Ukuqonda Umongameli waseIndiya KubuGcisa Borhulumente

UMongameli waseIndiya unesimo somGaqo-siseko esikhethekileyo njengentloko yesithethe yorhulumente, kodwa iofisi inendima epheleleyo kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente emva konyulo ngokubanzi. Ngoxa uMphathiswa Oyintloko kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa besebenzisa igunya elilawulayo, izenzo zikaMongameli .. Zikhokelwa ngenyameko nguMgaqo-siseko kwaye zimiselwe iindibano ngezantsi ngezantsi . Eli nqaku linika uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lobukhobeko, iinkqubo, kunye namandla obulumko ekubumbeni urhulumente, ukugquma isiseko somgaqo-siseko, ukuqhuba inyathelo ngenyathelo, imimiselo yemithetho exhotyiweyo, nemiboniso yembali.

ISisakhelo somGaqo-siseko: Amanqaku 74, 75, ne-85

Indima kaMongameli kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente isuka kwinqaku 74, 75, kunye nelama-85 lomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Inqaku lama-74 limisa iBhunga labaPhathiswa lineNkulumbuso entloko yokuncedisa nokucebisa uMongameli. IGatya 75 lichaza ukuba uMphathi-mikhosi oPhathiswayo uza kumiselwa nguMongameli kwaye abanye abalungiseleli baza kumiselwa nguMongameli ngecebiso loMphathiswa oMkhulu. Ngaphezu koko, iGatya 85 linika uMongameli igunya lokuquququzelela nokuqululisa iiseshoni zePalamente zeLok Sabba. La manqaku akha isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko esisebenza nguMongameli.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uMongameli usebenzisa la magunya phantsi kwecebiso leBhunga labaPhathiswa phantsi kweGatya 74 (1). Noko ke, ixesha lonyulo lwasemva kokumiselwa, phambi kokuba kusungulwe iBhunga elitsha labaPhathiswa, lelona xesha linqabileyo apho uMongameli angenza izinto ngokuzingca. Le ngcaba ingeyonto ipheleleyo kodwa ibotshelelwe ziindibano zomgaqo-siseko kwaye kufuneka kuxhaswe imigaqo-demokhrasi.

Ukongeza kula manqaku angundoqo, umGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente onyamekelayo ukuba alawule imicimbi yesiqhelo de urhulumente omtsha afungelwe ukuyiqubha. IKhomishini yoNqulo yaseIndiya ([[FLT: 0]] eci.gov.in)) ujonge inkqubo yonyulo kwaye udlulisele iziphumo kuMongameli, othi ngoko aqalise inkqubo yokwenziwa.

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo Lenkqubela Yolungiselelo Lukarhulumente

Ukwenziwa korhulumente emva konyulo jikelele kulandela inkqubo emiselwe kakuhle, edibanisa imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokusebenza kwezobupolitika. Le nkqubo idla ngokutyhileka ngamanqanaba aliqela:

1. Isaziso seziphumo zonyulo

IKhomishini yoNnyulo ikhupha iziphumo ezisemthethweni zoo-453 beKonk Sabha. UMongameli ufumana unxibelelwano olusemthethweni oluvela kwiKhomishini, ngokufuthi kunye noluhlu lwamalungu anyuliweyo kunye namalungu abo. Oku kubonisa ukuqala kotshintsho olusemthethweni.

2. Isimemo sokuya kwelona Thwalaza Elikhulu

UMongameli uchaza iqela lezobupolitika okanye umanyano lwangaphambi kwengquzulwano oluye lwakhusela uninzi olucacileyo (ubuncinane 272 izihlalo). Ukuba iqela elinye linqumla kulo mqobo, uMongameli umema inkokeli yalo ukuba imisele urhulumente. Ngokwesiko, uMongameli unika ileta esemthethweni yesimemo kwinkokeli yeqela elininzi, ecela ukuba lingqine uninzi lwazo kwiLok Sabba kwifreji eqingqiweyo (iiveki ezimbini).

3. Umgangatho woorhulumente bomanyano

Xa kungekho mbutho ufumana uninzi, uMongameli umema inkokeli yeqela elikhulu okanye umbutho onokubonakalisa inkxaso yasemva kokhetho. UMongameli angacela iinkokeli emenyiweyo ukuba inikezele iileta zenkxaso ezivela kwamanye amaqela okanye amalungu azimeleyo. Le yinkqubo elula, njengoko uMongameli kufuneka aneliseke ukuba urhulumente ocetyisiweyo angayalela uninzi kumgangatho weNdlu.

4. Ukutyunjwa koMphathiswa Oyintloko neBhunga labaPhathiswa

Xa inkokeli emenyiweyo ibonakalisa amandla ayo okulawula uninzi, uMongameli ubamisela ngokusemthethweni njengeNkulumbuso. Ukumiswa kubhalwe phantsi kwesiqinisekiso phantsi kwesandla nestyoli soMongameli. INkulumbuso entsha ngoko icebisa uMongameli ngokutyunjwa kwabanye abalungiseleli. UMongameli unika iZifungo zesikhundla nemfihlo kuMphathiswa weNkulumbuso kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa, njengeShedyuli yeSitha seSitha seSiqendu soMganga.

5. Uvavanyo Lwendawo Ephakamileyo

Kwixesha elifutshane emva kokufunga, urhulumente omtsha kufuneka angqine uninzi lwakhe kumgangatho weLok Sabhah ngevoti yokuthembeka. Olu vavanyo lomgangatho ludla ngokuqhutywa kwintlanganiso yokuqala yePalamente entsha. UMongameli umisela ipro-tem Scount ukuphatha le nkqubo. Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukukhusela uninzi, uMongameli kufuneka ahlole ezinye iindlela, njengokumema enye inkokeli ukuba ibumbe urhulumente okanye, ukuba akukho rhulumente uzinzileyo onakho, asuse iLok Sabha ukuze akhethe kwakhona.

Ubulumko BoMongameli KwiPalamente Yehang

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yobumongameli yenzeka xa unyulo luphumele kwipalamente exhonywe, ithetha ukuba akukho mbutho okanye manyano yangaphambi kogutyulo ikhusela uninzi oluqhelekileyo. Kwimeko enjalo, uMongameli unegunya lomGaqo-siseko lokugqiba ukuba ngubani ofanele ameme ukuze amisele urhulumente. Eli gunya alikhutshelwanga; lisetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kwiingqwalasela eziliqela:

  • Iqela elinye elikhulu lithe: UMongameli angamema iqela elinye elikhulu ukuba lizame ukusekwa kukarhulumente, nokuba lithe lasilela kuninzi. Oku kusekelwe kwindibano apho iqela elikhulu lifumana ithuba lokuqala.
  • Umanyano lwePop nongquzulwano olucacileyo: Ukuba umbutho wamaqela ungabonisa uninzi ngencwadi yenkxaso, uMongameli uza kumema inkokeli yaloo mnqophiso.
  • Ukusebenziseka nokungafezeki: uMongameli uqwalasela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba urhulumente ocetyiswayo ahlale ezinzile. Umnqongo obuthathaka ungakhokelela kurhulumente ohlala ixesha elifutshane, oqhubela uMongameli ekuhloleni ezinye iindlela.
  • Akukho ntembelo ivoti: ukuba inkokeli emenyiweyo iyasilela ukubonakalisa uninzi ngexesha elichaziweyo, uMongameli angabiza uvavanyo lomgangatho ukuba luqhutywe ngoko nangoko kwintlanganiso eyodwa, okanye ameme enye inkokeli ethi inenkxaso enkulu.

Kwiimeko ezimandundu, ukuba akukho rhulumente uphilayo onokwenziwa, uMongameli angabhenela ekususeni iLok Sabba phantsi kweGatya 85(2) kunye nokuyalela unyulo olutsha. Olu lunyulo lokugqibela kwaye lusetyenziswa kuphela xa zonke ezinye iindlela ziphelile. Isigqibo soMongameli ngoko sisekelwe kwicebiso leBhunga labaPhathiswa abaPhuthileyo, kodwa kwixesha lonyulo lwasemva kokuba urhulumente omtsha eqalwe, uMongameli angasebenza kwijaji yakhe/ijaji yakhe.

Amagunya alawulayo kaMongameli ebengumbandela wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni neyezobupolitika. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwityala lephawu S.R.Bommai v.Umanyano lwaseIndiya (1994), iqinisekisiwe ukuba isenzo soMongameli kufuneka sihambelane nenkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye novavanyo lomgangatho olungcono ukusombulula iimpikiswano phezu koninzi. Olu gwebo lugxininisa ukuba ulwaneliseko lukaMongameli kufuneka lukhokelwe zizinto ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo-mthetho-siseko.

Iimeko Ezikhethekileyo: Akukho Zintshukumo Zizingxengxezo, Ukuchaswa, Nolawulo LoMongameli

Indima kaMongameli kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente idlulela ngaphaya kwexesha lonyulo olukhawulezileyo. Ngexesha lonyulo lorhulumente, iziganeko ezifana nokungakholeleki, ukuphambuka phantsi kweShedyuli yeshumi (Umthetho wokuDiba iAnti-Defefe), okanye ukuqhawuka komatshini womGaqo-siseko kungabuyisela uMongameli kwinkqubo yokuyila.

Akukho Ntshukumo Ingqinelanayo

Ukuba akukho ntshukumo iqinisekileyo igqithisiwe kwiLok Sabha, urhulumente uphulukana nobuninzi bayo. UMphathiswa omkhulu uyarhoxa, kwaye uMongameli kufuneka aqalise inkqubo yokwakha urhulumente omtsha. Imigaqo efanayo iyasebenza: uMongameli umema umlawuli weqela okanye umbutho onokuthi ulawule uninzi. Ukuba akukho mholi onjalo, uMongameli anganyibilikisa iLok Sabba.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho

Ngaphantsi koMthetho wokuLawula iNqanawa, abalawuli abazenza isiphene sokungahlali kakuhle. Noko ke, ukudityaniswa okanye ukwahlulwa kwamaqela kungakhokelela kutshintsho kubume borhulumente. Ukuba urhulumente uphulukana noninzi lwakhe ngenxa yokuphambuka, uMongameli angacela uMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko ukuba abonise ukuba uninzi lwabo kwakhona. UMongameli akagxabhathanga kwimicimbi yangaphakathi kodwa uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unandipha ukuthemba kweLok Sabha.

Ulawulo Lomongameli (Umzobo 356)

Kwimeko yokungaphumeleli komatshini womgaqo-siseko kwimeko, uMongameli anganyanzela uLawulo lukaMongameli phantsi kweGatya 356. Oku kubandakanya ukurhoxiswa korhulumente kunye nokujoliswa kwemisebenzi yakhe nguMongameli. Ngeli xesha eli liyinkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente, kuyimfuneko kurhulumente kuba uMongameli angacima indibano yomthetho kunye nomyalelo omtsha wonyulo. Ukusetyenziswa kweGatya 356 bekuphantsi kohlalutyo olugwebayo, ngokukodwa kumzekelo wetyala .R.

Imizekelo Yamandulo Nenokuphawulwa

Imbali yonyulo yaseIndiya inikela imizekeliso emininzi ngendima kaMongameli ekumiselweni kukarhulumente, ingakumbi kwiimeko zepalamente.

[[FLT: 0]1977: Emva kweEmergency, umnqongo weQela leJanata woyisa iB.D. uJatti wamema Morarji Desai, inkokeli yesivumelwano esikhulu sangaphambi kwengqubano, ukuseka urhulumente. UDesai wangqina uninzi lwakhe ngokulungileyo.

[[FLT: 0]199: IBhunga laphulukana noninzi lwalo, kunye nombutho weNational Front, okhokelwa yiV.P. Singh, wavela njengobukho obukhulu. Umongameli R. Venkatalaman wamema uSingh ukuba amisele urhulumente, kwaye wakwazi ukubonakalisa inkxaso kwiBharatiya Janata kunye neKhohlo.

[[FLT: 0]19996: Unyulo lwaphumela kwipalamente exhonywe nge-BJP evela njengeqela elinye elikhulu. Umongameli uShankar Dayal Sharma wamema uAtari Bijaree ukuba amisele urhulumente, kodwa i-BJP yasilela ukuqokelela inkxaso eyaneleyo nokurhoxa emva kweentsuku ezili-13. UMongameli wamema i-United Frontmmentssionneumnity, eyaseka urhulumente phantsi kwe-H.D. Devewda. Esi siganeko sabalaselisa igosamkelo sikaMongameli kwingimeli kwilizwe lezobupolitika eliguqukayo.

1988: Enye iLok Sabba yabona iBJP ikhokela umbutho obizwa ngokuba yiNational Democratic Alliance (NDA). UMongameli K.R. Narayan wamema uVajhayee, owazingqina ngempumelelo ukuba uninzi lwakhe emva kovavanyo lomgangatho.

2014 kunye no 2019: Kuzo zombini unyulo, i-BJP yafumana uninzi olucacileyo ngokwayo, isenza lula umsebenzi woMongameli. Prab Mukhberjee noRam Nath Kovindd Modi bamema urhulumente ukuba azenzele urhulumente ngaphandle kokucinga okugqithisiweyo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba nangona indima kaMongameli idla ngokuba cacileyo xa kukho uninzi, iba yeyona nto inzima ngamaxesha okuntsonkotha kwezobupolitika. Izigqibo ezenziwa nguMongameli kwezi meko ziye zabumba iindibano ezikhokela kwikamva kwimibutho.

Uthelekiso nezinye Iinkqubo Zedemokhrasi

UMongameli wendima karhulumente waseIndiya unokuthelekiswa neyolunye ulawulo-mganyana lwepalamente. Kwi-United Kingdom, umlawuli (Kumkani uCharles III) umisela uMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko osekelwe kwinkokeli yeqela elikwiNdlu yeZiko. Indima yokumkani ithe tyelwe, kwaye inqabile ukusetyenziswa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMongameli waseIndiya unomgamgamshela omninzi wokuzimela ipalamente, nangona utyekelo lokulandela iindibano ezifana ne-UK.

EUnited States, uMongameli uyintloko yephondo nentloko karhulumente, enyulwe ngqo yiElectoral College. Ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente aluquki intloko eyahlukileyo yorhulumente; uMongameli onyuliweyo uthatha isikhundla ngomhla omisiweyo. Inkqubo yeIndiya yahlukile ngokuthi uMongameli umisela uMphathiswa oyintloko omele akhusele iPalamente, ebonisa ukudityaniswa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu nowowiso-mthetho.

Kwinkqubo zepalamente enjengeJamani, uMongameli woManyano (Bundespräsident) ucebisa ukuba kungenelwe iCancellar kwiBoundestag. Ukuba akukho bani lifunyenweyo, uMongameli angacima iBundestag emva kwexesha elimiselweyo. Oku kufana neqhinga loMongameli waseIndiya kwisiganeko sepalamente exhonyiweyo. Kodwa, ivoti yeJamani ekhuthazayo yokungathembi yenza urhulumente asungulwe.

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya ubopha ngabom uMongameli onamandla ogcino lwezinzo nedemokhrasi. La magunya akachaphazekanga kodwa ahlala efanelekile kwezobupolitika zangoku. I-Constitution yeIndiya[ inikezela ngesiseko esisemthethweni, ngeli lixa iindibano zezobupolitika ziqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokutyibilikayo.

Isikhokelo sokuthatha indawo kunye nesigqibo

UMongameli waseIndiya wenza indima ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente, ukusuka ekumiseleni uMphathiswa weNkulumbuso ukushenxisa iLok Sabba xa kungekho rhulumente uzinzileyo onokuthi asungulwe. Ngoxa izenzo ezininzi zomongameli zisekelwe kwicebiso leBhunga labaPhathiswa, ixesha lonyulo lwasemva konyulo liyinto ephawulekayo apho uMongameli asebenzisa ingqiqo. Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye neendibano ezimisiweyo, zinika isakhiwo esiqinileyo esifake isiseko esicacileyo soziintloko neengxaki ezimanyeneyo ezithe zadlula iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe.

Le nkqubo icace gca: emva kokuba iKhomishini yoNnyulo ibhengeze iziphumo, uMongameli umema inkokeli esenokuba ininzi, uqhuba uvavanyo lomgangatho ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye ngokusesikweni umisela urhulumente. Kwiimeko ezithile ezifana nepalamente exhonyweyo okanye ukungaqiniseki, izigqibo zikaMongameli zikhokelwa yimfuneko yokuqinisekisa urhulumente oyalela intembelo yeLok Sabba. Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukuba ingqiqo kaMongameli iye yasetyenziswa ngobulumko, ngokufuthi okuphumela kwimfuneko yokuba oorhulumente abazinzileyo.

Ukuqonda indima kaMongameli kunceda abemi baqonde iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olukhoyo kwidemokhrasi yaseIndiya. Iofisi kaMongameli asingosigxina nje serabha; ngumgcini womGaqo-siseko ngexesha lotshintsho olunzima. Uphando lwe-PRS Legislative (prinia.org) inikela uhlalutyo lwexesha nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, inika uluvo oluthe ngaphaya kulwakhiwo lukarhulumente. Ngokubambelela kwimigaqo-siseko kunye ne-politiko yezopoliti, uMongameli uncedisa ekulungiseni inkqubo yedemokhrasi yenkqubo ye-demokhrasi yaseIndiya.