanga Ngayo Imfundiso Yamapolisa

Imfundiso edityanisiweyo ibambe ukuba urhulumente kunye norhulumente worhulumente wohlukeneyo, kwaye ngamnye unamandla okuchasa isenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Oku kwasekwa kwi- United States v. Lanza (1922) kwaye iqinisekiswe ku [[FLT:]] i-Gugudget v. United States[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2010]]. Le mfundiso isisisixhobo esibalulekileyo: ukuba urhulumente urhulumente uyakwazi ukukhulula ityala lamalungelo abantu. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba izityholo zikarhulumente zisenakho, nangona intengo zikarhulumente zingasebenzi.

Kwimeko zakutshanje eziphezulu ze-profile, imfundiso edityanisiweyo yezobuhlwempu incede iSebe leJaji ukuba liphishekele izityholo kubaphathi emva kokuvavanywa kwetyala likarhulumente laphumela ekugwetyweni okanye ekungabini nazityala. Umzekelo, emva kokufa kukaBreonna Taylor, akukho zityholo zikarhulumente ezibekwe ngokuchasene namagosa abandakanyekileyo. Urhulumente worhulumente wagwetyelwa amagosa amaninzi ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngelixesha la matyala karhulumente ajongana nemiqobo yawo esemthethweni, amele indlela edlula kwimiqobo ephinda kabini.

Utshintsho nezizathu zokulinganisela ukungqinelana kokuphendula nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

Ngenxa yokuba iingxwelerha ezibini zinokuyiphazamisa imigudu yokulungisa iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo nokugcina amapolisa ephendulile, kuye kwacetyiswa iinguqu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto zisuka kutshintsho lwemithetho ukuya kuhlaziywa kwakhona kwezomthetho. Enye indlela kukunyusa “ubungqina obutsha nobunokuthenjwa” bokunganyaniseki, ukuvumela ukuchonga kwakhona emva kokugwetywa — kodwa oku kunyusa inkxalabo enzulu efunekayo kwaye akukhange kwamkeleke kwi-U.S.

Utshintsho oluthe ngqo lugxininisa ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokuphendula amapolisa angakhange abangele iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ingqeqesho kunye nokupheliswa: imisebenzi yesebe langaphakathi (ukudutyulwa, ukudutyulwa) yeyolawulo, ayizolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awusebenzi. Noko ke, ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lusoloko luphazamisa la mayeza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo: Njengoko kuxoxwe, iisuti zamakhaya zidlula kwingozi ephindwe kabini ngokupheleleyo. Utshintsho kukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lungenza ezi suti zibe luncedo kakhulu.
  • Imithetho egunyazisiweyo yenkundla yamaPhondo i- imiyalelo yokuba utshintsho lwenkqubo egunyazisayo kumasebe amapolisa luye lwasetyenziselwa ukuphendula indlela yokuziphatha engalunganga ngaphandle kokuthembela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngamanye.
  • Uphatho oluzimeleyo: Iibhodi zohlolo lwangaphakathi kunye nabatshutshisi abakhethekileyo bangaphanda ukunganyaniseki kwaye bancomele izityholo, okunokwenzeka ukucutha ubungozi bokubekwa ityala ngecala okanye ukungagqibekanga kukarhulumente.
  • Iindleko zomgangatho wesimo: Amanye amazwana aye amisela imithetho evumela ukugcinwa kwakhona kobungqina obutsha bobutyala kwaye ukugwetywa kokuqala konakaliswe yinkohliso okanye ipejury. Umzekelo, iKhodi yePenal 761 ivumela ukuvavanywa okutsha ukuba inkundla ifumana isigqibo sifunyenwe ngokuqhatha. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kobucala kwi-arevolute kuhlala kusemgqeba.

Impembelelo Yeentlangano Ezineenkolelo Eziphosakeleyo

Amaqela afana ne-Innocence Project asoloko exhaswe ukuvavanywa kweDNA yokudityaniswa kwe-octivation kunye nokufumaneka kobungqina. Ngoxa iingozi eziphindwe kabini zikhusela abantu abamsulwa ekuthatheni ityala kwakhona, ingxaki enkulu kubabanjwa ngokuphosakeleyo kukuba abaninzi abagwetywanga qala nje — bagwetywa kwaye kamva bangabi natyala. Aba bantu, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayisebenzi: xa ukuqiniseka kuthe kwahlukana, urhulumente unokuba uyakwazi ukuphinda, nangona kuqheliselwa izityholo ezininzi ziphenduliwe. Iinguquko ezivumela ukuphengululwa okungqalileyo okusekelwe kubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa zicinezela ngakumbi ekugwetyweni ngokuphosakeleyo kunokutshintsha ngokuphindwe kabini.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Oluphawulekayo Olubalaselisa Ukufa Kwamadlala Aphindwe Kabini Nokuziphatha Okubi Kwamapolisa

Ukuhlolisisa iimeko zehlabathi lokwenene kuyanceda ekucaciseni indlela ezidlala ngayo iingozi eziphindwe kabini ekusebenzeni.

Ukumkani URodney Case (1992)

Emva kokubethwa kukaRodney King ngevidiyo, amapolisa amane aseLos Angeles abekwa icala kwinkundla yelizwana laseKhalifoniya ngokuhlasela kunye nokunyanzela okugqithisileyo. Ukugwetywa kwawo ngowe-1992 kwabangela izibheno zeLos Angeles. Ngenxa yokungalawuleki kwemithetho emibini, urhulumente wesizwe wakwazi ukutyhola amagosa amabini ngokuphula amalungelo oluntu. Ityala likarhulumente ngowe-1993 laphumela ekumangaleleni amagosa amabini, ngokudityaniswe ityala elishiywe ngurhulumente.

Ityala likaMichael Peterson (2003, umNtla Carolina)

UMichael Peterson wagwetywa ngo-2003 ngokubulala umfazi wakhe, kodwa ityala larhoxiswa ngo-2011 ngenxa yobungqina obuphambili bokuba ubungqina obungundoqo banikela ubungqina bobuxoki, nokuba umcuphi okhokelayo, kamva owagwetywa ngetyala, wayenobungqina obuyinkohliso. Ili lizwe laphinda lamfumana uPeterson, kodwa lakhululwa ngo-2017. Ngexesha lokuqulungwa kwakhona kwetyala, uPeterson wayengenakuphinda abulawe ngenxa yokubulala okufanayo ngenxa yokuba ityala lokuqala laphendulwa, alikhululwangasohlwaywa; ityala alizange liphinde libekwe emva kokumangalelwa ngenxa yempazamo. Kodwa, ukuba ityala lantlandlolo lalipheliswe ngenxa yobungqina obungenamdlalo — ukugwetywa kwakhona — ukugwetywa kwetyala okungenatyala okusemthethweni bekungayi kugwetyelwa.

Breonna Taylor (2020)

Emva kokufa kukaBreonna Taylor ngexesha lohlaselo lwe-knock, igosa eliphakamileyo lenkundla yetyala elinye labasemagoqweni libophelele ngelinye igosa elinobungozi (ngenxa yeembumbulu ezingene kwindlu yommelwane), kodwa akukho zityholo zabekwayo ngenxa yokufa kukaTaylor. Eli gosa lakhululwa ekuvavanyeni kukarhulumente. Ngo-2022, urhulumente watyholwa amagosa amane amalungelo abantu, uzungu, kunye nesithintelo. Ezi zityholo zikarhulumente azivalelwanga ngenxa yengozi eziphindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba ziziswa yinkosi eyahlukeneyo kwaye zibandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo (ukubekwa kwamalungelo phantsi kombala womthetho). Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kokumangalelwa kwetyala korhulumente xa iinkqubo zezo zikarhulumente zingaphumeleli.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Indlela Ezinye Iinkqubo zomthetho Eziyiphatha Ngayo Ingozi Kabi

UMthetho we-Union Kingdom, waseKhanada, waseOstreliya, kunye neminye imithetho emininzi eqhelekileyo iyavuma ukuba kukho iingozi eziphindwe kabini, kodwa iinguqu eziliqela ziye zamkela iimvume zokusetyenziswa komthetho xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha nobunamandla — ngokukodwa kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu njengokubulala. Umzekelo, iUK Criminal Justice Act yavumela iNkundla yesibheno ukuba ikhuphe amatyala kunye nomthetho wokulungisa kwiimeko ezithile. Olu tshintsho luye lwasetyenziswa kwiimeko apho kamva (ngokufuthi iDNA) ingqine ityala emva kokulahlwa. Noko ke, okunganjalo, impikiswano enjalo iyaqhubeka kwiU.S. apho ukuHlulwa kweSibheno sesihlanu kuchazwa ngokungqongqo.

Kumazwe angomthetho wabemi njengeFransi neJamani, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ukwangumgaqo-siseko, kodwa umlinganiselo we- “sonke eso sono” unokuba mncinane ngakumbi. Umzekelo, eFransi, ukugwetywa kunokuvunywa kwakhona kuphela ukuba isigqibo santlandlolo sifunyenwe ngokuqhatha, hayi ngenxa yokuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Ezi ndlela zothelekiso zibonisa ukuba ukulinganisa isiphelo nokusesikweni kulucelomngeni lwendalo yonke.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokukhusela Neeattorney

Amagqwetha akhuselayo amela abathengi kumatyala atyholwayo abandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa okanye amatyala asenokuba aphosakele, ukuqonda iingozi eziphindiweyo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

  • Isisombululo setyala lorhulumente: naxa ityala lorhulumente liphela ekuxoleleni, abatshutshisi borhulumente bangazisa izityholo. Oku kuyimfuneko kakhulu kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-profile apho iDOJ inokuba negalelo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemiba engalunganga: Abatshutshisi bangafuna iingxelo eziphosakeleyo xa belindele ukuvalelwa, begcina ilungelo lokuphinda bazame. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka alumke ekuthinteleni iimvavanyo eziphosakeleyo ngaphandle kwemvume yomxhasi, ngaphandle kokuba kubonakale ukuba kukho imfuneko.
  • Ukukhusela abaxhasi abangenatyala: Xa umgwebi egqibekile, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba ingxelo ibonakalisa ngokucacileyo umgwebo wokugwetywa kokugwetywa kwintlawulo, hayi ukugxothwa kwemiqathango ebhaliweyo, ukwandisa ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini.
  • ICivil vs. ucwangciso lolwaphulo-mthetho: Ilixa loluntu lingaqhubeka nokuba ziziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ii-attorney ezimele amaxhoba ehambo engafanelekanga kufuneka ziqwalasele izenzo ezihambelanayo zamakhaya kwangoko, phambi kokuba imimiselo yomlinganiselo uphele.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Okungalawulekiyo Phakathi Kokuphela Nokuphendula

Ingozi ephindwe kabini ihlala ingunobangela wetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMerika, ikhusela abantu ekuxhatshazweni nasekungcungcuthekisweni kwetyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kodwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa kunye nokutshutshiswa okuphosakeleyo, okokuba ukukhusela kungakhusela owenziwe unetyala okanye kuthintele ukulungiswa kweempazamo ezimangcwaba. Imfundiso edibeneyo edibeneyo inika umsebenzi odibeneyo, ivumela ukungenelwa kwesizwe xa amatyala engaphumeleli. Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunika elinye icala lokwenza ityala, nangona ukhuseleko kunye neminye imiqobo iqhubeka.

Imigudu eqhubekayo yokuguqula — ukusuka kwizicelo zikarhulumente zokulungisa ukufaneleka kokhuseleko — ifuna ukuzama ukulwa nokulungelelana okungcono. Ngoxa kungekho nkqubo yomthetho enokuphelisa ukuxinana phakathi kokugqibela nokusesikweni ngokupheleleyo, ukuqonda umahluko wengozi ephindwe kabini kunika amandla abaxhasi, abenzi bomthetho, kunye noluntu ukunyanzela ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezithe tye. Kumaxhoba ezenzo ezingafanelekanga nawakuchatshazelwa ngokuphosakeleyo, indlela yokusesikweni idla ngokufuna ukutshintsha ezi mfundiso zintsonkothile ngononophelo, ukufuna unyango ngalunye oluvumelekileyo phantsi komthetho.