Ukwazisa Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente

Ulwahlulo lukarhulumente lwahlula amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo ._i-ggislate, i-accompant, kunye ne-omatiloshe yedemokhrasi yale mihla. Oku kwahlukana, oku kusekelwe kumgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelanisa, kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linegunya elingathintelekiyo. Ngokusasaza amandla ngaphaya kwamasebe azimeleyo kodwa axhomekeke kuweyama, inkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye ikhuthaza ukuphendula. UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, waseka lo mgaqo-siseko ngokucacileyo kwimiqathango I, II, kunye no II, ukhuthaza ukwakhiwa okufanayo kwidemocracism ehlabathini lonke.

Isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa amagunya akhethekileyo: isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayithobela, yaye isebe elilawulayo liyayitolika. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kubalulekile ekuthembisenina kwezentlalo, njengabemi abayiqondayo indlela imisebenzi karhulumente enokuba ngcono ngayo ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo, igcine iinkokeli zinenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Olu khokelo luyandisa kwisebe ngalinye, lugqobhoza kwizakhiwo zalo zangaphakathi, luneembopheleleko eziphambili, kunye neetsheki abazenzayo omnye komnye.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lemithetho, elikwabizwa ngokuba yiBhunga leMicimbi eUnited States, linamandla okudala, ukubuyisana, kunye nemithetho ephinda-phindiweyo. Lisebenza njengesakhiwo se-bimeral esinemibhobho emibini equlathe amagumbi: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo. Le ndlela yokuyila ibhimeral ibonisa ulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko, ukulinganisa umelo wabemi nomelo olulinganayo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli iquka amalungu ovota angama-465 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza ngexesha leminyaka emibini, lenza iNdlu yegumbi iphendule ngqo kunyulo. Abameli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kunye nommi weli lizwe abameleyo: Indlu inamagunya aliqela akhethekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiBhili zoMphathiswa: Zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso mazivele kwindlu, ziyinike ulawulo lokuqala kwirhafu yorhulumente kunye nenkcitho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Indlu inamandla okuphela kwamagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi, ngevoti elula.
  • Ukungaqondi uMongameli: Ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi kwiElectoral College, iNdlu ikhetha umongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu abathathu abathathiweyo, ngevoti nganye yesizwe ivote enye.

Le ndlu isebenza kwinkqubo yeekomiti ``imile, ikhethe, kwaye idibane ) leyo isebenza njengemithetho ye-vet, i-odoli yokuphatha, kwaye inkcubeko kwimimandla enjengeyolimo, imicimbi yangaphandle, kunye nezocalulo. USomlomo weNdlu, onyulwe liqela elininzi, unempembelelo enkulu kucwangciso lwemithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho.

IBhunga

INdlu yeeNtsimbi inamalungu ali-100, amabini asuka kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza ngokutyibilikayo amagama eminyaka emithandathu. Eli gama lide likhusela i-sentenel kwingcinezelo yexesha elifutshane yezobupolitika, likhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa kwemiba entsonkothileyo. Abaququzeli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esithoba, kunye nommi welizwe abameleyo. Amagunya akhethekileyo eNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNyamathi

  • I-Advice kunye neNkundla: INdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka amalungu ekhatheminali, iijaji zesizwe, ii-amirari, kunye neejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ngevoti enkulu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Indlu yendlu yeminyango edityanisiweyo: ivumela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezixoxwe ngumongameli, ifuna intsebenziswano engaphezulu kakhulu.
  • [[Uvavanyo oluzii-0] olulungele ukufezekiswa: Emva kwendlu igalela umphathi, iNdlu yeNdlela iqhuba ukuvavanywa, ngevoti yesithathu emibini efunekayo ukunyanzeliswa nokususwa.

ICandelo likwasebenzisa izixhobo zokwalathisa ezifana ne-filbuster, evumela ingxoxo eyandisiweyo ukuba ilibazise okanye ithintele umthetho. Ukuvota kwama-japta kwamalungu angama-60 kungaphelisa i-monilbuster. UMongameli ongumongameli osebenzayo njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanga kodwa amavoti kuphela ukuqhawula amaqhina.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

IiBhili ziba ngumthetho ngenkqubo engqongqo. Ilungu lizisa isibhaka-mali, esabelwe ikomiti. Ikomiti ingagcina ukuva, iphawule ityala, ize ivote ukuyithumela kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Zombini iigumbi kufuneka zidlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo. Ukuba kukho ukungavisisani, ikomiti yengqungquthela iyayalelana nazo. Isivumelwano sokugqibela siya kumongameli, onokusayina umthetho okanye angawufaka. Ingqungquthela ingayidlulisa i-"indawo ekwi-3 ezimbini zevoti kwigumbi ngalinye. Ukuhamba ngokweenkcukacha, tyelela Confort.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo limisela imithetho ewiswe yiKhonkxa elingurhulumente omkhulu. Likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza ngegama leminyaka emine kwaye ulinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini ngoMmiselo wama-22. Isebe likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, amaqumrhu azimeleyo, kunye nemisebenzi yesizwe. Igunya lomongameli lifumaneka kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko kwaye liye lanwela kakhulu ngexesha elithile ngentshumayelo nomzekelo.

UMongameli

Umongameli uyintloko karhulumente noyintloko karhulumente, esebenzisa amagunya abanzi aquka:

  • Umkhosi okwindawo ephakamileyo: Umongameli uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, nangona inguNgqungquthela kuphela enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe. Oomongameli basoloko bethumela amajoni phantsi kweSigqibo semfazwe semfazwe ka 1973.
  • I-Veto Power: Umongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliselwe yiKhonkxane, nangona iveto ingangahoywa ngevoti yesithathu esibini. Isisongelo sobume bomthetho weveto.
  • A amandla okuMisela: Umongameli ubeka amagosa, abagwebi, nabagwebi, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.
  • Inkqubo yoMgaqo-nkqubo woMphathiswa uqhuba uthethathethwano, ithethana (nokwahlulwa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), kunye nezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu. Umongameli ukwamkela iingingqi kwaye uyabazi oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo ephumezekayo: Abameli banganikezela ngemiyalelo kumasebe karhulumente ukulawula imisebenzi. Ngelixesha ingekho umthetho, le miyalelo ithwala amandla omthetho kwaye iphantsi kohlolo lokugweba.

Kwakhona umongameli unika intetho yeSizwe seSizwe soMbutho, ucebisa uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, aze anike intethelelo kwiityala zikarhulumente (ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswanga). Oomongameli bale mihla baxhomekeke kwisebe elikhulu elimhlophe leNdlu, kuquka iNtloko yoKhuseleko lweSizwe, uNobhala-Masipala.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo wesibini ophezulu, oneendima ezimbini eziphambili zomGaqo-siseko: ukulandela umongameli ukuba ufa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa, kwaye uyalawula kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngokuqhubekayo, abalawuli abasebenzisa inkqubo yobupolisa, bamela ulawulo kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye basebenza njengabalawuli abaphambili. Abalawuli abangenaluchubeko baye bakhokela amajoni emmandleni, kwinkqubo yeziyobisi, nakumalungelo okuvota.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, iNgxelo yeMali, iJaji, kunye noKhuseleko lwasekhaya. Amalungu eKhabhinethi atyunjwe ngumongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Acebisa umongameli aze ajonge amasebe awo. Ngaphandle kweKhabhinethi esesikweni, umongameli angahlanganisa iKhabhinethi yeHomethi emhlophe aze akhethe amagosa kunye “neencwadi zeSigqeba zeSizwe, iCandelo, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe seSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe, iSizwe esiLawu, iSizwe seSizwe seSizwe seSizwe, iSizwe seSizwe, iSizwe saBazwe, iSizwe saBazwe, iSizwe saBazwe saBazwe saBazwe saBaaaaa Sesizwe seSiseSi

Amasebe azimeleyo kunye neekhomishini ezizimeleyo zolawulo, njenge-Ndebelo Yokhuseleko kunye ne-Federal Reserve, yenza inkqubo kunye nemigaqo yokunyanzelisa. Abasebenzi abangathathi-nxaxheba baseburhulumenteni bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezibini, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi beposi kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo yangoku kwisebe eliphetheyo, bona Globe House.gov inkcaciso yesebe eliphetheyo

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, liyisebenzisa kwiimeko ezithile, lize lihlolisise ubugqeba bomthetho kunye nezenzo zegunya. Isiseko salo siSiGatya III somGaqo-siseko, esimisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye sinike iMbutho amandla okuyila iinkundla ezisezantsi. Uzimele kwesebe kulondolozwa ngamalungiselelo obomi bonke abagwebi besizwe, abenza bangabi nangcinezelo yezopolitiko. Amandla okuhlola imigaqo-qhinga. . .

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente, equkiwe yiJaji enye enkulu kunye nezigwebi ezisibhozo ezimanyeneyo. Amatyala atyunjwa ngumongameli kwaye aqinisekiswa yiBhunga leNtlanganiso; asebenza ngokweemeko zobomi. INkundla ithetha kakhulu ngesibheno esivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi okanye kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo xa kuphakama imibuzo karhulumente. Izibuko layo liyityala elinegunya: iNkundla inika i-certariri[ malunga ne-1% yezicelo nyaka ngamnye. Imisebenzi emikhulu yeNkundla iquka:

  • Ingcaciso yeConstitugal translate: INkundla ichaza intsingiselo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya kukhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukujongwa kweMithetho yoManyano: INkundla igqiba ukuba izenzo zoMbutho ziyawonakalisa umGaqo-siseko.
  • INkundla ihlola igunya lomongameli, njengoko kubonwa kumatyala elungelo eliphezulu kunye nemiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu.
  • Ingxaki esonjululweyo phakathi kwama-Estates: INkundla inemithetho yokuqala elawula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, njengamalungelo amanzi okanye iimpikiswano zomda.

Izigqibo zenziwa luluvo lwabaninzi; amatyala asenokubhala iimbono ezidityanisiweyo okanye eziphikisayo. INkundla isebenza ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuJuni, iphulaphule iimpikiswano zomlomo kwaye ikhupha izigwebo. Kwinkcazelo esesikweni ngemisebenzi yeNkundla, tyelela igosa leNkundla ePhakamileyo FAQ[.]

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

IBhunga limisele ithala leenkundla ezisezantsi ezimbini:

  • IiNkundla zeLifa leMveli:[ Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 ezisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala karhulumente. Zisingatha amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, iimpikiswano zolawulo oluhlukeneyo, kunye nezinye.
  • IiNkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno: iinkundla zesiphaluka ezilishumi elinesithathu ziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili kwimimandla yazo yengingqi. Zihlola ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngenxa yempazamo esemthethweni ze zimisele imizekelo enyanzelisayo. IFederal inegunya kuzweni lonke kwimimandla ekhethekileyo efana nomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zephondo ziquka iNkundla yeNkundla yeManyano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neNkundla yamatyala kaRhulumente. Iinkundla zikaRhulumente zisebenza ngokwahlukeneyo, zisingatha imicimbi emininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho nemicimbi yamakhaya phantsi komthetho karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingahlola izigqibo zenkundla yezorhulumente ezibandakanya urhulumente.

Indlela Inkundla Ephakamileyo Efikelela Ngayo Kwityala Elikhulu

Ityala liqala kwinkundla yesithili, apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina kwaye kufikelelwa nesigqibo. Iqela eliphulukana nesigwebo. Inkundla yesiphaluka ingabhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka, ixabene nejaji yetyala. Ukuba inkundla yesiphaluka iyavuma ukuba inkundla ivume ukuliva eli tyala. Amaqela afaka isibheno esibhalwe phantsi kwaye adlulisele impikiswano. Ukuba inkundla ithe yasilela, lo mbutho ungacela iNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba icele iqhinga lokukhupha ityala lazo zonke iinkundla ezingaphantsi.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuqiniswa yinkqubo yokuhlola evumela isebe ngalinye ukuba libeke umda amanye. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTLL:0] Ingqwalasela ze-ligide kwigunya: Congress kufuneka iqinisekise ii-mineines, izivumelwano ze-rafy, kunye nemali efanelekileyo. Ingawususa umongameli kunye namanye amagosa.
  • Iziphumo Zokukhangela eMthethweni: Umongameli angarhoxa amaphepha emali aze abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. Isekela lomongameli livota amavoti okonakalisa iqhina kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingqwalasela ze-judicial kwiMithetho neGunya: Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko ngohlalutyo lwezomthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingqikelelo-mali kwiiNkcukacha: icwangcisa isakhiwo seenkundla ezincinci, imisela ulawulo lwetyala eliphantsi, kwaye iyakwazi ukukhupha iijaji.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uvavanyo lwezaphulo kwijaji: Umongameli ugweba abagwebi kwaye uyakwazi ukuxolela, nto leyo enokuthi ichaphazele iziphumo zomthetho.

Le nto isebenzayo ibangela uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo kunye nengxoxo, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla akanyangeki. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wacebisa ukuba kwandiswe iNkundla ePhakamileyo (isicwangciso senkundla”) ngo1937 emva kokuba iNkundla ibethe umthetho we-New Development, kodwa iBhunga laxhathisa, yaye kamva iNkundla yatshintsha ikhondo qhamsha ikhombo yomgangatho wokulinganisela.

Indaleko Yembali Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

Abaxhasi bezixhobo zokusetyenziswa kweNkcubeko njengeMontesquieu, owaxhasa amagunya ahlukeneyo, kunye namava awo phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla anxulumeneyo esebe ngalinye aye atshintsha. Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela kwiNew Deal kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umongameli ethatha indima ephambili kwimigaqo yamanye amazwe kunye nolawulo. IBhunga liye lazivuselela ngokwalo ngokwalo ngokwalo ngolawulo nangoqingqo-mali. Ijajidicary, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, iye yayila inkqubo yamalungelo abantu, ukuqhomfa, kunye nephulo lemimiselo yemali ngolawulo lwemibango.

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili kwixesha lokubekwa kwezobupolitika, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye nokukhuphiswano kokumiselwa kwezahlulelo. Abami abawuqondayo umsebenzi nemida yesebe ngalinye bangavavanya bhetele imisebenzi karhulumente, babe nenxaxheba kunyulo, kwaye baxhase utshintsho. Ukutshona okunzulu kwiziseko zomGaqo-siseko, bona umGaqo-siseko weSizwe wogcino-zincwadi [.

Isiphelo

Amasebe owiso-mthetho, olawulo, kunye nezomthetho ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo kodwa ezixhomekeke kurhulumente worhulumente we-U. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza umthetho, liyawunyanzela, kwaye lichaza, konke okungaphakathi kwinkqubo elungeleleneyo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso. Esi sakhiwo asithinteli nje kuphela ukuqokelelwa kwegunya kodwa sinika amathuba amaninzi abemi ukuphembelela ukulawula. Ngokuqonda ezi misebenzi zilandelayo, inguqulelo elula ($individdies) inokubandakanya ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi norhulumente wabo, ukukhusela amalungelo abo, kwaye negalelo kwimpilo yeRiphabliki. Nokuba ngokhetho, umsebenzi womgwebi, ukugqabaza esidlanga esidlangalathi kwimi, okanye ukunxibelelana kwamagosa akhethiweyo, ukungenelela inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi esaziweyo.