Ingcamango yokwahlulwa kwamagunya ligumbi lembombo likarhulumente wase-United States, enzelwe ukunqanda naliphi na isebe elinye ekuqokeleleni igunya eligqithisileyo. Ngokwahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, `legislative, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nezomthetho-okanye) abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko badala inkqubo elinganayo namandla nekhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Le ndlela inika uphando olunzulu lwendlela asebenza ngayo amandla, imvelaphi yawo, kunye noncedo lwawo oluqhubekayo kulawulo lwamaMelika anamhlanje.

Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngumgaqo wesakhiwo osasaza igunya likarhulumente kumasebe amathathu azimeleyo: indlu yowiso-mthetho, eyenza imithetho; umphathi olawulayo, onyanzelisa imithetho; kunye nejaji, echaza imithetho. Isebe ngalinye lisebenza kwingqungquthela yalo, kodwa likwaxhomekeke kwisixokelelwano sokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso oluvumela ngamnye ukuba amisele izenzo zabanye. Le nkqubo ichazwe ngokucacileyo kumanqaku amathathu okuqala e-U.S. umGaqo-siseko: Igatya loMgaqo-siseko Imisela iCandelo, Icandelo II liyila i-Devisies, kunye neSigqeba III limisela iinkundla zorhulumente.

Le mfundiso yaphenjelelwa kakhulu sisithandi sobupolitika saseFransi uMontesquieu, owathi kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anesine uMoya woMthetho waphikisa ukuba ukunikela imigaqo-siseko, impatho-mandla, namandla okugweba akwanjalo kukhokelela kubuzwilane. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, abakuphapheleyo ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo lwe-monarchid, bamkela iingcamango zikaMontesquieudol eziza kukhusela ukubekwa kolawulo.

Amasebe Amathathu Anzulu

Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, amalungu achaziweyo, namandla athile omgaqo - siseko. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo ekhoyo.

Isebe loMthetho (Ikomkhulu)

IBhunga leMicimbi yeMigaqo-siseko yeMimiselo yowiso-mthetho eyakhiwe yiNdlu yeQela neNdlu yabameli. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukubhala, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho. Abaququzeleli bajonga iCongress njengelona sebe linamandla, ngoko ke bayihlulahlula ibe ngamagumbi amabini aneziphako ezahlukeneyo: iBhunga limela amaphondo alinganayo (isizwe ngasinye), ngoxa iNdlu yeNdlu imela abantu abasekelwe kubemi. Esi sakhiwo saqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaphondo amancinci nakhulu anelizwi kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Indlu yeQela inamalungu ali-100, ngalinye elisebenza ngegama elineminyaka emithandathu. Indlu yeNtlanganiso iyodwa iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (njengoonobhala beKhabhinethi kunye nabagwebi borhulumente) kwaye ifaka izivumelwano ngevoti emibini-ntathu.
  • Indlu yabameli inamalungu ovota angama- 435, nezihlalo ezikhutshwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kobalo-balo. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana onyaka emibini, benza iNdlu iphendule ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu iqalisa yonke ingeniso (irhafu) kwaye inamandla okuhlawula amagosa aseburhulumenteni.

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iBhunga linegunya lemali (imisebenzi karhulumente ebangela umdla), livakalisa imfazwe, lize lijonge isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchotshelwa nangokuphandwa. Eli gunya likhulu liyenza ibe libala eliphambili lengxoxo yezobupolitika nokulalanisa.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (uMphathi noLawulo)

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente noyintloko karhulumente. UMongameli ujongene nokunyanzelisa nokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Isebe liquka uVikey Presidenti, iKhabhinethi, namasebe amaninzi alawulayo kunye namasebe nesebe.

  • UMongameli usebenzisa igama leminyaka emine, elifanele unyulo kanye (olumiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko wama-22). Amandla kamongameli aquka ukuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukuxolela, ukuququzelela izivumelwano (ukuthobela iNdlu yeNtlanganiso), nokumisela amagosa karhulumente.
  • IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uThinteko lweNtlanganiso, kunye neJaji), onke amele aqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Aba nobhala bacebisa uMongameli kwaye balawule iindawo ezithile zemigaqo-nkqubo ethile.
  • Kwakhona isebe elilawulayo liquka amaziko azimeleyo anjengeNkundla Yokusingqongileyo (EPA) neFederal Reserve, esebenza phantsi kwegunya elivela kwiNgqungquthela.

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yokwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe, kodwa le miyalelo kufuneka ibekwe kumthetho okhoyo okanye kumGaqo-siseko. Umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo ubengumthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko yesizwe okanye xa iBhunga libotshelelwe ngokungqongqo.

Isebe eligwebayo (Iinkundla

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho nomGaqo-siseko, liqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo kunye nezenzo zolawulo zivumelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe ilawula, neNkundla ePhakamileyo kwincopho.

  • INkundla ePhakamileyo ineejaji ezisithoba ezimiselwe ukuba ziphile (zithotyelwe ukuziphatha okuhle) nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNkundla. INkundla inegunya lantlandlolo kumatyala abandakanya oothunywa be-ofisi kunye namazwe, kwaye ilawula amatyala aphantsi kwiinkundla ze-oventine neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente ezibandakanya imicimbi karhulumente.
  • Iinkundla zorhulumente zephondo ziquka iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 (iinkundla zetyala) kunye neenkundla ezili-13 zezibheno (iinkundla zetyala). Ezi ntena zisingatha amatyala aqukunjelwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kuquka imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe okanye abemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo.
  • Uhlolo lwe-judicial] `Amandla okubhengeza imithetho okanye imisebenzi yegunya elilawulayo ingasebenzi ``````````I-'isebenza'''',' imiselwe kumzekelo wesiphawuli setyala imarbury v. Madison [18]] [03]. Eli gunya nguvavanyo oluphambili lwamasebe, kodwa lusetyenziswa ngothintelo; iinkundla zidla ngokuphepha ukugqiba imibuzo yezobupolitika kunye nokuthobela amanye amasebe xa kunokwenzeka.

Ithuba lobomi leejaji zephondo licetyelwe ukuba zikhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, zikwazi ukugqiba amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kunokuba athandwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Noko ke, inkqubo yokumiswa iye yatshintsha kakhulu, abalawuli basoloko bejongene nohlolo olunzulu nenkcaso.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Indlela Amasebe Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Ukwahlukana kwamagunya akuthethi ukuba lizimele geqe; isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuhlola amanye.

  • Iimvavanyo zemali kumphathi-mikhosi: Congress zingayiphazamisa iveto nomongameli kunye namaninzi amabini anesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu; ilawula ukuxhasa ngemali (amandla engxowa yemali); ingamhluza kwaye isuse uMongameli okanye amagosa asekuhlaleni; iKhontenat iqinisekisa ukumiswa nokuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano; kwaye iBhunga lingaphengulula imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.
  • Iindlela zokuhlola ezisebenzayo kwimithetho-mthetho: uMongameli angarhoxa amatyala adluliselwe yiKhomishini; angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa; kwaye angakhupha imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo elungelelanisweyo kwimigaqo ekhoyo esemthethweni. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokumisela umthetho kunye nokusebenzisa iqonga lokuhlasela ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ukuvavanywa kwemithetho kunye negunya: INkundla ePhakamileyo ingaphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko ngohlolo lomthetho. Abagwebi bamaQela basebenza ubomi babo bonke, ngoko ke abanakubekwa tyala ngqo kubanyuli, abakhusela inkululeko yokulawula ngoxa bekwayikhusela kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika.
  • Iceba kwijaji: Congress ingaguqula ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo (nangona kunqabile ukuba kwenziwe oku), isenokucebisa izivumelwano zomgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa isigqibo senkundla, kwaye ingakwazi ukuququzelela abagwebi borhulumente ngenxa yehambo ephosakeleyo. UMongameli umisela abagwebi, kwaye iBhunga liyabaqinisekisa, linika amasebe ezobupolitika impembelelo kuqulunqe.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa ezi ziphumo: uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's edumileyo "umthetho-mpaka" izicelo ngowe-1937 yayililinge lokwandisa inani leejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ukufumana imigaqo elungileyo kumthetho we-New Dec. Kutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Mostal Federation of Independent Business v. I-Sebelius [20202] yaxhasa i-Afford Care Care Acts ingum' ingumthetho ogunyaziswa njengomthetho omtsha we-Umthetho, lo gama igawugawuhla ugunyazisa phantsi umthetho onyanzelwe ukuba u-Medicaid. Umdlalo phakathi kwamasebe uyaqhubeka nothanda ukulwa.

Uqwalaselo olulungileyo lokhangelo nolungelelwano kumsebenzi, USA.gov inikeza ingcaciso ecacileyo yendlela isebe ngalinye elinokulinganisela ngayo ezinye [[FLT: 1].

Imbali Nesiseko Sezifundo Zenzululwazi

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya abonakala kusuka kumoya omncinane; iingcambu zawo zobulumko zafikelela kuhle emva kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma, kodwa impembelelo engqalileyo yavela kwiinkcuba - buchopho zoKhanyiso. UMontesquieu's uMoya woMthetho wafundwa ngokubanzi ngabaseki bamaMelika. UJohn Locke waphikisana norhulumente owahlulwe kwimithetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye notyikityo (imicimbi yangaphandle). Noko ke, icandelo le-Montesquieutertartite laba yimodeli yemGaqo.

KwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 ePhiladelphia, abameli baphikisana kakhulu ngendlela yokumisa urhulumente omtsha. UJames Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise womGaqo-siseko, wayengummeli ophambili wenkqubo eyayiza "kuqala ukuvumela urhulumente ukuba akwazi ukulawula abalawulwayo; kwaye kwindawo elandelayo uyanyanzela ukuba azilawule. u-Faceralist. [1] Hayi , u-Madison waphikisa ukuba ukusekwa kwawo onke amagunya, isigqeba, isigqeba, kunye ne-judiary-"indlela efanayo "inkcazelo yobuzwi obudeveli"." wacacisa ukuba "umthetho kufuneka ukwenziwa ukuba ulwelo lwenkqumkhaza" ngokunika isebe ngalinye ukuxhathisa ukuxhathisa ezinye.

UmGaqo-siseko wokugqibela wawuquka amalungiselelo acacileyo okwahlula amagunya kwiZintlu I, II, ne III, kunye neenkqubo ezifana neveto, ukunyanzeliswa, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwequmrhu. IBhili yamaLungelo (iinguqu zokuqala ezilishumi) ikhusela ngakumbi inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ukongeza olunye umaleko wesinyanzelo kumandla karhulumente.

Abo banomdla kwisiseko sentanda-bulumko, iThala leeNcwadi leKhomfa linika ukufikelela kumbhalo opheleleyo weFederalist Papers, kuquka noluhlu olubalulekileyo .[FLT:]

Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Ngelixesha isakhiwo samasebe amathathu singazange sitshintshe kakhulu ukususela ngowe-1789, ukutolikwa kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla kuye kwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo. Imingeni yanamhlanje iquka ukukhula korhulumente wolawulo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yeqela kwiBhunga. Ukuqonda le miba kufuna imbono ecacileyo yendlela okwahlula ngayo amandla namhlanje.

IRhulumente Yolawulo

Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente, anjenge-EPA Evenvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye neSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC), asebenzisa umdibaniso wemithetho, impatho-mbimbini yezolawulo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba: akhupha imimiselo (i-elesivation), ayinyanzelisa (ingxubevange), kunye neengxubevange (ize). Oku kuxubaniswa kwamagunya kuye kwagxekwa njengokuchasana kokwahlulwa kwamandla, kodwa kuye kwaxhaswa ziinkundla ngenxa yokuba amaziko asebenza phantsi kwezithunywa zegunya kwiBhunga. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida, ifuna ukuba ibone imigaqo "ngeyomthetho echaphazekileyo" kumgaqo wesikhokelo solawulo.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwi-grid lografe. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama's Defect for Primed for Presal Dacas (DACA) inkqubo yenkqubo yasekwa ngomyalelo wegunya elilawulayo, kwaye uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha imiyalelo emininzi ekufudukeni, kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye norhwebo. Le misebenzi idla ngokuxhokonxa imingeni esemthethweni, iinkundla zigqiba ukuba umongameli uqashe ngemida emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Ukunga kukaMongameli oPhakamileyo uTruman'oman''ezama ukuthatha izikhongo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea (ulutsha olunefitwe nge-Tube. Sawyer, 1952) ihlala iyisigqaliselo esilawulayo sokulawula.

Ingxabano Neengxubusho Kwicuba

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo − ingakumbi amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo − iye yaba yeyahlukana kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kweNdlu yeQembu kunye "lokuguqula imithetho yenyukliya" kutshintshile umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho elawulayo ekulungiseni icandelo lejaji. Ukungavumi kokubamba ukuchotshelwa kweMerrick Garland, kulandelwa kukuqinisekiswa okukhawulezileyo kuka-Ammey Coney Barrett ngowama-202020, kubonisa indlela okwahlulwa kwamandla okunokuchatshazelwa ngayo ziingcinga zezopoliti.

Kuhlaziyo lwangoku lwale miba, iBrennan Center yeJaji inika uphando oluqhubekayo ngokwahlula amagunya kunye nomthetho .

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto nje ekudala ikho; lulwahlulo oluphilayo olubumba yonke ingxoxo enkulu yenkqubo eUnited States. Xa iNgqungquthela ingavumi ukwenza okuthile, umongameli unika umyalelo olawulayo; xa umongameli ephamba, iinkundla ziwisa inyathelo; xa iinkundla zikhupha isigqibo esingathandwayo, iBhungane lingasabela ngomthetho okanye ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Le mpembelelo yentsebenziswano eqhubekayo ixokelelwano, ukulalanisa, kunye noqikelelo-/iizenzo eziyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi eyahlukeneyo.

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bagcine urhulumente wabo ephendulile. Ngokwazi ukuba liliphi isebe elinoxanduva lotshintsho, ukucudiswa, nokuthatyathwa kwenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Abaseki bayila inkqubo eyakumelana nokunyamezela okuza kumelana nokuguquka ngokwaneleyo ukuze izenze zivele ngexesha. Njengoko i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha . "ukusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwezobugcisa ukusa ekungalungelelani kwehlabathi lonke"ukuqhekeka kwamandla kuhlala kuseyiyo inkqubo ekhusela inkululeko nokunqanda ukuxina kwegunya.

Ukuze kubonwe ngakumbi, ezi zinto zilandelayo zinikela umgangatho onzulu kwisakhiwo nakwimbali karhulumente waseMerika: