Table of Contents

IBhili yamaLungelo imele njengenye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika, esebenza njengesiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Iqiqekwa ngo1791, ezi zindululo zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States zimisela amalungelo asisiseko akhusela abemi ekuphathweni ngurhulumente ngeli xesha echaza ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente wabo. Ukuqonda la malungelo akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yolwazi engundoqo, nto leyo enika wonke umntu waseMerika amandla okuqonda xa inkululeko yakhe ikhuselwa okanye isotywa. Olu khokelo luchaza ugcino-lwazi olunzulu lwendlela olusebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nesizathu sokuba aqhubeke ebaluleke ngayo namhlanje njengoko zazinjalo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo.

Imbali Nenjongo Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo yavela kwingxoxo erhabaxa ngexesha lokuqhaqhathwa komGaqo-siseko. Amaphondo amaninzi namanani anempembelelo, kuquka uThomas Jefferson, anyanzelisa ukuba ukhuseleko olucacileyo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye longezelelwe kumGaqo-siseko omtsha. Aba baLawuli boBukhosi, ekuqaleni ababechasa umthetho wamalungelo njengangeyomfuneko, ekugqibeleni bavunywa ukukhusela ukukhuselwa. UJames Madison, ngokufuthi obizwa ngokuba ngu "uYise wamaLungelo," wabhalisa iziphelo ezizakuba zisisiseko sokukhululeka kwabemi baseMelika. Ezi zingqungquthela zenziwe ukuze zicothe inkxalabo engqalileyo ngengcinezelo karhulumente eyayinazo phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane kwaye ifuna ukunqanda kwiRiphabliki yabo entsha.

IBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, kodwa ngemfundiso esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba yi-complion(*) ngokusuka kuMphetho-weshumi elinesine (*) uninzi lwale migaqo ngoku iyasebenza nakurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Olu lwando luye lwenza iBhili yamaLungelo yanamandla ngakumbi ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente eUnited States.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Sokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Ngokunokwenzeka uHlaziyo Lokuqala lulelona lungiselelo lidumileyo nelicelwa rhoqo kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Ukhuseleko lwalo luyila isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuphalana ngokukhululekileyo ngeengcamango, bagxeke urhulumente wabo, baqhelisele ukholo lwabo, balungelelane kunye. Isivumelwano sichaza oku: "Isiphendu asiyi kwenza mthetho ngokubhekiselele ekumisweni konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukuqheliselwa kwalo; okanye ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yoomatshini; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba aphinde aququke izikhalazo."

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuvakalisa iimbono, iingcamango, nolwazi ngaphandle kokungenelela okanye isohlwayo sikarhulumente. Olu khuselo luquka unxibelelwano olubhaliweyo, intetho yokomfuziselo (njengokunxiba iingalo okanye iindwe ezivuthayo), indlela yobugcisa, kwanendlela ezithile yokuziphatha ezidlulisela umyalezo. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukubeka umda ekuthetheni ngenxa nje yokuba ezi ngcamango zibonakala zicaphukisa, zingathandeki, okanye zikwayingozi kwiinjongo zayo.

Noko ke, inkululeko yokuthetha ayiphelelanga. Urhulumente angabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni kwiimeko ezithile. Umzekelo, intetho ekhuthaza ukuthatha inyathelo elisondeleyo lokuchasa umthetho, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukunyeliswa, ukuhlanjalazwa, amanyala, abantwana abatshabhileyo, kunye nokuqhatha ayikhuselekanga. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo okhankanyweyo ngowokuba awunako ukukhwaza ngobuxoki "lomlilo" kwiholo yemidlalo enabantu abaninzi. Ixesha, indawo, kunye nemiqathango yendlela iyavunyelwa xa benolwamkelo, inceda umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ishiya eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.

Ngokwengqiqo, inkululeko yokuthetha ithetha ukuba unokubagxeka amagosa anyuliweyo, uvakalise iimbono zezobupolitika ezingathandwayo, unxibe iimpahla ezinemiyalezo ephikisayo, wenze ubugcisa obucel ’ umngeni izithethe zentlalo, kwaye ubendakanyeke ekuqhankqalazeni ngoxolo. Abaqeshi bobucala neeplatfomu zobuqu ezifana neenkampani zezentlalo-ntle azibanyanzelwanga yiSindululo Sokuqala soLawulo-Mphengululo-mali okanye kwimicimbi yabo yomsebenzi. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa Komthetho ukhusela kuphela ekucuthezeni imicimbi yorhulumente, hayi kwiziphumo zemicimbi yabucala.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba iqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli nemibutho yoondaba ingaqokelela ize ipapashe inkcazelo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngurhulumente okanye uthintelo olungaphambili. Olu khuselo lubalulekile ekulondolozeni abemi abanolwazi kwaye kugcine abo banegunya benoxanduva. Umatshini usebenza njenge-"lowdow" kwimisebenzi karhulumente, kwaye abaQaphi baqaphele ukuba umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo uyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo.

Le nkululeko ikhusela imibutho yeendaba, ii-grougers, iintatheli ezizimeleyo, kunye naye nabani na ozibandakanyayo nokuqokelela nokusasaza iindaba kunye nolwazi kuluntu ngokubanzi. Urhulumente akanakufuna ukuba kuvunywe amabali eendaba ngaphambi kokuba apapashwe, nangona amajelo eendaba asenokubekwa ekufanelekele ukuhlaziswa, ukuhlaselwa kwemicimbi yangasese, okanye ukupapashwa kwenkcazelo echongiweyo kwiimeko ezithile. INkundla Ephakamileyo imisele isiqobo sokuphazamisa urhulumente namaphephandaba, ifuna ukuthethelelwa okunyanzelisa nayiphi na imiqathango.

Ngokwenyani, inkululeko yokushicilela ithetha ukuba iintatheli zinokuphanda ukunganyaniseki kukarhulumente, zikhuphe amaxwebhu angenayo anomdla kawonke-wonke, zikhusele imithombo eyimfihlo (nangona olu khuseleko lungafani ngokwesizwe), zize zinike ingxelo ngemicimbi yoluntu ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kukarhulumente. Le nkululeko ibangele ukuba uphando olunengxelo olusuka kwiPentagon Papers ukuya kuWatergate lubhekwe ngokungakumbi iinkqubo zokuhlola zikarhulumente.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISichibiyelo soQala siqulethe amacandelo amabini anxulumene nonqulo: uMiselo kaClaus kunye neFree Execle Claus. Bobabini, benza oko uThomas Jefferson wakuchaza ngokuthi "ludonga lokwahlula phakathi kweCawa noRhulumente". ISivumelwano sikaClaus sithintela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ukuxhasa unqulo olunye kunolunye. IFree Expressified Claus ikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuqhelisela unqulo lwakho (okanye ukungabikho konqulo) ngokweenkolelo zakho.

Ukusekwa kukaClaus kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakuvuma, akhuthaze okanye anike iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kwiintlangano zonqulo ngeendlela eziya kumisela unqulo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezithintela ukunyanzeliswa komthandazo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, imiboniso yonqulo kwizinto zikarhulumente ezixhasa ukholo oluthile, kunye nemali karhulumente eyingenelo ngokuyintloko kwiinkonzo zonqulo. Noko ke, umgaqo phakathi kolawulo oluvumelekileyo lonqulo nolawulo olungekho ngqiqweni udla ngokukhuphiswayo yaye uye warhoxiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

I-Free Execreence Claus ikhusela ilungelo lakho lokubambelela kwiinkolelo zonqulo kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukwenza oko. Ungaya kwiinkonzo zonqulo, unxibe impahla okanye imiqondiso yonqulo, ugcine iiholide zonqulo, ukhulise abantwana bakho elukholweni lwakho. Urhulumente akanako ukukohlwaya ngenxa yeenkolelo zakho okanye akunyanzeli ukuba uqinisekise iinkolelo zakho ongazibambiyo. Noko ke, xa uqheliselo lonqulo lungqubana nemithetho esetyenziswayo, olu hlalutyo luba lunzima ngakumbi. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zomeleza ukhuseleko lonqulo, ingakumbi xa imigaqo karhulumente ijonge imisebenzi yonqulo ingekho ngqinelanisa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuhlanganisa Ngoxolo

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo likhusela ukukwazi kwakho ukuhlanganisana nabanye ngenjongo yokuvakalisa iziganeko, kuquka imibhiyozo, imibhiyozo, iintlanganiso neentlanganiso. Eli lungelo linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngenxa yokuba intetho edityanisiweyo isoloko iphakamisa amazwi abantu ngabanye kwaye yenza abemi bakwazi ukucela urhulumente wabo ngokunempumelelo. Kwimbali yaseMerika, ilungelo lokuhlanganisana liye labaluleke kakhulu kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kuhambo lwamalungelo abantu ukuya kulungelelaniswa ukuthotyelwa kwemizabalazo yanamhlanje.

Ngeli xesha ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lisisiseko, alinakubekwa. Urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango ekwanelisayo kwaye akhonze izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke ezifana nokuhamba kwendlela nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Iimfuno zemvume yeembutho ezinkulu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke zidla ngokuba ngumGaqo-siseko ukuba zisetyenziswa ngesandla kwaye aziniki magosa inkululeko engalawulekiyo ukukhaba imvume esekelwe kwisigidimi esiboniswayo. Ugonyamelo, ukonakalisa impahla, nokuvala ukufikelela kwizakhiwo akukhuselwanga ntlobo zendibano.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ungakwazi ukucwangcisa nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoxolo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zezopolitiko, ukuhlanganisana kwiipaki zikawonke-wonke ukuze kudlalwe imiboniso, nokudibana nabantu abacinga ngokufanayo ukuxubusha imibandela kunye nezenzo zokulungiselela. Ukunyanzelisa imithetho akunakuyichitha indibano yoxolo ngenxa nje yokuba bengavumelani nesigidimi okanye bafumanise impikiswano, nangona benokungenelela ukuba indibano iba nogonyamelo okanye ibangela isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Ilungelo Lokucela Urhulumente

Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo liqinisekisa ukuba abemi bangathetha ngeenkxalabo zabo kumagosa anyuliweyo nakumaqumrhu karhulumente ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela. Eli lungelo liquka ukubhala iileta kubameli, ukusayina izibongozo, ukumangalela urhulumente, ukumangalela ngokusemthethweni abameli, nokubhenela kwiinguqu zomthetho. Linkqubo elisisiseko lokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanako ukohlwaya ngenxa yokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, ukuvala izikhalazo ngomthetho, okanye ukufuna unyango olungokwasemthethweni ngeenkundla. Ungalungiselela izicelo, unikele ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, kwaye uthethele iinguqu zomthetho. Ngoxa urhulumente kufuneka akuvumele ukuba ucele, akunyanzelekanga ukuba usabele ngobubele okanye kwanokuphendula konke oku, kukhusela isenzo sokucela, hayi isiphumo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "IMilitia elawulwa kakuhle, ekubeni iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, ayisayi kuphazanyiswa. Le ngxaki ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzulu nocaciso olungokwasemthethweni, ingakumbi malunga nokuba ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nemipu okanye ilungelo elihlangeneyo elinxulumene nenkonzo yemikhosi.

Ngo-2008, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiSithili saseColumbia v. Heller waqinisekisa ngokuqinisekisiweyo ukuba uMphengululo wesibini ukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nemipu engadityaniswanga nenkonzo yamajoni, ingakumbi ngenxa yeenjongo ezisemthethweni ezifana nokuzikhupha ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Esi sigqibo sadluliselwa kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngetyala lika-2010. Izixeko zeChicago. Le mithetho yenziwa ngokubhekiselele kwiSiphendulo sesibini seJamprispravince kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abemi abalawulwa ngumthetho banelungelo lomthetho lokuzidubula.

Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikwenze kwacaca ukuba eli lungelo alinasiphelo. Urhulumente angakwalela izixhobo ezithile eziyingozi nezingaqhelekanga, uthintela ukuphatha imipu ngabadubuli kunye nabagula ngengqondo, akuvumelekanga ukuphatha imipu kwiindawo ezibuthathaka njengezikolo nezakhiwo zikarhulumente, kwaye abeke imilinganiselo ekuthengisweni kwemipu. Imithetho akufunekanga ilisuse ngokunempumelelo ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo ukuze kungenelwe izikhuseli zokhuseleko zikawonke wonke, kodwa imigaqo esengqiqweni esebenzayo eluncedo kwizinto eziyimfuneko zokhuseleko zikawonke-wonke iyavunyelwa.

Ngokwenyani, uHlaziyo lwesibini luthetha ukuba abemi abawuthintelayo umthetho bangathenga, bangazithengela, bafumane imipu ukwenzela iinjongo ezisemthethweni kuquka ukuzizingela, ukuzingela, nokudubula kwemidlalo. Imiyalelo engqalileyo ojongene nayo iya kwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwemeko nasendaweni, njengoko imigaqo elawulayo ineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola okungasemva, amaxesha okulinda, iphethe imvume, kunye nemiqathango kwiintlobo ezithile zemipu okanye izinto zomgunyazo. Ukuqonda imithetho ethile yorhulumente wakho kuya kufuneka ekusebenziseni eli lungelo elifanelekileyo nasemthethweni.

Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu: Ukukhuselwa Ekuhlaleni Kwamajoni

ISihlalo soHlaziyo sesithathu sithi: "Akukho mSolder uya kuhlaliswa nakweyiphi na indlu ngexesha loxolo, ngaphandle kwemvume yoMnini, okanye ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa ngendlela emiselwe ngumthetho. Le ngxelo ithetha ngezikhalazo ezithile ezivela kwixesha lamathanga apho amajoni aseBritani ayehlala khona kumakhaya amarhanisi ngaphandle kwemvume yawo phantsi kweZenzo zeBhodi.

Nangona le ngxaki inqabile ukubhenela kumatyala angoku angomthetho kwaye ingazange ibe sisiseko esiyintloko sesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, ibonisa imigaqo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele amalungelo empahla kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwebutho lomkhosi noluntu. Ingqina ukuba ikhaya lakho lingummandla wakho wesidlangalala kwaye urhulumente akanakuyilawula impahla yakho ngokweenjongo zomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yakho ngexesha loxolo. Kwangaxesha lemfazwe, nayiphi na inxalenye yesibini kufuneka ilandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngumthetho.

IsiHlanzo sesithathu sichaziwe kumatyala abandakanya amalungelo obuqu kunye nokugxabhagxampuza kukarhulumente emakhayeni, nto leyo enegalelo ekuqondeni okubanzi komGaqo-siseko ukuba abantu banommandla okhuselekileyo wokhuseleko lwezobuqu kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala. Nangona kusenokubonakala ngathi akusasetyenziswa, kumela isiqinisekiso sabaseki sokukhusela abemi emkhosini ekuqhatheni nasekulondolozeni ulawulo lwabemi kwimikhosi yezomkhosi.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine: Ukukhusela Kwizinto Ezingekho Mthethweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

ISichithi sesine soHlaziyo sinikela oku: “Ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuchasene nophando olungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho nanye imikhosi yaBarrant eya kukhupha, kodwa ngenxa elindelekileyo, ixhaswe ngu-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngakumbi indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe, nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Le yindlela yokuzilungisa okanye izinto ezimele zithatyathwe rhoqo yiyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwaye ineziphumo ezinzulu zokugweba namalungelo abo.

Imfuneko Engummangaliso

UHlomelo lwesine lufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okanye sokuxhuzula. Ukuze amagosa afumane isiqinisekiso, kufuneka abonise kumantyi ongathathi cala ukuba unelichaphaza elifanelekileyo elisekelwe kwizibakala kunye neemeko . Ukufumana ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho kuzakufunyanwa kwindawo eza kuphengululwa. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo oko kumele kuphendwe noko kufunwayo, ukuthintela imvume jikelele eyasetyenziswa ngamagosa aseBritane ukuhlasela amarhamncwa.

Noko ke, umahluko omninzi kwimfuneko egunyazisiweyo iphuhliswe ngomthetho wetyala. Amapolisa angaqhuba uphando olungenasiqinisekiso xa uvuma, xa ubungqina bucacile, ngexesha lokubanjwa okusemthethweni (ukukhangela isiganeko sokubanjwa), xa kukho iimeko ezizizizo (iimfuneko zokuqesha), xa esukela ukurhanela ukubaleka korhafu (ukusukela) kwaye kwezinye iinqwelo-mafutha zikhangela apho kunokwenzeka khona. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekileyo kuba bachaza imida esebenzayo yokhuseleko lweSine Solawulo-Gajijiko.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Kufunwe?

Asizizo zonke izinto eziphazamisayo zikarhulumente ezibumba "phengulula" phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo wesine. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi ukuphengulula kwenzeka xa urhulumente ephula idinga lomntu elifanelekileyo lokuzimela. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ozichaphazeleyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo / ngokufana nokubonakala kwakho eziphandle kwekhaya lakho //ngokunjalo azikhuselekanga. Noko ke, ngaphakathi kwekhaya lakho, iziqulatho zepoko yakho, incoko yakho yefowuni, neminye imicimbi yangasese ziyakhuselwa.

Uhlalutyo lobugcisa bezi mini luntsonkothileyo loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Iinkundla ziye zaxakeka ngemibuzo ngokukhangela icell phone, ukukhangela iGPS, ukuthatha imifanekiso eshushu, ukuchonga kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkcazelo yamanani. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba icellular phone inenkcukacha ezininzi zobuqu kwaye ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula, kwanaxa ibanjwa. Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela i-GPS ekudala kuthenjiwe ukuba kufune isiqinisekiso.

Umthetho Osisiphendu

Unyango lokuqala lokwaphulwa koMphengululo wesine ngumthetho wokuzikhulula, othintela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokuxhuzula kolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mthetho, omiselwe eMap v. Ohio (1961), wenzelwe ukuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa ngokususa intshukumisa yokwenza uphando olungekho mthethweni. Ukuba ubungqina obungakumbi abukhutshwanga, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyanwa ekufuneni okungekho mthethweni (obizwa ngokuba "isiqhamo somthi onetyhefu") bukwangasetyenziswa.

Noko ke, umthetho wokuzikhetha uneendleko ezingafaniyo. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuthembeka kukholo olulungileyo kwisiqinisekiso esifunyaniswe kamva ukuba asisebenzi bungabonakala. Ubungqina obungangenjalo obungafunyanwa ngokungenakuphepheka ngeendlela ezisemthethweni bungasetyenziswa. Ezi zingafaniyo zibonakalisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko nokuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa abanetyala abakhululwanga kwiinkcubeko zobugcisa.

Izicelo eziSebenzayo

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, uHlaziyo lweSine luthetha ukuba amapolisa akanakungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume, imvume, okanye iimeko ezichaphazelekayo. Awanakukwazi ukukumisa aze akukhangele esitratweni ngaphandle kokukukrokra ukuba ubandakanyekile kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abanakuyiphengulula inqwelo-mafutha yakho ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye imvume yakho. Unelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengulula, kwaye ukusebenzisa eli lungelo akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala.

Ukuba umiswe ngamapolisa, kufuneka uhlale uzolile kwaye uthobile, kodwa akufuneki ukuba uvume ukuphengulula. Ungacela ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uhambe, kwaye ukuba igosa lithi ewe, ungahamba. Ukuba uvalelwe okanye ubanjiwe, awufanele uxhathise, kodwa ungatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba awuvumi naluphi na uphengululo kwaye unqwenela ukuthetha negqwetha. Ukuqonda la malungelo kungakunceda ekukhuseleni ngexesha lokugcinwa komthetho ngoxa uqinisekisa ukuba awuluchaphazeli ngokuphandle ukhuseleko lwakho.

Ukulungiswa Kwesihlanu: Ukukhusela Okuninzi Kwalowo Umangalelweyo

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqulethe iindidi ezininzi ezihlukeneyo zokhuseleko: "Akukho mntu uya kubanjwa ukuba aphendule kwikomkhulu, okanye ngenye indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho oludume kakubi, ngaphandle kokuba kunikelwe okanye kumangalelwa iNdlu yaseJury, ngaphandle kokuba kuvele nakweyiphi na imeko yezaphuli-mthetho, okanye kwiMilitia, xa ekwinkonzo yokwenene ngexesha lemfazwe okanye kwingozi kawonke wonke; kwaye akukho namnye umntu ongayi kulawulwa ngenxa yetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye isiqobo; okanye angayi kunyanzelwa nakweyiphi na imeko yetyala ukuba abe lingqina ngokwakhe, okanye ahluthwe ubomi, okanye impahla, engenayo imfuneko yomthetho; okanye impahla yangasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni, ngaphandle kwembulelo-mali."

ISifungo esiPhakamileyo

IGrand Jury Clause ifuna ukuba amatyala karhulumente aqale ngokumangalelwa yinkundla ephakamileyo yamatyala, eli qela labemi abahlola ubungqina bokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokutyhola umntu ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu khuselo lusebenza njengeqhinga nxamnye nabatshutshisi abanenzondelelo ngokufuna ukuba imvume yabemi phambi kokuba urhulumente abeke umntu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, le mfuneko ayikhange ifakwe nxamnye namazwe, ngoko ke amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuqalisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

I-Jeopardy ephindwe kabini

I-Reopardy Claus ikhusela ekumangalelweni kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umangalelwa uze ufunyanwe ungenatyala, urhulumente akanakukukucela ukuba uphinde uthethelelwe ngetyala elifanayo, nokuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ubanjelwe ityala kwaye ugwetyelwe, akunakuphinda ugwetyelwe ityala elifanayo. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi oovimba bakhe abaphezulu ekusebenziseni iinkonzo zabo ngokuzingxengxengxengxeza ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Noko ke, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini unemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Ayithinteli ukutshutshiswa ngoorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ngehambo efanayo (imfundiso "yolongamo lokwemvelo"), kwaye ayikuthinteli ukugwetywa kwakhona emva kokuchotshelwa kweemeko ezithile. Izenzo zamakhaya zahlukene kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke ungamangalelwa ngokusemthethweni nasemva kokuba ukhululwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo oluvela kwihambo efanayo lungabekwa ngokwahlukileyo ukuba baneemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

Ukuzithethelela ngokwakho u-Claus() kudla ngokubizwa njenge "ukungcelela owesihlanu""" ukhusela ekunyanzelweni ukuba unikele ubungqina ngawe kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kubonakalisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokubonakalisa ukuba unetyala kwaye akanakunyanzela abamangalelwa ukuba bazifake kwityala. Awunakufuneka ukuba uthathe ingqina kwityala lakho, kwaye ukuba ukhetha ukungangqini, ukutshutshiswa akunakuthetha ngokuzola kwakho okanye ucele abagwebi ukuba bathethe ngetyala elivela kulo.

Oku kukhusela kudlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla. Ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa, unelungelo lokuthula, njengoko kuchazwe kakuhle kwiMiranda izilumkiso amapolisa amele azenze ngaphambi kokuncinwa kwetyala. Ungayibiza le nto nanini na, kwaye xa uthe wayenza, kufuneka ume de ube negqwetha elikhoyo okanye unxibelelwano olutsha. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ukuzimela kwakho akunakusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona kunokuthi kungabikho nto ithile ithethayo xa uphendula imibuzo ethile kodwa ungayiphenduli abanye.

Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba uncinwa ngamapolisa, unelungelo lokuthi "Ndicela ilungelo lam lokuthula ndifune ukuthetha negqwetha." Kufuneka usebenzise eli lungelo ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo. Ukungathethi ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokucela uLwimi lwesihlanu loMgaqo-nkqubo kusenokunganikezeli ukhuseleko olufanayo. Eli lungelo lelona libalulekileyo kukhuselo lwakho ngexesha lophando lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilindelekile

I-Baw Process Claus yenze urhulumente angakuvumeli ukuba ungabi nabomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. Olu khuselo lunamacala amabini: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo. Inkqubo yeprojekthi esesikweni ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo esichaphazela amalungelo akho, kufuneka ufumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwemiqathango ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazameni kukarhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusetyenziswe iinkqubo.

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo iyasebenza kwiimeko ezininzi ngaphaya komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise umsebenzi wakho, ahluthe ilayisense yakho yobugcisa, amise umfundi esikolweni, okanye enze ezinye izenzo ezichaphazela inkululeko okanye imfuno yempahla yakho, kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo inike isaziso kunye nohlobo oluthile lokuva. Iinkqubo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke kwiimeko nakwizilangazelelo ezisemngciphekweni.

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko iye yaba sisiseko sokumkela amalungelo angekho mgaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuzimela, ilungelo lokutshata, amalungelo obuzali, kunye nokuzimela ngokwasemzimbeni. Le mfundiso ithanda ukuphikisana ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya iinkundla ezichaza amalungelo asisiseko angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa ibiyeyona nto iphambili kwizigqibo ezibalaseleyo ezikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Uthatha uClaus

I-Pie Pies Clause ifuna ukuba urhulumente anikele imbuyekezo yemali xa ifuna ifashoni yempahla yabucala ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke kwimimandla ephakamileyo. Oku kukhusela kuqinisekisa ukuba umthwalo wemisebenzi kawonke-wonke awubekwanga ngokungafanelekanga kumnini-mpahla ngamnye. Ukuba urhulumente ufuna umhlaba wakho ukuze ufumane uhola wendlela, isikolo, okanye omnye umsebenzi kawonke-wonke, kufuneka uhlawule imali efanelekileyo yempahla.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ingcamango "ukuthatha" ngaphaya kokwenziwa kwempahla ngokoqobo ukuquka ukuthatha imiyalelo apho imimiselo karhulumente imisela ngamandla ukusetyenziswa kwempahla kangangokuba ikwazi ukuhlutha umniniyo ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwayo konke okunenzuzo ngokwezoqoqosho. Ukuthatha kunye nokuthabatha izinto ngokukhetha okukomzuzwana kungafuna imbuyiselo. Lo mmandla womthetho ufuna ulawulo lukarhulumente ukuze alawule amalungelo alungileyo ngokuchasene noomnini wempahla ukuze asetyenziswe aze axhamle impahla yabo.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Etyala Elifanelekileyo

ISiHlamli seSithandathu sinikela oku: “Kuzo zonke izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, omangalelwayo uya kunandipha ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu bonke, liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethiyo laseRhulumente nesithili ekuya kuba kwenziwe kuso ulwaphulo-mthetho, esisiphi isithili esiya kuthi ngaphambili siqinisekiswe ngumthetho, nokuze saziswe ngendalo kunye nesimangalo; ukumangalelwa ngamangqina; ukuba abe nenkqubo enyanzeleka ukuba afumane amangqina ekholweni yakhe, nokufumana iSiluleko sokhuseleko lwakhe. Le migaqo isebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho esilungileyo.

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza lithintela urhulumente ekulibaziseni ngokungapheliyo ukutshutshiswa, okunokuthi kushiye abamangalelwa bekwisiqendu esisemthethweni, kuphazamise amandla abo okuzikhusela njengoko iinkumbulo ziphela, kuphele nobungqina obuphelayo, kwaye kunwebeze ixhala nemiqathango yokumangalelwa. Iinkundla ziqwalasela oothunywashe abaliqela ekuboneni ukuba eli lungelo liye laphulwa kusini na, kuquka ubude bexesha lokulibaziseka, nokuba ummangalelwa utheth'e, nokuba ngaba ummangalelwa ulucekisile ilungelo lokuzikhusela.

Ukuba ukuvavanywa kwakho okukhawulezayo kuphulwe, unyango kukugxothwa kwezityholo zekhethe, intsingiselo ayinakuhlaziywa. Olu nyango lunamandla lubonisa ukubaluleka kweli lungelo. Ngokuqhelisa, amagunya amaninzi anemida yexesha elithile lokuzisa amatyala ekuvavanyweni, kwaye abamangalelwa bangafaka iifayile kwimida yokusebenza ukuba ezi mini zigqitywe ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle.

Ukuya Kwityala Likawonke - wonke

Ilungelo lokuvavanya uwonke wonke liqinisekisa ukuba kucace kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye lithintele iimvavanyo zemfihleko ezinokubangela ingcinezelo. Ukufikelela koluntu kuvumela ukulawulwa kwenkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yezomthetho iqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo. Noko ke, eli lungelo aliphelelanga ngokupheleleyo ./ityala linokuvala iingxoxo kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezinyanzelisayo njengobungqina, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye ilungelo lommangalelwa ekucinyweni ngokusesikweni, kodwa ezo zingxengxengelwano kufuneka zilungiswe ngokucuthenekileyo.

Ukubukelwa Ngomnye Umfundisi Ongakhethi Buso

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ligumbi lesiseko lenkqubo yezomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho zaseMerika. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bathathwe kwicandelo elifanelekileyo elinqumla uluntu, kwaye abachopheli-mthetho ngabanye kufuneka bangakhethi buso kwaye bakwazi ukugqiba ngetyala elisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikiweyo. Ngexesha lokukhetha abachopheli-tyala (ukungacaci), amagqwetha anokubathandabuza abagwebi abanokubonakalisa ikhethe.

Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka babe ngabasuka kwiphondo nakwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke khona, beqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bavavanywa ngoontanga babo ekuhlaleni abachatshazelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho oluthiwe. Olu khuselo luthintela urhulumente ukuba angangeni kwiindawo zokuthengiselwa kuzo ukuze afumane imigaqo elungileyo. Kwimeko apho ukubhengezwa kwaphambi kwetyala okanye iimvakalelo zoluntu zenza kube nzima ukugwetywa ngokusesikweni, abamangalelwa banokucela ukutshintshwa kwendawo.

Unelungelo Lokwazi Ukulawula

Unelungelo lokuxelelwa ngendalo nesizathu sezityholo obekwa zona. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka akunike inkcazelo engqalileyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho obekwe lona nesiseko esiyinyaniso saloo matyala. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba ungalungiselela ukuzikhusela okwaneleyo kwaye luthintele urhulumente ukuba angakumangaleli ngetyala ongazange ulithwele okanye ungabi nalo isaziso.

Ungquzulwano

IBhastiso ka-Claus ikunika ilungelo lokuthetha namaNgqina ngawe, ngokuyintloko ngokuvavanya okunqamlezileyo. Eli lungelo lisekelwe kumgaqo othi ukuvavanya ukunqamleza kuyindlela elungileyo yokuvavanya ukuthembeka kobungqina. Ingtshutshiso ayinako ukuchaza iingxelo zobungqina ezivela kumangqina angaveliyo ekuthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ingqina alifumaneki kwaye ummangalelwa unethuba langaphambili lokunqumla i-equamine.

Eli lungelo linomphumo obalulekileyo wobungqina bokuva intelekelelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwisigqibo sokuba abahlalutyi abalungisa iingxelo zelebhu kufuneka bangqine abantu ngokubanzi kunokuba bavume iingxelo zabo ngaphandle kwethuba lokuhlola ukunqamleza. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kobungqina obusetyenziselwa ukumangalela abamangalelwa.

Inkqubo enyanzelisayo

Ilungelo lenkqubo yokunyanzelisa lithetha ukuba unganikela ubungqina kuwe. Urhulumente akanakukuthintela ekunikeleni inkxaso okanye ekubizeni amangqina anokukuxhasa kwityala lakho. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banezixhobo zokuvavanya ityala letyala lejaji nokunikela ubungqina bokumangalelwa. Iinkundla kufuneka zinyanzelise amaphecana angaphantsi ukuze akhusele amangqina kanye njengokuba enza ngenxa yamangqina okumangalelwa.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Ilungelo lokunceda ngesiluleko yenye yezona zikhuseli zibalulekileyo zoMphetho-mda weSithandathu. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kuGidiyon . Wainwright (1963) saqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo kufuneka anike amagqwetha amatyala angakwaziyo ukuwahlawula. Oku kunxibelelana kwamalungelo nawazo naziphi na izigaba ezinzima zokutshutshiswa, ukusuka ekuveleni okokuqala ukuvavanywa kunye nesibheno sokuqala.

Unelungelo lokuphumelela ekuncedeni ngesiluleko, hayi nje ukubakho kwegqwetha. Ukuba umsebenzi wegqwetha lakho ungaphantsi komgangatho ofanelekileyo wolwazelelelo kunye nokungalufumani ulwazelelelo lwengcaciso, unokuba nelungelo lokuzimela kwityala elitsha. Ukwanelungelo lokuzimela ukuba uyakwazi ukulisebenzisa ilungelo lakho ekucebiseni, nangona iinkundla zingaluthintela ngamandla olu khetho.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ubanjiwe kwaye ungakwazi ukufikelela igqwetha, elinye liza kumiselwa ukukumela. Kufuneka ucele igqwetha ngokukhawuleza xa ubanjwa ungaphenduli imibuzo ngaphandle kwegqwetha lakho. Unxibelelwano lomntu onegunya lunelungelo kwaye luyimfihlo, lukuvumela ukuba uthethe ngokukhululekileyo ngetyala lakho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba iintetho zakho ziza kusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nawe.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Kufanelekile Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Lamakhaya

ISiHlaliso seSebethi sinikela oku: "Izihlunu kumthetho oqhelekileyo, apho ixabiso lempikiswano liza kugqitha kuma-20 dollar, ilungelo lokuchophela icala liza kugcinwa, kwaye akukho nyaniso iqukumbela ityala, izakuphinda ihlolwe kwakhona nakweyiphi na iNkundla yaseUnited States, kunokuba kungokwemithetho yomthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kunyuselwa kunweba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kumatyala oluntu, kubonakalisa inkolelo yabaQumseki bejaji yokuba amatyala asebenza njengetyala likarhulumente kwaye kukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

ISinyusi seSeventy (abo bafuna umonakalo wemali) kunokuba bafune iingxelo ezilinganayo (abo bafuna imiyalelo okanye umsebenzi othile). Umnyango wama-2020 awulungelelaniseki ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngoko phantse zonke iimeko zamakhaya zihlangabezana nale mfuneko. Noko ke, eli lungelo alikhange liqukwa ngokuchasene namazwe, ngoko ke imicimbi yoluntu ilawulwa yimigaqo-siseko nemithetho yorhulumente, emininzi yayo enikela ukhuseleko olufanayo.

Isigqibo sikwathintela ukukwazi kwabagwebi ukubhukuqa izigwebo zabachopheli-tyala. Ngoxa abagwebi benokukhupha isigwebo njengomthetho okanye bayalele ukuba kugwetywe ityala elitsha kwiimeko ezithile, abanakukwazi ukuthatha indawo yomgwebo wabo kwiziphumo zenyaniso zabachopheli-tyala. Oku kukhusela indima yabachopheli-tyala njengomfumani wenyaniso kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemijelo Esibhozo: Ukukhuselwa Kwisohlwayo Esigqithiseleyo

ISihlaziyi-Mpanzi se-8 sithi: "Ibheyile yebheyile engafunwayo, okanye imali ehlawulweyo egqithisileyo, okanye isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga esibekiweyo esihlatywayo. Le mizi emithathu yokukhusela isebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba isohlwayo sikarhulumente silungelelanisiwe kwaye sinobuntu.

Ingxaki Egqithiseleyo

I-Odmid Bail Claus e-Ourshive Bail Calaste iyazithintela iinkundla ekumiseleni ibheyile kumlinganiselo ophezulu kunalowo uyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa inkangeleko yommangalelwa ekuchotshelweni. UBail unceda ulungelelanisa umdla wenkululeko yommangalelwa nxamnye nomdla karhulumente wokuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uvela kwiinkundla. Izinto eziqwalaselwa ekumiseleni ibheyile ziquka ubukhali betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqeqeshela-mvume kwingi, kunye nomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya.

Noko ke, uHlaziyo lweNkcubeko lwesibhozo aluqinisekisi ukuba ibheyile inelungelo lokufumana ibheyile kuzo zonke iimeko. Abameli abamangalelwa ngetyala lekomkhulu okanye ababeka ingozi enzulu kwinqwelo-moya okanye abayingozi kuluntu banokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwebheyile. Imithetho emininzi iye yaqhubela ekuguqukeni kwebheyile ukuze ithethe ngenkxalabo yokuba iinkqubo zebheyile zemali zijongene netyala lamahlwempu angabamangalelwayo nabangawahlawuli ngebheyileyo imali.

Iimpahla Ezininzi

I-Sradive Fine Clause egqithisileyo imisela urhulumente umlinganiselo wendlela yokumisela izigwebo zemali ezingalinganiyo netyala. Olu khuselo lusebenza kwityala lezaphuli-mthetho nakwilahleko yezomthetho esebenzela iinjongo zesohlwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba iinkundla zifanele ziqwalasele ukugcin ’ iliso kwetyala kunye nobungqwabalala besohlwayo ekugqibeni enoba intle igqithiselwe kusini na.

Eli binzana liye labaluleke ngakumbi njengoko ilahleko yabemi isanda. Amagosa omthetho anyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi onxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, umnini-mpahla makabonise ukuba impahla ayinatyala ukuba ayibuyise. Iinkundla ziqalisile ukuhlolisisa ezi zinto ngokucokisekileyo phantsi kwe-Estastive Beef Clause, ingakumbi xa ixabiso lempahla ebanjiweyo lingaphezulu lee kumbindi wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothusayo

IZigwebo ezikhohlakeleyo nezingaqhelekanga uClaus eyinxalenye esoloko ichazwa yoMphetho-mda wesiXhosa sesibhozo. Ithintela isohlwayo esibubundlobongela, esibubundlobongela, okanye esingalinganiyo nakancinane nesolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasitolika esi sigama kumntu "imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuphatha isidima ephawula inkqubela-phambili yebutho labantu abakhulayo," ithetha ukuba isohlwayo esamkelekileyo ngo1791 sisenokuba asiyomfuneko yanamhlanje.

Eli binzana lingumxholo wesohlwayo sokufa. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithe isohlwayo sentambo asingomthetho ongowokungavumelani, ibeke imiqathango ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Isohlwayo sokufa asinakubekwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olungaphumeleli ukufa, asinakunyanzeleka, kwaye asinakusetyenziswa kubamangalelwa abakhubazekileyo ngokwengqiqo okanye abo babesebatsha ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo. Amazwe kufuneka anikele uhlolo olunentsingiselo kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba izigwebo zokufa azimiselwa ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokungekho mthethweni.

Izigwebo ezikhohlakeleyo nezingaqhelekanga zikwasebenza nakwimiqathango yasentolongweni. Amabanjwa agcina amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye neemeko zokuvalelwa ezibandakanya iintlungu ezingekho semthethweni nezingeyomfuneko okanye ezibukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noMphetho-mthetho wesi-8. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kwezonyango, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwabalindi, neemeko zokuphila ezingekho semthethweni. Kodwa ke, iinkundla zisoloko zihlengahlengiselwa kubalawuli bentolongo kwimicimbi yokhuseleko nolawulo lwamaqumrhu.

Umgaqo wokulungelelana kuthetha ukuba izigwebo kufuneka zibe nolwalamano olunzulu nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa iinkundla zinika imithetho yowiso-mthetho ingqiqo ephangaleleyo ekumiseleni izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo eziqatha ngokunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane zingachasana noMphetho-mthetho oMkhulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasibetha izigwebo zobomi ngaphandle kokugwetywa kwabantwana abagwetyelwe amatyala angengalawulwayo kwaye iye yafuna ukuba abantwana abagwetyelwe ubomi baba nethuba elinentsingiselo lokukhulula ngokusekelwe ekubonakaliseni ukukhula nokubuyiselwa kobuntu babo.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1

ISichithi soHlaziyo seNinth sinikela oku: "Ubalo kuMgaqo-siseko, lwamalungelo athile, aluyi kuthathwa njengolukhanyelwe okanye olucaphukisa abanye abagcinwe ngabantu. Le ngxelo ichaza inkxalabo ephakanyiswayo ngexesha lengxoxo yokudityaniswa: ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo akhethekileyo kusenokuthetha ukuba amalungelo angamiselwanga akakho okanye awakhuselwanga.

ISindululo seNinth siqinisekisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ayigqeba yaye abantu balondoloza amalungelo angaphaya kwalawo akhankanywe ngokucacileyo. Noko ke, iinkundla azikhange zithembele kuMphetho-mda weSiminqilo njengomthombo ozimeleyo wamalungelo. Endaweni yoko, kukhe kwachazwa njengobungqina obuxhasayo bokuba umGaqo-siseko ukhusela amalungelo angathintelwanga, kunye nenkqubo esisiseko yenkqubo esisiseko esetyenziswa njengesithuthi esiphambili sokumkela amalungelo anjalo.

Le nguquko ibonisa indlela abaQhingeleli abaqonda ngayo ukuba amalungelo emvelo azimeleyo ngaphandle korhulumente nokuba injongo yomGaqo-siseko kukukhusela inkululeko ngokubanzi, hayi ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo ezidweliswe ngazo. Ngoxa inkqubo yayo esebenzayo ilinganiselwe, uLawulo lweNinth lumela umgaqo obalulekileyo wentanda-bulumko ngolwalamano lwabantu norhulumente.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Amandla Agciniweyo Karhulumente Nabantu

ISiHlanziso seshumi leSihlaziyi seMigaqo asiwaphathi mithetho iUnited States, okanye awalelwe yiyo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu. Le ntshukumo iqinisa umgaqo wolawulo-mthetho.

ISinyuso seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sicacisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe unikwe kuphela lawo mandla akhethekileyo nguMgaqo-siseko, ngoxa amazwe egcina amandla aqhelekileyo amapolisa okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Esi sakhiwo sasicetyelwe ukuthintela ukuxinana kwamandla kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente olawulayo nokuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengeeprojekthi zedemokhrasi, azame imigaqo eyahlukeneyo efanelana neemeko zawo ezithile.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente luye lwatshintsha. Ukutolikwa kwamandla karhulumente yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi iCommerce Claus ne-Palal Claus, kuye kwandisa igunya lorhulumente jikelele. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yacela uLawulo lweSihlalo seshumi ukumisela igunya lorhulumente, ibambe ukuba iBhunga lingakwazi ukumisela oorhulumente ukuba baphumeze iinkqubo zikarhulumente okanye inyanzele oorhulumente ukuba balawule ngeendlela ezithile.

Ngokucacileyo, uHlaliso lweshumi elinanye luthetha ukuba iinkalo ezininzi zomthetho wesiHlanu, uquka umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, umthetho wentsapho, umthetho wempahla, kunye nomthetho wesivumelwano (‘ ngokuyintloko ulawulwa ngurhulumente kunokuba ulwezo lwesizwe. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba imithetho ingafani kakhulu ngokwemeko-bume kwimicimbi efana nomtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemigaqo yezoshishino. Ukuqonda ukuba imbambano ilawulwa ngumthetho worhulumente okanye urhulumente kubalulekile ukwazi amalungelo neemfuno ezisebenzayo kuwe.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esisebenza Ngayo Kubomi Banamhlanje

IBhili yamaLungelo isoloko isebenza kakhulu kuMerika yanamhlanje, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphucukile ukuhlangabezana neemeko zale mihla abasunguli bengenakuzilindela. Ubugcisa, ingakumbi, buye badala iingxaki ezintsha zokutolika komGaqo-siseko. ISimendo sesine sokuzikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni sisebenza njani kwii-cellphone, kumafu, nakumajelo eendaba? Ingaba urhulumente ungayikhuthaza iinkampani zobugcisa ukuba zikhuphe ikhowudi okanye zinikezele ekusebenziseni i-intanethi efihlakeleyo?

Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zizama ukusebenzisa imigaqo esekelwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwiimeko ezintsha. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba uMphengululo Wesine ukhusela inkcazelo yamanani ngamandla afanayo nalawo abonakalayo, ukuba uLawulo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa kwemida lusebenza kunxibelelwano lweIntanethi, yaye ubugcisa obuvelayo bufuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukhuseleko lwemithetho - siseko lunentsingiselo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi kweBhili yamaLungelo kukunika amandla okuqonda xa loo malungelo esengozini yaye uthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo. Oku kusenokuthetha ukungavumelani nokuphengulula, ukucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, okanye ukufuna isiluleko esisemthethweni xa amalungelo akho ephulwa. Ukwazi la malungelo kukwinyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba ahlala eluncedo ekukhuseleni inkululeko.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngamalungelo

Iimbono eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngeBhili yamaLungelo ziyaqhubeka ekuqondeni okuqhelekileyo. Okokuqala, iBhili yamaLungelo iyakukhusela kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, hayi kubantu abazimeleyo okanye kwiinkampani. Umqeshi wakho angakuthintela ukuthetha kwakho emsebenzini, amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle angasusa ii-ofisi zakho, kwaye abanikazi bezinto zabucala bangakuthintela imisebenzi kwiprojekthi yabo.

Okwesibini, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko akaphelelanga. Ilungelo ngalinye linemiqathango, yaye iinkundla zilungelelanisa amalungelo abantu ngokuchasene neemfuno zikarhulumente ekuboneni umgangatho wokukhuselwa. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile njengokuqonda amalungelo ngokwawo.

Okwesithathu, ukucela amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko akubobungqina bokuba unetyala okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ungala ukuvuma ukuphengululwa, ungabi nakuthetha xa kuncinwa amapolisa, okanye usebenzise naliphi na ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe oku kuwe. La malungelo akhoyo ngokungqalileyo ukukhusela abantu abamsulwa kumaqhawe karhulumente, kwaye ukuwasebenzisa kungukhetho olufanelekileyo nolukhuselekileyo.

Okwesine, iBhili yamaLungelo iye yachazwa yaza yasetyenziswa kwiinkulungwane zesigqibo senkundla. Le ncwadi yodwa ayikuxeleli indlela ezi zicwangciso ezisebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile. Umthetho womGaqo-siseko untsokothile, yaye ukuqonda amalungelo akho kudla ngokufuna ukwazi imicimbi enxulumene nomthetho neemfundiso ezisemthethweni. Xa ujongene neembambano ezinzulu zomthetho, kuyimfuneko ukubuzana negqwetha.

Ukukhusela nokugcina amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

IBhili yamaLungelo asikokuzitshabalalisa ngokwayo, kwaye le migaqo ihlala inentsingiselo kuphela ngokuzikhusela nangokuqinisekisa. Abahlali benza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokuhlala benolwazi, besebenzisa amalungelo abo, bebeka ityala kurhulumente, bexhasa amaziko akhusela inkululeko yabemi. Xa amalungelo ephulwa, iingcaciso ezisemthethweni kuquka ukumangalelwa phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo19983 zivumela abantu ukuba bafune umonakalo kunye nokukhulula okuchasene namagosa karhulumente avukela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Amaqumrhu anjenge [[FLT: 0] E-Melika yeSivumelwano soMsebenzi ([FLT:]] [[FLT]]] https//wwww.aclu.org[), [[[FLT:]]] i-Extrantinic Foundation[[] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[6]] https.s/wwww.eff.org, [[[FLTLT] i-INT] i-Intritentifice [i] I-Intellite Fromation Frence Frence] Isebenza ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko omthetho-onke, akhuselwayo, nemfundo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-onke, ezimisela imizekelo ezingomeko eziphambili eziphambili ezithi zisetyenziswa emva nezi zibonelelo

Imfundo isenokuba yeyona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Xa abemi bewaqonda amalungelo abo, bawaxhobele kakuhle ukuba bawasebenzise baze baqonde xa izenzo zikarhulumente zisongela amalungelo abo. Imfundo yeCUVIC, kuquka nokuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo, kufuneka ibe yeyona nto iphambili kubo bonke abantu baseMerika kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwibuzwe okanye iingcamango ezithile. La malungelo ngawamntu wonke, kwaye axhomekeke kuluntu olunolwazi nakumadinga.

IBhili yamaLungelo kwiNtlanganiso yama-20

Njengoko iMelika isiya isiya phambili kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu, iBhili yamaLungelo ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba. Ubugcisa bokudibanisa obufana nobuchule bokufakelwa, ubuchule bokuhlola ubuso, ukujonga i-biometric kunye nobuqikeleli bobupolisa buphakamisa imibuzo yenobumba-siseko. Ukhuseleko lwesine loLawulo oluzongezelelweyo lungasebenza njani kwiinkqubo zobuntlola? Ingaba ukwenza kwemithetho-algorithric yemistry kumaziko karhulumente kungafaka kumalungelo afanelekileyo? Ingaba urhulumente anganyanzela ukutyhilwa kogcino-data lwe-bio-bio-minwe okanye ukuvavanywa kobuso?

Inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe ikwavavanye imida yokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, iingxoxo zongezwano zokulungelelanisa okufanelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko, iinkqubo zokuvalelwa, imigaqo yokulwa nobugrogrisi ziphakamise yonke imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko malunga nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngamaxesha okucingwa kwengxaki.

Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo-ntle nezeInternet ziye zavelisa iingxoxo ezintsha zokuthetha ngoxa ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukulungelelanisa izinto, ukuxolelwano ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, nendima yeenkampani zabucala ekudluliseleni intetho yesidlangalala. Ngoxa uHlomelo Lokuqala lungafuni ukuba abantu bathethe iqonga labucala, ukugxininisa amandla okuncokola kwiinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu zobugcisa kuye kwabangela ukuba kuqhutywe iingxoxo ngendlela yokulondoloza inkululeko yokuthetha ngendlela entle kule minyaka.

Imibutho yobulungisa yokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezobulungisa iye yagxininisa kwindlela ukukhusela okusebenza ngayo, ingakumbi kuluntu oluphantsi kwemigaqo-siseko. Ukuxhalabela ukwahlukahlukana kweentlanga ekuchotshelweni, ekutshutshisweni, nasekugwetyweni kuye kwakhokelela ekugxininisweni ngokutsha kokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akhuselwa ngokulinganayo, kungekhona nje kwingcamango kodwa ekusetyenzisweni kwayo. IBhili yamaLungelo ithembisa ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo nangenkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye ukuzalisekisa eso sithembiso kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo nokulumkileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Nawa amanyathelo asebenzayo okukhusela amalungelo akho kwiimeko ezifanayo:

Ngexesha lohlolo lwamapolisa: Hlala uzolile kwaye uthobile, kodwa yazi ukuba unamalungelo. Ungabuza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uhamba. Ukuba uyabanjwa, ungahlala uthule ucele igqwetha. Akufuneki uvume ukuphengulula umntu wakho, imoto, okanye ikhaya. Ngokucacileyo utsho "Andikuvumi ukuphendla" ukuba uceliwe. Musa ukuxhathisa ngokoqobo, kodwa yenza into ongayifuniyo. Ukuba uvalelwe, cela ilungelo lakho lokuhlala uthe cwaka, kwaye ilungelo lakho lihlale likwigqwetha ngoko nangoko nangokucacileyo.

[[NTLT:0] Uyakwazi ukuchaza iimbono zakho kwiifomati zesithethe ze-forem njengeepakes kunye neendlela, phantsi kwexesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango. Ungawagxeka amagosa karhulumente kunye nemigaqo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Ukuba ulungiselela ukuqhankqalaza okanye umboniso wesigqeba, khangela izifuno zemvume zasekuhlaleni, kodwa uyazi ukuba iimfuno azinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokwembono. Uxwebhu lungathetha ngexesha elifanelekileyo, njengoko oku kusenokuba bubungqina obubalulekileyo ukuba amalungelo aphulwayo.

[[NTLT: 0] Ukukhusela imfihlo: Sebenzisa u-password oluqinileyo kunye nokukhowuda kwezixhobo zakho zamanani kunye nothungelwano. Yazi ukuba ulwazi oludibanisayo namaqela esithathu (njengeenkampani zefowuni okanye abanikezeli benkonzo ye Internet) lungafikeleleka kurhulumente ngomyalelo osezantsi okanye wenkundla. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ze-mfihlo zeenkonzo ozisebenzisayo. Qwala ukusebenzisa ubugcisa bokhuseleko xa kufanelekile. Ukuba umthetho ucela ukungenisa izixhobo okanye ii-akhawunti zakho, ungazilandula kwaye ufuna ukuba zifumane isiqinisekiso.

KwiNkundla eqhubekisiweyo: Ukuba ubekwe ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, sebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokucebisa ngokukhawuleza. Musa ukuzama ukuzimela kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho enzulu. Uze uthabathe inxaxheba ekuzivikeleni kwakho ngokunika igqwetha lakho ulwazi, kodwa livumele igqwetha lakho lenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Yazi ukuba unelungelo lokungqina okanye ukungangqinisi kwinkxaso yakho. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe ngexesha lokutshutshiswa, yazise igqwetha ukuze liphakamise iimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo kunye nezenzo.

Ukwaphula Amalungelo oxwebhu: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko ophuliwe, bhala yonke into. Bhala phantsi oko kwenzekileyo, xa kwenzeka, obebandakanyekile, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Hlanganisa ubungqina obuphathekayo, iifoto, iividiyo, okanye amaxwebhu anxulumene nesiganeko. Funa icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ngokukhawuleza, njengoko kukho imida yexesha lokufaka ityala. Iintlangano ezinjenge-ACLU zingakwazi ukunikezela ngoncedo okanye ukukhankanya ukuba awunalo igqwetha.

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuqhathwa, iBhili yamaLungelo isengundoqo wokulondolozwa kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye eUnited States. Ezi zindululo zibonisa imigaqo engaphelelwa lixesha ngokuphathelele ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente: ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko kwaye amele akhuselwe kulawulo oluninzi, ukuba igunya likarhulumente limele lilinganiselwe lihlolwe, nokuba abantu bafanelwe lisidima, lizimele, yaye baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho.

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yavavanywa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMelika ngezantsi, ukuhlasela kwentlalo, ienguqu zobugcisa, kunye neemeko zobupolitika. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi migaqo zokhuseleko ziye zahlonelwa, yaye maxa wambi ziye zaphulwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaJapan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukucinezelwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuxhatshazwa koopopu, kunye nokuchanazelwa okuphosakeleyo konke kubonisa ukuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko afuna ukuqwalaselwa nokuzikhusela okuqhubekayo.

Kanti iBhili yamaLungelo iye yenza ukuba kubekho inkqubela enkulu. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, ukukhuselwa kwabamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho, inkululeko yamaphephandaba ukubhenca izenzo zobungendawo zikarhulumente, kunye neempumelelo ezingenakubalwa nxamnye norhulumente eziqhathayo zonke ezi zinto zikhuselwa ngumgaqo-siseko. IBhili yamaLungelo inikela isiseko esisemthethweni sokungalungisi kobulungisa nokukhusela isidima sabantu.

Njengokuba iJaji uLouis Brandeis yabhala, "iingozi ezinkulu ekuzifihleni ngokufihlakeleyo kwimpatho ephazamisayo yabantu abanenzondelelo, enenjongo entle kodwa ngaphandle kokuqonda. IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela kurhulumente onobuzwilakhe kwaye izimisele ukuqhatha. Iyaqonda ukuba kwanemigaqo edumileyo isenokusongela amalungelo abantu kwaye ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lumele luhlale lomelele nakanjani na lusukelo lwezopolitiko lokwexeshana.

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo akuthethi nje ngokwazi imfundiso engokwasemthethweni, kodwa kungokokuqonda amaxabiso achaza ulawulo-mGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Oku kulungisa izibophelelo zomGaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, nesidima soluntu. Zimela imigaqo enzima eyalwelwayo ukuze kumiliselwe kwaye kulondolozwe izizukulwana ezidlulileyo. Ukwazi la malungelo, ukuwasebenzisa, nokuwakhusela kuqinisekisa ukuba ziza kuqhubeka zikhusela izizukulwana ezizayo.

IBhili yamaLungelo yabemi bonke baseMerika. Ezi zikhuseli azixhomekekanga kubutyebi, isikhundla, udumo, okanye igunya lezobupolitika. Zisebenza ngokulinganayo kwabanamandla nabangenamandla, abadumileyo nabadelelwayo, abemi kunye nabangengobantu kulawulo lwase-U.S. Oku kwenza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abaluleke kangaka, ingakumbi abo bafuna ukukhuselwa kwigunya likarhulumente.

Kwixesha lokwahlukana kwezobupolitika, iBhili yamaLungelo inika ucalucalulo olufanayo. Abantu kulo lonke udidi lwezobupolitika bangenelwa kwinkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni. La malungelo awawabo abemi naliphi na iqela lezobupolitika okanye iingcamango `awabantu. Ukukhusela amalungelo esiseko somGaqo-siseko kuthetha ukukhusela wonke umntu, kwanabo ungavumelani nabo. Ngokutsho kukaVoltaire, "Ndiyakukuchasa oko ukukuthetha, kodwa ndiya kukhusela de uthethe."

IBhili yamaLungelo asilulo uxwebhu olumileyo oluqandiswe ngo-1791. Luyinkqubo ephilayo esimele sitolike kwaye sisebenze kwimeko ezintsha ngexa zihlala zithembekile kwimigaqo yayo engundoqo. IiNkundla, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabemi bonke badlala indima ekugqibeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ntlekele. Le nkqubo iqhubekayo yokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko nokusetyenziswa kwayo iqinisekisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala ifanelekile kwaye isebenza ekukhuseleni inkululeko.

Ekugqibeleni, iBhili yamaLungelo inamandla kanye njengokuba abantu baseMerika bezimisele ukuyixhasa. Ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko obhalwe kwisikhumba kuthetha ukuba akukho nto ithethwa ngabemi abayiqondayo, abayisebenzisayo, nabanyanzelisa ukuba urhulumente abahlonele. Wonke umntu ocela amalungelo akhe, wonke ummeli okhusela imigaqo yesiseko, wonke umgwebi onyanzelisa le migaqo, kunye nabo bonke abahlala benolwazi ngezo nkululeko unegalelo ekulondolozeni ezi nkululeko.

IBhili yamaLungelo imela isithembiso---(a isithembiso sokuba urhulumente uya kuhlonela isidima somntu ngamnye, ukuba igunya liya kusikelelwa kwaye limele ityala, ukuba okusesikweni kuya kulunga kwaye kuyalingana, kwaye kuya kukhuselwa, kwaye ukugcina eso sithembiso kufuna ulwazi, ukuphaphamela nenkalipho. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi kweBhili yamaLungelo, uya kuxhotyiswa ngakumbi ukukhusela amalungelo akho wena nawenu nabanye, uqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko isisiseko iya kuhlala ikho kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ongezelelweyo Kulwazi Ngamalungelo Akho

Abo bafuna ukuwaphucula amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [[//constitutioncenter.org) ibonelela izinto zokufundisa, imiboniso edityanisiweyo, kunye noovimba bolwazi malunga nomGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamalungelo. Izikolo zomthetho zaseYunivesithi zidla ngokushicilela izikhokelo ezifikelelekayo kumthetho wesiseko, kwaye abaninzi banikela ngezifundo ze-intanethi ezichaza le miba.

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni ekuhlaleni inganikela uncedo ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe kodwa akanamali yokuthenga igqwetha. Ii-arhente ezininzi ze-bar zinika igqwetha iinkonzo ezinokukudibanisa namagqwetha angoonolwazi bomthetho-siseko. Iiofisi zokhuselo loluntu, ngoxa zisebenza ngokuyintloko kubamangalelwa-mthetho, zinokuba zizinto ezixabisekileyo zokuqonda amalungelo enkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuhlala wazi ngesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo-siseko kukunceda uqonde indlela amalungelo akho atolikwa ngayo kwaye asetyenziswa ngayo. Amaphephandaba amakhulu, iibhulorho ezingokwasemthethweni, nemibutho ezinikele kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni igquma rhoqo iinkundla neemibandela ezibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto kukugcina waziwa ngokusongela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko namathuba okomeleza ukhuseleko.

IBhili yamaLungelo lifa lakho njengelifa leMelika, i-a sethi yokukhusela ethengwe ngokuguqula iinguqu, iphuculwe kwiinkulungwane zomlo, kwaye ilondolozwe ngokuphaphanyiswa ngabantu abaninzi ababeqonda ukuba inkululeko ifuna ukuzikhusela okungunaphakade. Ngokufunda la malungelo, uwasebenzisa ngenkathalo, nangokuwamela xa esongelwa, uyalihlonela elofa kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba lidlule liphelele kwizizukulwana ezizayo. IBhili yamaLungelo asilo nje uxwebhu lwembali olukhoyo, kwaye lidinga inkululeko exhomekeke ekulazini nasekuthembisweni kwabemi ukuba ihlale iphila.