Table of Contents
Ukuqonda iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo ibutho lanamhlanje, ukugcina ucwangco, nokukhusela amalungelo abemi balo. Ukuba ungumfundi, ummi omtsha, okanye ungomnye umntu onomdla kwimicimbi yentlalo, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwimiqathango ebumba ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlola iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente, izakhiwo zentlangano ezibagcina besebenza, kunye nemithetho emisela imithetho elawulayo imicimbi yoluntu nokulondoloza okusesikweni kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Kurhulumente Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?
Urhulumente umela inkqubo okanye iqela labantu abalawula uluntu olulungelelanisiweyo, oluqhelekileyo, urhulumente okanye uhlanga. Bonke oorhulumente bayaqhubeka beneempawu ezifanayo ezisisiseko: bazimisele ukukhokela nokukhusela abantu babo. Uhlobo lorhulumente abaphila phantsi kwalo lunentsingiselo enzulu yenkululeko, intlalontle, kwanobomi babo.
Ukutyhubela imbali yoluntu, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zorhulumente ziye zavela ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zokutshintsha kwabemi kunye nemigangatho yentlalo. Ukusuka kwizixeko zamandulo ukuya kwimimandla yale mihla, inkqubo nganye ibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo ngegunya, igunya, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abemi ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni kwabo kwaye bawaxabise amalungelo neembopheleleko ezifumaneka kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yezobupolitika.
Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zikarhulumente
Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bangahlulahlulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa abaninzi bawela kwiindidi ezininzi ezibanzi ezisekelwe kwindlela igunya elisasazwa ngayo nendlela ezikhethwa ngayo iinkokeli. Ngokutsho konjingalwazi waseYale uJuan José Linz kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zobupolitika namhlanje: ulawulo-mpumlo, ulawulo-mthetho lolawulo-lawulo lolawulo-lawulo lolawulo olumatoliki kunye, ezi mikhosi zimbini ezigunyazi nezixhobo zolawulo olungqongqo. Makhe sihlole ngasinye kwezintlobo-ntlobo zikarhulumente ezikhulu ngokweenkcukacha.
Ulawulo - melo: Ulawulo - melo Kubantu
Idemokhrasi ingachazwa njengenkqubo karhulumente enamandla aphakamileyo abekwe ezandleni zabantu. Ingcamango ibuyela emva kwiGrisi yamandulo, yaye enyanisweni, igama ledemokhrasi lithetha isiGrike (igunya labantu). Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zenziwe kumgaqo wokuba urhulumente ufanele ukhonze abantu kunokuba akhonze enye indlela ejikelezele.
Kukho iinguqu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi:
Idemokhrasi eqeleneyo: Kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, ummi ngamnye unikwa amazwi alinganayo kurhulumente. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi lunqabile kumazwe akwimimandla yanamhlanje ngenxa yemilinganiselo eluncedo, nangona lunokubakho kumaqela amancinci okanye kwizigqibo ezithile ezithe ngqo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-arhentesum.
Imela ulawulo-lwazi olusesikweni: Kulawulo-melo olumela abameli, abameli abanyuliweyo abawenza umthetho. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwedemokhrasi kumazwe anamhlanje, luvumela ulawulo-lwazi olungcono lwabemi abaninzi ngoxa lusagcina imigaqo yedemokhrasi.
Ulawulo-mpukane lwezolawulo-moya olumanyeneyo: Kwidemokhrasi yepalamente, abantu bakhetha iqumrhu lemithetho ebizwa ngokuba yiPalamente, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi, ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba yiNkulumbuso, ukhethwa kweli qela. Ngokufuthi, ulawulo-demokhrasi lwepalamente luzakuba namaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika, kwaye amaqela aya kufuneka asebenzisane ekuqhubeni urhulumente kuba akukho qela linye elicacileyo kwiqumrhu. Amazwe afana neIndiya, uBukumkani obumanyeneyo, kunye neJamani esebenza phantsi kweenkqubo zepalamente.
Idemokhrasi ye-Presidemon: Idemokhrasi yobumongameli kulapho abavoti bekhetha khona abameli babo kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho nakwigunya eliphetheyo. Umzekelo, eUnited States, abavoti bakhetha abameli babo nyaka ngamnye, abanyuli abakhetha umongameli wabo kwi-Electoral College rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, kunye nenkokeli yabo yonke iminyaka emithandathu.
Urhulumente wedemokhrasi ugxininisa imilinganiselo ethile engundoqo. Kwinkoliso yedemokhrasi, iingcamango zamalungelo nenkululeko zibalulekile. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lukwanxulunyaniswa nokulingana kwezobupolitika nommi ngamnye onelungelo lokuvota. Lo mgaqo waziwa ngokuba ngumxhasi wehlabathi lonke.
Noko ke, ulawulo-melo alunangxaki. Iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zingacotha kwaye zingaphumeleli, kwaye ukungalingani koluntu okuhlukeneyo kungaqhubeka naphakathi kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi. Kodwa ulawulo-melo lutyekele ekuzilungiseni ngokwalo iinkqubo ezinokusuka kwiinkqubo ezingathandwayo okanye ezilahlekisiweyo lula ngakumbi kunezinye iintlobo zorhulumente.
Ulawulo lweNtloko
Kwilizwe elilawulayo, igunya likarhulumente lilawulwa yintsapho enye ezuza ilifa lolawulo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.
Imimandla yale mihla yemonarchy ineentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo:
[[FLT: 0] Absuete Monarchy: Imodem epheleleyo ilawula urhulumente uphela; umzekelo wolu hlobo lorhulumente yiSaudi Arabia. Kwii-monarch ezipheleleyo, ukumkani ulawula ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi karhulumente kwaye angalawula ngaphandle kommiselo wesiseko.
I-Monarchy engoomatiloshe: Umlawuli womgaqo-siseko unamandla kwaye usebenza njengegunya elilawulayo, kodwa umgaqo-siseko umisela eli gunya; uMonaco unolawulo olusemthethweni-siseko. Kwezi nkqubo, igunya lokumkani linyanzelwa ngumthetho kwaye ngokufuthi labelana namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente.
Ulawulo lolawulo lweziko loburhulumente: Kulawulo lwesithethe, ukumkani unamandla ancinane kakhulu kwaye wenza imisebenzi yesithethe; iGreat Britain ngumzekelo wesithethe solawulo lookumkani. Namhlanje, uninzi loorhulumente bemonarchy luye lwatshintshela kulawulo lolawulo lolawulo olusemthethweni, apho ukumkani engumphathi wesizwe kodwa uphumeza iindima zezithethe kuphela kwaye akanawo amandla okulawula.
Ngamazwe ambalwa kuphela anazo iindlela apho imonarch ilawula khona; ezi ziquka iBrunei, iOman, iSaudi Arabia neSwaziland. Inkoliso yemikhosi yanamhlanje iye yaguquka yaba ziintlobo zomGaqo-siseko okanye zezithethe, ngokufuthi ihlala kunye namaziko edemokhrasi.
Ulawulo lobuOstreliya noOmashiqela
Kurhulumente abalawulwa ngenkohlakalo, igunya lijoliswe ezandleni zabambalwa, ngokufuthi elinye iqela lezobupolitika okanye kwanenkokeli enye (le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-autocracy). Ngaphezu kwako konke, urhulumente wolawulo olungqongqo unomdla ekulondolozeni amandla ayo.
Inkululeko yomntu ngamnye enjengokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo (kuquka ukuqhankqalaza) nelungelo lokuzimela wedwa zisoloko zincitshiswa kwinkqubo. Oorhulumente abagunyazi bafumana ii-check ezimbalwa okanye abafuni zisuka kwezinye iindawo kurhulumente, yaye iinkokeli azinyanzelwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, inkqubo yenkundla, imithombo yendaba, okanye ibutho labantu (intlangano namashishini angaphandle korhulumente).
Ubuzwilakhe bumela uhlobo olugqithisileyo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Urhulumente olandela ubuzwilakhe uyafana kakhulu norhulumente onolawulo olungqongqo kuba ulawula ngokungqongqo ilizwe yaye akakunyamezeleli ukungavisisani phakathi kwabemi, noko ke, ngokungafaniyo norhulumente onolawulo olungqongqo, urhulumente woozwilakhe ufuna ukulawula iinkalo ezininzi zobomi babantu, kuquka imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla neenkolelo zobuqu.
Kwilizwe lolawulo lozwilakhe, urhulumente ulawula ngokupheleleyo abemi bakhe, ulawule intlalo, zobupolitika, kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye umntu akanankululeko nayiphi na indlela. Ulawulo loorhulumente boozwilakhe lunqabile embalini, kunye noorhulumente ababini abaphambili abafanele ukubizwa ngokuba ngabalawuli bobuNazi (1933-1945) kunye noStalin Russia (1929-19553).
Ulawulo: Ulawulo Ngomkhosi
Kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, umntu omnye, umlawuli olawulayo, unegunya elipheleleyo kwilizwe, yaye luhlobo lorhulumente olulawula ngegunya apho umntu omnye enegunya lokunyanzelisa nokumisela umthetho. Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lulawulwa liqela labantu abanyulwe ngumntu omnye, yaye abantu abalawula urhulumente bamele bajongene nomlawuli yaye akukho mntu wumbi.
Ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwahlukile kulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lookumkani kuba igunya alizukuzuzwa njengelifa ngokwemiqathango yentsapho. Endaweni yoko, oozwilakhe bafumana igunya ngomkhosi, ulawulo lwezobupolitika, okanye ezinye iindlela ezingezolawulo-bume bedemokhrasi. Njengamanye amagunya olawulo olungqongqo, oozwilakhe badla ngokuvala inkululeko yabemi kwaye bacinezele inkcaso ukuze balondoloze ulawulo.
IOligarchy: Ulawulo lwabambalwa
I-oligarchy luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente apho onke amandla ehlala khona nabantu abambalwa, yaye aba bantu badla ngokulidla ilifa igunya ngenxa yobutyebi babo, isikhundla, okanye imfundo. Urhulumente olawulwa liqela elincinane labantu abanegunya elisekelwe kubutyebi okanye igunya.
Ingcamango ye-oligarchy ingaba nzima kwizobupolitika zale mihla. Zimbalwa iziko elichaza ngokucacileyo njengee-oligarchis, kwaye eli gama lisoloko linentsingiselo engentle. Noko ke, abanye abahlalutyi bezobupolitika baphikisa ngelithi ezinye iidemokhrasi zisebenza njengeenkqubo zolawulo-melo eziqhelekileyo, ingakumbi xa izityebi okanye imibutho yezoshishino iphembelela ngokungenakulinganiswa kwizigqibo zezobupolitika.
IRiphabliki: Ukhokelo Olucetyiswayo
Kwinkqubo karhulumente karhulumente, eli gunya likwaxhomekeke ebantwini, njengoko bephethe ukunyulwa okanye ukukhetha inkokeli yelizwe, endaweni yokuba inkokeli imiselwe okanye ifumane igunya lokudla ilifa. Ngokubanzi, iriphabliki yinkqubo karhulumente engenakumkani.
Igama elithi "republic" lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngokuhambelana "nedemokhrasi ekhoyo," nangona kukho ucalucalulo oluchuliweyo. Iriphabliki igxininisa umthetho kunye nokungabikho kwamandla olawulo-moya, ngelixa idemokhrasi igxininisa ulawulo lolawulo-siseko oluqhelekileyo. Iintlanga ezininzi zanamhlanje, kuquka iUnited States, ziirepublic kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi.
Amazwe obuKomanisi
Inkqubo karhulumente wamakomanisi idla ngokusekelwe kwingcamango ethile yobukomanisi efundiswa nguKarl Marx okanye uVladimir Lenin, yaye iqela elinye okanye iqela labantu lidla ngokulawula amaphondo obukomanisi. Imizekelo yamaKomanisi iquka iTshayina, iCuba neVietnam.
Ngokwengcamango, iinkqubo zobukomanisi zizimisele ukuphelisa ubumnini bobuqu kwaye zidala ibutho labantu elingenazintlukwano apho izinto zahlulwa ngokulinganayo.
Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Igunya Likarhulumente Elitshabalalisayo
Enye yeyona migaqo ibalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi lwangoku kukwahlula amagunya. Ukwahlulwa komgaqo wamandla kuhlula iintlobo eziliqela zamandla karhulumente (ngokuqhelekileyo umthetho, ukufunyanisiweyo, kunye nokubulawa) kwaye kufuna le misebenzi karhulumente ukuba iqwalaselwe ngokwengqiqo nangokulungelelaniswa, ngaloo ndlela igcine ingqibelelo yesebe ngalinye.
Amava eFrames nolawulo lolawulo lobukumkani baseBritane achaza inkolelo yabo yokuba ukunikela ingqalelo kumagunya karhulumente ahlukeneyo kwinto enye ekhoyo ingabangela ukuba abantu besizwe basebenze ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni kwaye bacinezele, njengokuba onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nejaji, ngexesha elinye, nokuba ngowomntu omnye, omncinane, okanye omninzi, nokuba kusini na, ukuba umiselwe, okanye unyulo, kungachazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwangoko kuchazwa kwenkcaso yengcinezelo.
Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente
Ukuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, uRhulumente woManyano-bume wase-U.S. ubunjwe ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, isebe eliphetheyo nelokugweba. Eli candelo lenqwelo-moya liye laba yimodeli yoorhulumente abaninzi bedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wamashumi amane uchaza ukuba urhulumente wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo kunye nezowiso-mthetho.
Isebe Elisemthethweni
Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. EUnited States, eli gunya linikwe iBhunga, eliyiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu neNdlu yabameli. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lineembopheleleko eziliqela ezingundoqo ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, kuquka ukulawula uqingqo-mali, ukugunyazisa ulawulo lomongameli, nokulungiselela ukuvelela isebe elilawulayo.
Isebe lowiso-mthetho linamandla okuvumela ukutyunjwa koMongameli, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, kwaye linokumtyumba uMongameli lize limsuse eofisini. Oku kubonisa indlela isebe lowiso-mthetho elisebenza ngayo njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.
Isebe Elilawulayo
Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, eli sebe likhokelwa ngumongameli onyulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Isebe elilawulayo aliquki umongameli kuphela kodwa liquka namalungu ekhabhinethi, amaqumrhu karhulumente, nezigidi zabasebenzi bakarhulumente abasebenza imisebenzi yorhulumente yemihla ngemihla.
UMongameli we-United States ulawula iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente wethu. Umongameli unawo amagunya ahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka amandla okulawula umthetho, iijaji neentloko zamaqumrhu, kwaye ukhonza njengenkokeli yomkhosi.
Isebe Eligwebayo
Isebe lezomthetho liquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo nezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente wethu. Inxalenye yezeejaji karhulumente wethu iquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neziJaji ezisi-9, ezizijaji ezikhethekileyo ezitolika imithetho engokomGaqo-siseko.
Isebe eligwebayo lisebenza njengetoliko lemithetho nomGaqo-siseko. Linamandla okuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukugqiba enoba ziyavumelana na neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko. AmaJaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo angabhukuqa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho. Eli gunya lokuhlola isigwebo liyingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe karhulumente.
Iipeksi Nolungelelwano: Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla
Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano zenzelwe ukugcina inkqubo yokwahlula amagunya agcina isebe ngalinye lisendaweni yalo, kuba akwanele ukwahlula amagunya nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwawo kodwa amasebe kufuneka abe nendlela yomgaqo-siseko yokukhusela amandla awo asemthethweni kumasebe angenayo.
Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukusabela kwizenzo zamasebe alo liyinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinamandla kakhulu kwaye isebe ngalinye linokulinganisela izenzo zamanye.
Nantsi eminye imizekelo engundoqo yokuhlola nokulungelelana okusebenzayo:
- Isebe lowiso - mthetho limisela imithetho, kodwa uMongameli kwisebe elilawulayo unokuyigunyazisa loo mithetho kunye noMongameli uVito.
- Isebe lowiso - mthetho limisela imithetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo linokuyivakalisa loo mithetho ngokungekho mthethweni.
- Isebe elilawulayo linokuvakalisa iMithetho Elawulayo, efana nezibhengezo ezilawula umthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo linokuvakalisa ezo zenzo zingekho mthethweni.
- Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, inkundla yabagwebi bezibheno nabagwebi benkundla yesithili abanikela uhlolisiso.
- Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, kodwa iNdlu yeQela kwisebe lowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa koMongameli ngezikhundla zokugweba, kwaye iBhunga linokutyhola nabani na waloo jaji lize libasuse kwisikhundla.
Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo yokunyamekelana inceda ekuthinteleni ubuzwilakhe yaye iqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lihlala linembopheleleko ebantwini. Ngoxa maxa wambi linokuyithoba inkqubela yokulawula, linikela imigaqo ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.
Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho
Iinkqubo zomthetho zimisela imithetho, izicombululo, kunye nokugcina ucwangco. Ngoxa amaqumrhu karhulumente egqiba ukuba ngubani omisa aze anyanzelise imithetho, iinkqubo zomthetho zimisela indlela edalwe ngayo, etolikwa ngayo, nesetyenziswa ngayo. Amazwe awahlukeneyo aye avelisa izithethe ezingokwahlukileyo ezibonisa imbali, izithethe, nemilinganiselo yawo.
Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo
Iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zavela eNgilani yaye ziye zamkelwa ngamazwe amaninzi awayekade eyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseBritani, kuquka iUnited States, iKhanada, iOstreliya neIndiya. Kwinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo, izigqibo zogwebo nemizekelo zidlala indima ephambili ekubumbeni umthetho.
Umgaqo "wokungamela okuphambili" (ngesiLatini esithetha "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe") usisiseko kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zibophelelekile ukuba zilandele izigwebo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo kwiimeko ezifanayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi zigwebo zidala umthetho wetyala owengezelelwayo notolikayo umthetho odluliselwe yimithetho yowiso-mthetho.
Iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo ziphawulwa ngokuba bhetyebhetye nokuvumelana kwazo. Njengoko abagwebi bedibana neemeko ezintsha kunye neenguqu zentlalo, banokuvelisa umthetho okhutshwayo ngezigqibo zabo. Oku kuvumela inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ukuba iguquleke ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba kuqhutywe inkqubo yowiso-mthetho eqhubekayo, nangona izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisenokuyidlulisa imimiselo ukuze ingasebenzi okanye icacise imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo.
Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane
Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yilizwekazi okanye iRomano-Jamani, zezona zisasazeke kakhulu kwizithethe zomthetho ehlabathini. Zifumaneka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, kwimimandla ye-Asia, nakweminye imimandla. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zilandela imvelaphi yazo kumthetho wamaRoma kunye nemithetho emiselwe ngumthetho owenziwe phakathi kweYurophu.
Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, imigaqo ebanzi yemithetho isebenza njengeyona mvelaphi yomthetho. Le mithetho inguqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo lwemigaqo yomthetho elungiselelwe ngokwemibandela engokwemibandela, njengemithetho yamakhaya, imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo. Ngokuyintloko abagwebi kwiinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya basebenzisa le migaqo kwiimeko ezithile kunokuba benze umthetho ngezigqibo zabo.
Nangona izigqibo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zisenokuba zeyisela, ngokuqhelekileyo azinalo ixabiso elingumzekelo elisisigxina elikwinkqubo yomthetho oqhelekileyo. Ukugxininiswa kwekhowudi ebhaliweyo njengomthombo onegunya womthetho, abagwebi abasebenza njengabaphandi nabafaki-miyalelo bemithetho kunokuba babe ngabadali bemigaqo engokwasemthethweni.
Iinkqubo Zonqulo Ezingokwasemthethweni
Amanye amazwe aquka umthetho wonqulo kwiinkqubo zawo zomthetho. Mhlawumbi umthetho wamaSilamsi (u-Sharia) ngowona mzekelo waziwa kakuhle, ulawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi azimeleyo. Umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa komthetho wonqulo uyahluka kakhulu, ukusuka kumazwe apho ulawula kuphela imicimbi yobuqu (njengemitshato nelifa) ukuya apho iyila khona isiseko sayo yonke inkqubo engomthetho.
Kwamanye amazwe, iinkqubo zomthetho zihambisana nemigaqo yezomthetho yehlabathi, kusekwa iinkqubo zomthetho apho imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo isenokusebenza kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo okanye kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zempikiswano.
Iinkqubo zomthetho ezixutyiweyo
Amazwe amaninzi aneenkqubo zomthetho ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa amalungu ahlukeneyo kwizithethe ezisemthethweni. Umzekelo, amanye amangingqi aseBritane anezixokelelwano zomthetho ezidibanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni okanye wonqulo. ULouisiana eUnited States inenkqubo edityanisiweyo edibanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo nezithethe zamakhaya ezazuzwa njengefakelwa kumaFrentshi akudala.
Ezi nkqubo zidityanisiweyo zibonisa impembelelo entsonkothileyo yembali, yesithethe neyezobupolitika eye yaguqula ibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho
Ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zomthetho. Ngeli xesha inkqubo ethile itshintsha-tshintsha ngokwelizwe nangohlobo lorhulumente, uninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi zilandela indlela efanayo yokuyila umthetho.
Umthetho omisela
Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, imithetho iqala njengezindululo okanye amatyala. Ezi zindululo zingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka abamisi-mthetho ngabanye, iikomiti zowiso-mthetho, amagosa esebe alawulayo, okanye kwanabemi kwimimandla ethile.
IiBhili zithetha ngemibandela ethile okanye iingxaki ezifuna izicombululo ezingokwasemthethweni. Zisenokuyila imithetho emitsha, zilungise imithetho ekhoyo, okanye ziphinde zimisele umthetho ophelelwe lixesha. Ukuqulunqwa komthetho kudla ngokubandakanya uphando olucokisekileyo, ukubuzana neengcali, nokuqwalasela iziphumo ezinokubakho kwibutho labantu.
Ingxubusho yeKomiti kunye neNkxaso
Xa zithe zaveliswa, amatyala adla ngokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuhlola ikomiti. Iikomiti ezilawula umthetho ngamaqela angoothile ajolise ingqalelo kwimimandla ethile yezomthetho, njengezemali, imfundo, okanye kwimicimbi yangaphandle. IiKomiti zihlolisisa iindleko iinkcukacha, zigcina amatyala ukuze ziqokelele ubungqina obuyingcaciso nolwazi lukawonke-wonke, kwaye zisenokucebisa ukulungisiswa okanye utshintsho lomthetho.
Eli candelo libalulekileyo ekuphuculweni komthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba ufakwe kakuhle kwaye uyasebenza. IiKomiti zingacebisa ukuba kudluliswe ityala, lilungiswe okanye ligatywe. IiBhili ezisilelayo ukufumana imvume yeekomiti zidla ngokufa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwivoti epheleleyo yemithetho-siseko.
Uqeqesho loMthetho
IiBhili ezisebenzisa inkqubo yekomiti ngempumelelo zifudukela kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo ukuze kuxoxwe ngalo nakuvota. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (ezo zinezigodlo ezibini, njengeBhunga le-U.S.), umthetho kufuneka udlule kuzo zombini iigumbi ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho. Inkqubo yokuvota isenokubandakanya ukufundwa okuninzi, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye namathuba okulungisa.
Iimfuno zokuvota ezikhethekileyo ziyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo nangohlobo lomthetho. Eminye imithetho ifuna ukuba abeninzi kuphela, ngoxa eminye (ezifana nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko) ifuna ukuba kubekho imicimbi emikhulu okanye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo.
Igunya eliphetheyo
Kwinkqubo yokwahlula amagunya, umthetho odlulisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ufuna imvume evela kwisebe elilawulayo ukuba libe ngumthetho. Igunya eliphetheyo (njenge-presidenti okanye irhuluneli) lingasayina umthetho okanye i-veto. Ukuba lithe labekwa, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingakwazi ukukhupha i-veto ngevoti enkulu, kuxhomekeka kwinkqubo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.
Olu hlolo lulawulayo lusebenza njengolunye uhlolo kwinkqubo, luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho unenkxaso ebanzi phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho. Noko ke, lungakhokelela kwiimfazwe phakathi kwamasebe xa amasebe alawulayo kunye nowiso-mthetho elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika okanye eneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
Isenzo
Xa umthetho usiba ngumthetho, isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuwusebenzisa nokuwumisa. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukwenza imimiselo, ukuseka iinkqubo zonyanzelo, nokumisela oovimba. Amasebe oLawulo asoloko edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni imithetho ebanzi ngokwemigaqo neenkqubo ezithile.
Inkqubo Yenkundla: Ukutolika Nokusebenzisa Imithetho
Iinkundla zisisiseko senkqubo yokugweba, zisebenza njengemibutho yokucombulula iimbambano, yokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zenkundla ezilungelelanisiweyo ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni.
Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala
Iinkundla zamatyala zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zetyala, ziqala apho amatyala amaninzi aqala khona. Ezi nkundla ziva ubungqina, zihlole amangqina, zize zenze izigqibo ezichanabileyo ezichanekileyo nezingomthetho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zamatyala zigqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kwaye zikhupha izigwebo.
Iinkundla zetyala zisenokuba zingoonobangela abakhethekileyo bemibandela, iinkundla ezahlukeneyo ezisingatha amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iimbambano zamakhaya, imicimbi yentsapho, imiba ephambili, okanye ezinye iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zamatyala.
Inkundla
Iinkundla ezigwebayo zihlolisisa izigqibo ezenziwa zinkundla yamatyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla ezigwebayo ngokuqhelekileyo azibuphulaphuli ubungqina obutsha okanye azihloli mangqina. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yenkundla echongiweyo, ziqwalasela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezibhalwe ngamaqela, kwaye zisenokuva izityholo ezithethwa ngomlomo ezivela kumagqwetha.
Iinkundla ezimangalelwayo zingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla yokuvavanya, zisiguqule, okanye zithumele amatyala kwiinkundla zokuchophela amatyala angakumbi.
IiNkundla eziPhakamileyo okanye zomGaqo-siseko
Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho zinenkundla ephakamileyo elawula ityala lokugqibela kwiimpikiswano zomthetho. EUnited States, le yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ezi nkowama-mthetho zinegunya elisesikweni, ithetha ukuba zingakhetha amatyala ezimele kuwaphulaphule, ngokufuthi zibhekisa kumatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye izisombulule iinkundla eziphantsi.
Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zisoloko zinamandla okuhlola isigwebo---(-igunya lokugqiba enoba imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. La mandla azenza zibe ngabalondolozi ababalulekileyo bamalungelo nemigaqo engokomGaqo-siseko, nangona zilelona sebe lincinane kakhulu likarhulumente ngokweemeko zabasebenzi.
Iinkundla ezizodwa
Iinkundla ezininzi zezomthetho ziquka iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezisingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Ezi zisenokuquka iinkundla zerhafu, iinkundla zolawulo, iinkundla zomkhosi, okanye iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zivumela ubuchule obungakumbi nokuphumelela okungakumbi ekusingatheni imicimbi entsonkothileyo okanye ubugcisa.
Unyanzeliso loMthetho: Ugcino lolungelelwano nokhuseleko
Amaziko okunyanzelisa imithetho anikwe imbopheleleko yokuphakamisa imithetho, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. La masebe ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembopheleleko yesebe eliphetheyo yokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho.
Amajoni Amapolisa
Amapolisa ayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa akwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, kuquka urhulumente, urhulumente, iphondo okanye iphondo.
Ulwalamano phakathi kwamapolisa nabantu lubalulekile ekunyanzelweni komthetho osebenzayo. Amapolisa anamhlanje agxininisa ukugaxelelwa kwebutho labantu, ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, nokwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamagosa nabantu abakhonzayo.
Iinkqubo zophando
Amasebe azimeleyo aphanda asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluntsonkothileyo olufuna ubuchule obuthile okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imida elawula imimandla ethile. EUnited States, amasebe afana neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ahlola ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu, ngoxa amanye amaqumrhu ejolise kwimimandla ethile enjengeyokunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemali, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-webhsayithi.
Ngokufuthi la masebe asebenzisana nemikhosi yamapolisa yasekuhlaleni nemibutho elawula imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe ukuze alwe nolwaphulo - mthetho olungaphaya kwemida engokwesithethe.
Abasemagunyeni Abatshutshisi
Abagwebi bamela urhulumente kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, begqiba ukuba baza kubeka izityholo kwabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho nokunikela ubungqina enkundleni. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, abatshutshisi banesigqibo esiphawulekayo sokugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala abamele bawalandele nokuba ziziphi izityholo abamele bazenze.
Umsebenzi womtshutshisi ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho inyanzelekile kwaye iyagcinwa ngokusesikweni. Abatshutshisi kufuneka balungelelanise imfuneko yokuba abenzi bobubi baphendule ngembopheleleko yokukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuphunyezwa okusesikweni.
Iindlela zolungiso
Iinkqubo zokulungiswa zilawula abantu abaye babanjwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusebenza ezintolongweni, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, iinkqubo zokuvavanywa kwetyala kunye neenkqubo zokugwetywa. Ezi nkqubo zifeza iinjongo ezininzi, kuquka ukohlwaywa, ukunqanda, ukubuyiselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, nokukhusela uluntu.
Iinkqubo zokulungisa zanamhlanje zigxininisa ngokungakumbi ekulungiseni izinto nasekuzilungiseni kwakhona, ziqonda ukuba inkoliso yabantu abavalelweyo ekugqibeleni iya kubuyela kwibutho labantu.
Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko: Isiseko sikaRhulumente
IMigaqo-siseko isebenza njengomthetho osisiseko wesizwe, ukumisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente, ukuchaza amagunya amasebe awahlukeneyo, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda umthetho womgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente kunye nemimiselo yomthetho.
Ibhalwe ii vs. UmGaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga
Amazwe amaninzi abhalile umgaqo-siseko ngezantsi amaxwebhu akha imigaqo esisiseko karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko wase United States, ofunyenwe ngo1787, ngomnye wemimiselo emidala ebhaliweyo esebenzayo. Imimiselo ebhaliweyo inika ucoceko nozinzo, yenza kube lula kubemi ukuqonda amalungelo abo kunye nemida yamandla karhulumente.
Amanye amazwe, ngokubalulekileyo uManyano, anemithetho-siseko engabhalwanga okanye engamiswanga. Oku akuthethi ukuba angenayo imigaqo-siseko, kodwa kunoko le migaqo ifumaneka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka imimiselo, izigqibo zenkundla, neendibano zomGaqo-siseko, kunokuba zibhalwe kuxwebhu olunye.
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko
Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka amalungiselelo okukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabo. Ezi ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, neyokuhlanganisa; ilungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo nenkuselo efanayo phantsi komthetho; kunye nokukhuselwa ekuphandweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzulweni. Amalungelo oMgaqo-siseko asebenza njengemida kumandla karhulumente, eqinisekisa ukuba noorhulumente abanyulwe ngedemokhrasi abanakuyichasa inkululeko esisiseko.
Amanye amaqela aquka uludwe oluninzi lwamalungelo entlalo nezoqoqosho, ngoxa amanye ejolise ingqalelo kakhulu kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni neyezobupolitika.
Iinkqubo zokuHlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko
IMigaqo-siseko iquka iinkqubo zokulungisa, ezivumela ukuba zitshintshe ngokutshintsha kweemfuno zoluntu lo gama kugcinwa uzinzo. Iinkqubo zokuhlaziywa zidla ngokufuna okungaphezulu kwezona nkcukacha zingundoqo zomthetho ezilula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zinenkxaso ebanzi.
Eminye imimiselo ilula ukutshintsha, ngoxa eminye ineemfuno ezingqongqo kakhulu. Ubunzima bokulungisa buchaphazela indlela enokuthi imo yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko iphendule ngayo ekutshintsheni kweemeko nendlela ezizinzileyo ngayo.
Umthetho Wehlabathi Nolawulo Lwehlabathi
Kwihlabathi eliya lisiba negalelo elingakumbi, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nolawulo lwehlabathi lunendima ekhulayo ekuchaseni indlela amazwe asebenzisana ngayo nendlela iinkqubo zomthetho eziyisingatha ngayo imicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe.
Umthetho wehlabathi
Umthetho wehlabathi ulawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Uquka izivumelwano, umthetho wehlabathi jikelele, nemigaqo eqhelekileyo eqatshelwe ngamazwe aphucukileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekhaya, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe awunayo inkqubo yokunyanzelisa. Ukuququzelelwa kuxhomekeke ekulungiseni, ekuzenzeleni igama, nasekuzikhathaleleni kwamazwe ukugcina ulungelelwano oluzinzileyo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla yezobulungisa yezizwe ngezizwe, kubonelela ngeemeko zokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe.
Imibutho yehlabathi
Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization neNkundla Yezigebenga Yezizwe Ngezizwe inendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ihlabathi lonke.
Imibutho yengingqi, njengeEuropean Union, Afrikaan Union, nentlangano yaseMelika, ikhuthaza intsebenziswano nokumanyana kwamazwe akufuphi, maxa wambi idala imimiselo engomthetho elawula amazwe ngamazwe ethabathel ’ indawo umthetho wesizwe kwimimandla ethile.
Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, umisela imilinganiselo yehlabathi jikelele yokuphatha abantu ngoorhulumente babo.
Ngoxa kusenzima ukunyanzelisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke, kuye kwaphembelela iinkqubo zamakhaya ehlabathini lonke kwaza kwanikela ilungiselelo lokuba oorhulumente baphendule ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Indima Yabemi Kurhulumente Nakwiinkqubo Zomthetho
Ukuqonda iinkqubo zikarhulumente nezomthetho asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa inentsingiselo esebenzisekayo kwindlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kwibutho labo baze basebenzise amalungelo neembopheleleko zabo.
Ukuzibandakanya Kwezobupolitika Nezorhwebo
Kulawulo-demokhrasi, ukuvota yeyona ndlela iphambili abemi abathatha ngayo inxaxheba kurhulumente. Ngonyulo, abemi bakhetha abameli babo baze baphembelele umgaqo karhulumente. Noko ke, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika akupheleli ekuvotelweni, kubandakanya imisebenzi enjengokuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke, ukuthelela imibutho yezobupolitika, nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo.
Ukuze ubani abe nenxaxheba kulwazi, kufuneka aqonde indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, amagunya anawo nabemi abahlukahlukeneyo nendlela abanokuwava ngayo amazwi abo.
Inkonzo YamaJury Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngokusemthethweni
Kumazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo, abemi bangena ngqo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngenkonzo yokuchophela ityala.
Ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho namalungelo amalungelo abantu kunceda abemi bakwazi ukulawula inkqubo yomthetho xa befuna ukuyisebenzisa.
Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nokulawulwa
Imibutho yabemi basekuhlaleni `iquka imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente, amaqela okuphatha, amaqumrhu obugcisa, nemibutho yoluntu-oknaye/izezoshishino-mthetho.] Le mibutho ixhasa iinguqu zenkqubo, ibonelele ngeenkonzo, igcine urhulumente ebeke ityala, kwaye yenza abemi babe nenxaxheba kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke.
Ibutho labantu elichumileyo lisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwabemi ngabanye norhulumente, lisebenzisa amazwi akhulayo asenokungaviwa yaye linikele ubuchule neembono ezazisa izigqibo zenkqubo.
Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Norhulumente Namalungiselelo Asemthethweni Anamhlanje
Urhulumente wexesha elizayo nemigaqo yezomthetho ijamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezivavanya ukukwazi ukumelana kwayo nokunyamezela kwayo.
Utshintsho Lobugcisa
Ukuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kudala imingeni emitsha engokwasemthethweni neyolawulo. Iingxoxo ezifana nokungaqinisekiswa kwenkcazelo, ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubuchule obungeyonkqubo, kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa zamanani zifuna imigaqo esemthethweni esoloko ithe xhathise inkqubela kwezobugcisa. Urhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise ukuphuhliswa kolwazi ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo nokhuseleko loluntu.
Kwakhona ubugcisa buchaphazela indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, bunika abantu amathuba okuba benze izinto ngendlela entle yaye bunika nabemi amathuba okuba badibane ngoxa bexhalabele ukujongwa, ukuchana kwemithetho - siseko, nokwahlukahlukana kwamanani okusenokungabethi abanye abemi ekungeneleni.
Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi
Ukuhambelana okukhulayo ehlabathini lonke kucel ’ umngeni iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zolongamo nezomthetho. Imibandela yamazwe ngamazwe enjengeenguqu zemozulu, ukufuduka, ubugrogrisi nokudibana kwezoqoqosho ifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe yaye maxa wambi kuphuhliswa ulawulo olutsha olungaphaya kwemida yamazwe.
Ukulungelelanisa ulongamo lwesizwe nemfuneko yokusebenzisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo koorhulumente nakumaziko angomthetho ehlabathini lonke.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika
Ulawulo - melo oluninzi lujamelene nokwanda kolawulo lwezobupolitika olubangela kube nzima ngakumbi. Xa abemi neenkokeli zobupolitika beneembono ezahlukeneyo yaye bezama ukufumana izinto abafana ngazo, kuba nzima ukwakha isivumelwano esiyimfuneko ukuze ulawulo luphumelele nokuguqula ngokusemthethweni.
Ukuthetha ngokuphangalalisa amaziko edemokhrasi kufuna ukomelezwa, ukukhuthaza intetho yasekuhlaleni nokufumana iindlela zokungena ebhulohweni ngoxa uhlonela ukungavisisani okufanelekileyo kolu luvo.
Ukungalingani Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufikelelwa ngokulinganayo kokusesikweni kuselucelomngeni kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kungaguqulela ekubeni kufikeleleke ngendlela engafaniyo kumelo olusemthethweni nokuphathwa ngokwahlukileyo phantsi komthetho. Ukulungisa ezi zinto ngokwahlukaneyo kufuna imigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza iinkqubo zomthetho zifikeleleke kwaye zingabi nakwahluka.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Urhulumente Nenkqubo Engokwasemthethweni
Iinkqubo zikarhulumente nezomthetho zimisela isiseko sebutho labantu abalungelelanisiweyo, zimisela imithetho esihlala kunye ngayo kunye nendlela yokucombulula iingxabano nokugcina ucwangco. Nangona ezi nkqubo zahluka kakhulu kumazwe nakumasiko awahlukeneyo, zonke zibambana nemibuzo esisiseko ephathelele igunya, igunya, amalungelo, nokusesikweni.
Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nasekuwakhuseleni ukuze kuguquleke ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ukwazi indlela urhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo kunika abantu amandla okuba babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo namaziko abumba ubomi babo.
Njengokuba imibutho iqhubeka iguquka ize ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha, urhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zilungelelanise lo gama zigcina imisebenzi yazo engundoqo yokulungiselela ucwangco, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokunceda uluntu. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo. /iinkqubo, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo zazo, zingafak' isandla ekuqinisekiseni ukuba zihlala zisabela, zinetyala, kwaye zisesikweni.
Nokuba ungumfundi oqala ukuphanda le miba, ummi omtsha ofunda ngamaziko elizwe lakho elamkelekileyo, okanye uthile nje onomdla kwindlela ibutho labantu elizilungelelanisa ngayo, olu lwazi lunika isiseko sokuba nabemi abanolwazi olunentsingiselo nokwenza inxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Okukhona siqonda ngakumbi ngorhulumente nangenkqubo yomthetho, okukhona sixhotyiselwa ngakumbi ukugcina nokuphucula izizukulwana ezizayo.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngemiba ethile karhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iwebhsayithi ye-.gov inikela ulwazi olubanzi ngorhulumente wase-U.S., ngeli xesha imibutho efana ikhokelwa kwiManytransformation inikela ubuncwane bemfundo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezithelekisayo. Academic kunye nemibutho yezentlalo ikwanikezela ngezinto eziluncedo ekuphuculeni ukuqonda kwakho le mibaluleka.