Isiseko Sobulungisa: Isiseko Esinzulu Senkqubo Yenkundla YaseUnited States

Inkqubo yenkundla yaseUnited States yenza isiseko somthetho wesijuphi somthetho waseMerika, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho itolikwa kakuhle kwaye okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo. Isakhiwo sayo esimabini ``iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente) zibonakala zinzima kakhulu xa zijongwa okokuqala, kodwa ukuqonda intlangano yayo ibalulekile kubafundi, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi ababotshelelwe ngokufanayo. Oku kunika isikhokelo sokuhlola inkqubo yenkundla yeU.S.

Inkqubo yeNkundla yamaDual: Urhulumente weFederal vs.

I-U.S. isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo olubini, ithetha ukuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngamnye uneenkqubo zakhe ezahlukileyo. Eli lungiselelo, elisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ohlangeneyo, livumela imimandla eyahlukeneyo yegunya. Iinkundla zeSizwe zisingatha imicimbi ebandakanya umthetho karhulumente, imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko, iimpikiswano zezomthetho, kunye namatyala apho i-U.S. ngokuchasene noko, iinkundla zenkundla ezininzi zomthetho, kuquka ezo zivela phantsi kwemimiselo yomthetho, umthetho wendlu-mthetho, kunye nenkoliso yezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda okunemithetho yenkundla yezomthetho kungumthetho, ulawulo lwezomthetho, ulawulo lwezomthetho.

I-ofisi yolawulo yeNkundla ye-U.S. inikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwendlela ijaji yengingqi elungelelanisiweyo ngayo, ngelixa urhulumente ngamnye egcina inkqubo yenkundla yakhe, esoloko ifuziselwa ngokobume besizwe kodwa ngomahluko kwimiqathango kunye nenkqubo.

Iinkundla zoManyano: Inkqubo eneziphene ezintathu

Ijudiary yephondo yeyokulawula isithathu: U.S. (umyinge wovavanyo), U.S. IiNkundla zezibheno[ [iiiNkundla zoNkqulo] (i-intermeta appelte), kunye ne U.S.Nkundla ePhakamileyo yemiqathango yokwehla komthetho.

IiNkundla zeSithili zaseUnited States

Zikho izithili ezingama- 94 zezomthetho zikarhulumente, nganye ineNkundla yeSithili yase-U.S. Ezi ziinkundla zamatyala apho amatyala karhulumente aqala khona. Iinkundla zesithili zinegunya kwimicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho ephakama phantsi komthetho wezwe. izityholo zeCIIIi-[[[FLT:]] zingabandakanya ukwaphula umthetho wemithetho karhulumente, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, okanye ulawulo lwezomthetho (iiityala labemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo elingaphezu kwama-$75,000). amatyala angekho mthethweni asemthethweni abandakanya ukumangalelwa kwezono zokurhwaphiswa kweziyobisi, ukuphangwa kwemali, ukuphangwa kwemali, okanye ukukhohlakazwa kwetyala. Iinkundla ezininzi ziyanikezelwa nangamatyala.

Iinkundla Zezibheno ZaseUnited States

Ukuba iqela liphulukana nenkundla yesithili, lisenokubhenela kwenye yeziNkundla zeZibheno ezili-13 zase-U.S. Ezilishumi elinesibini zezi ziphaluka zephondo (umz., iNqanawa Yokuqala igquma iNew England, iSithili seNqana eSiphakamiso sigubungela amaphondo asentshona), kwaye enye ingu [[[FLT].S. iNkundla yezibheno zeFortl [[FL], ezilawula zonke iimeko ezikhethekileyo zomthetho nezorhwebo lwezizwe. [FFF], inkundla yeApplette ayibambi imilingo okanye ivale ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yayo, indawo yolawulo yabagwebi abathathu, ebhaliweyo, nezingangenweyo, nezithethwayo ukugqiba ukuba kwenzeka iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. [FFOT] [3]

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., eqanjwe ngabagwebi abasithoba, yinkundla ephakamileyo kuhlanga. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukutolika umGaqo-siseko nokuqinisekisa ukudibana komthetho wesizwe. INkundla inegunya lantlandlolo kwinani elincinane lamatyala (umz., iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe) kodwa ngokuyintloko iqhelisela ulawulo oluphezulu [[[FLT:]] [iiiNkuvo]. Amatyala amaninzi afika kwiNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo edlula kwinkundla ehamba phambili edlula kwityala elincinane [[FLT]] [iRT] [iRT], inkqubo elawulayo], inkqubo esemthethweni. Kunyaka ngamnye omalunga nama-7000, iNkuthethwano kuthethwana kwe-100. Isigqibo sokunika i-certaritha kwisivumelwano seNkugwebo yeNkubelo yezo zonke ezithi zezo zelizwe, ngaphandle kokuba kumiselwe umGwangcizo womthetho-mthetho-Gwaleko womthetho okst.

Ngenkcukacha-manani ezithe vetshe kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo, tyelela umphathi-mgaqo U.S. webhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Iinkundla Zelizwe: Amahashe Okusebenza EJamaicas

Iinkundla zelizwe ziphatha uninzi oluninzi olugqithisileyo lolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States/ongaphezulu kwama-90% ayo yonke imiba. Ngelixesha urhulumente ngamnye unesakhiwo sakhe esikhethekileyo, uninzi lulandela imodeli efanayo yesithathu.

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala zephondo zihamba ngamagama ahlukeneyo: Inkundla ePhakamileyo, iNkundla Yesiphaluka, okanye iNkundla yeSithili, kuxhomekeke kwiphondo. Ziintendelezo zegunya jikelele, ezinokuthi zivelise naliphi na ityala elingagcinelwanga ezinye iinkundla. Ezi ntetho zisingatha zonke iimpikiswano ezisuka kulwaphulo-mthetho lomntu ngamnye nomnqophiso wokuchasana noqhawulo-mthetho, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokungavunyelwa kwetyala. Amazwe amaninzi aneenkundla zemithetho elawulayo kwimicimbi ethile ethile: [[FLT:] [FLD]] inkundla encinane ithetha inkundla yetyala[[[FLT:] [FT] [5] neendawo [FT] [FT] [5] [5] [iiiiiiiiiinkcukacha-mthetho], [iiiiiiiiienkundla zetyala] ezithenjiweyo]

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo zeSizwe

Uninzi lwamazwe luneenkundla eziphakathi ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zamatyala. Ezi nkundla zibizwa ngokuba yiNkundla yezibheno okanye iAppellate Division, ezi nkundla zisebenza ngokufanayo kwiiNkundla zezibheno zengingqi zengingqi. Zilungisa iimpazamo zomthetho kwaye ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwiinkundla zamatyala ngaphakathi kweli phondo. Kumazwe amancinane ngaphandle kwenkundla ephakathi, izibongozo zisiwa ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente.

IiNkundla Eziphakamileyo Zelizwe

Inkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe .idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iNkundla yezibheno (umz., New York) okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezeMigwebo (umz., Massachusetts) : ligama lokugqibela kwimicimbi yomthetho wesizwe nenkcazelo yemithetho-siseko. Izigqibo ezivela kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe zibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kuloo rhulumente. Oku kukuphela kwendlela yokubheno ku-U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa kuphela ukuba ityala liphakamisa umbuzo wetyala] ].

Iindidi Zetyala Nendlela Ezihamba Ngayo

Ukuqonda iindidi zamatyala kuyanceda ekucaciseni ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya nemithetho esetyenziswayo.

Ityala Lelizwe

Amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo `iindivices, amashishini, okanye imibutho'') apho umcuphi efuna isicombululo esinjengemali eyophukileyo okanye umyalelo. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zabemi ziquka ukwaphula isivumelwano, ukwenzakala kobuqu, iimbambano zempahla, kunye nokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi. Uxanduva lobungqina luyi- uxakekisa ubungqina [ (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba akunjalo). Ityala lamakhaya lilungiswa phambi kokuvavanywa, kodwa elo lihamba lize licinywe ngumgwebi okanye umgwebi.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aziswa ngurhulumente (owetyala okanye urhulumente) nxamnye nomntu otyholwe ngokwaphula umthetho. Urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni, owona mgangatho uphakamileyo kumthetho waseMelika. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anokuphumela ekuhlawuleni, ekugwetyweni, okanye ekubotshweni. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo luchazwa ngomthetho (umz., ukurhwebiso lweziyobisi, inkohliso yocingo), ngoxa urhulumente wolwaphulo-mthetho lugqugqithe ityala elifana nokubulala, ubuselanawa, nokuhlasela. Abameli banomGcinezeli-mGcinezelo-mthetho banelungelo lokuvava ityala elinzulu lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amatyala Olawulo

Umthetho wolawulo ubandakanya iimpikiswano namaqumrhu karhulumente. La matyala adla ngokuqala kwinkqubo yozidibanisilo lwangaphakathi lombutho (umz., ukuva phambi koMgwebi woMthetho woLawulo) phambi kokubhencwa kwiNkundla III. Imizekelo iquka izibheno zoKhuseleko loKhuseleko lweNtlalo, izicelo zobuRhulumente, kunye nocelomngeni kwimimiselo yamasebe. Izigqibo zolawulo zidla ngokuhlaziywa phantsi komgangatho obekelweyo, njengo "umthetho wesiChuzu kunye noHlutyo".

Ityala lomGaqo-siseko

Amatyala omGaqo-siseko aphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokusebenza kwemithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Imizekelo yezophawu iquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [i-racial )] kunye [iNkundla ephakamileyo] ne[FLT] Roe v. Inkundla ephakamileyo ingunomva wetyala [[[FLT]]. [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [iiiiiiindlela zomGawula] [iiiiiiiindlela] [iiiiiiindlela] [iiiindawo: 3] (ilungelo le-abracraction]] [iiiiiinqanams

Indima YaBagwebi Neengcungela

Ukusebenza okunempumelelo kwenkqubo yenkundla kuxhomekeke kwiindima ezahlukileyo kodwa ezisebenzisanayo zabagwebi namaqumrhu ejaji.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi abangoondilele abajongene nokulawula ityala lenkundla, balawula kwiinkqubo zenkundla, bayalela amajaji, baqinisekisa ukuba iityala ziqhutywa kakuhle. Kumatyala ebhentshi, kwakhona ijaji imisela isigqibo. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bamiselwa ukuba baphile nguMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu, inkalo eyenzelwe ukubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Abagwebi baseburhulumenteni bangamiselwa okanye banyulwe, kuxhomekeke kurhulumente. Abagwebi bakwa batolika imimiselo nemizekelo, bezenza abadlali abaphambili ekuphuhliseni komthetho. Izigqibo zabo zimisela indlela ezimele zisetyenziswe ngayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo.

Juries

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngqo kulawulo lobulungisa.

  • Iqumrhu lejaji lepetit (okanye amatyala) liva ubungqina kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye likhupha isigwebo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zequmrhu lorhulumente, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukungalingani kuyafuneka ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngenye indlela.
  • [[NTL: 0] Iqumrhu Elikhulu lejaji lisetyenziswa kwiimeko zetyala lorhulumente kunye nezinye iimeko zikarhulumente ukufumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokutyhola ukrokra. Iijaji ezinkulu azigqibi ukuba zinetyala; zikhupha ityala ukuba zifumana ubungqina obaneleyo.

ISindululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, yaye isiHlanzi soMphengululo seSebentel sigcina ityala lamakhaya elibandakanya iiR2,50. Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kungumsebenzi wezentlalo-ntle nesiseko sale nkqubo.

Iinkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Ngaphaya kwemiqolo engundoqo, inkqubo yenkundla yaseUnited States iquka iinkundla eziliqela ezikhethekileyo ezisingatha imimandla ethile yomthetho.

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezimanyeneyo

  • U.S. iiNkundla zeBhanki ePhakamileyo: Inxalenye yenkqubo yenkundla yesithili, ezi nkongamela inkcochoyi yetyala phantsi komthetho wezwe. Amatyala ajongelwa abagwebi ababhaliswe imali abamiselwe ngokweemeko zeminyaka eyi-14.
  • Inkundla yerhafu yase-U.S.: Yinkundla yesizwe eva iimpikiswano phakathi kwababuthi berhafu kunye neNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi. Abahlawula iirhafu bangakhuphisana neentsilelo phambi kokuhlawula.
  • Inkundla yezibheno yase-U.S. yeNkundla yeFederal yeNdebe: Iva izibongozo ezigunyazisiweyo, uphawu, kunye namatyala orhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwanezityholo ngokuchasene norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.
  • Inkundla yase-U.S. iiNgxelo zoManyano: iva izibhengezo zemali ezichasene norhulumente wase-U.S., ezifana nezivumelwano zesivumelwano okanye ukwenza amatyala phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu.
  • Inkundla yezibheno yase United States yomkhosi oxhotyisiweyo: inkundla ephakamileyo yamagosa asemkhosini, ihlola ukunyanzeleka kwenkundla.

Iinkundla ezizodwa zeSizwe

Amatyala amaninzi aye amisela iinkundla ezizodwa zokusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala, ngokufuthi zijolise ingqalelo kwiziphumo zonyango. Imizekelo iquka iinkundla zezenkcubeko zeziyobisi (kubenzi beziyobisi abangenabungozi endaweni yokubanjwa), [[FLT:]] iinkundla zezempilo , , [[FLT]] iinkundla zogonyamelo zogonyamelo [, kunye neenkundla zeenkundla zonyango [[FLT]. Ezi nt. Ezi ntwathi zisebenzisa indlela yokuthetha nabagwebi, abatshutshisi, abameli, neenkonzo zoluntu, kunye neenjongo zokunciphisa i-dictixvictiveism kunye nee-ancence.

Indlela Umzekelo Ohamba Ngayo Ngenkqubo: Umzekelo Olula

Qwalasela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elicingela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala lesizwe: Umntu ubanjwa yiFBI ngenxa yokuphangwa kwebhanki. Ityala liqala kwiNkundla yeSithili yase-U.S., apho ummangalelwa ebekwe khona nge-arhente, ibheyile, kwaye kubekwe ityala langaphambili. Ukuba liya kumatyala kwaye ummangalelwa ugwetywa, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwiNkundla e-U. iNkundla ephakamileyo yeSibheno yeSibheno apho ihlala khona inkundla yesithili. Ukuba igodlo lihlola ingxelo yetyala elingokwasemthethweni (umz., ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina). Ukuba ityala livunywa, ityala eligwetyiweyo lingafaka isicelo setyala eliqhelekileyo.

Kwimaphu esebenzisanayo kunye nezibonelelo ezingakumbi zokufundisa, bona i isikhokelo seFederal Judice Center xa kuthethwa ngendlela amatyala ahamba ngayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yesikhungu Ezimeleyo

Isakhiwo senkundla yase-U.S. silungiselelwe ukukhuthaza okusesikweni, ukungaguquguquki, kunye nenkululeko. Inqaku III lomGaqo-siseko linika abagwebi bomGaqo-siseko ubomi obuphezulu, libakhusela kwimpindezelo yezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Iinkqubo zenkundla yelizwe zikwaquka izikhuselo ezifana neekomishini yemigaqo yemigaqo-siseko nesiseko solawulo. Inkqubo yenkundla inguvavanyo kwamanye amasebe karhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihambelana nendima yesiseko somGaqo-siseko kwaye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu aziyigqithi imida esemthethweni. Iimeko zokuphawula izinto ezifana .

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda okunzulu, iProject inika iziphumo zesandi kunye nezishwankatho zamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngelixa U.S. izibonelelo zemali zemfundo iphepha zinika izicwangciso zesifundo kunye nezixhobo zokuphendula.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Eyakhelwe Okusesikweni

Inkqubo yenkundla yase-U.S., kunye nesakhiwo sayo esimabini sesizwe, imigangatho emithathu eneziqithi eziphindiweyo, kunye neenkundla ezizodwa, iyinjini entsonkothileyo kodwa engqinelanayo yobulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo . /ukusuka kwinkundla evavanya inyani-ukufumana indima kwimimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo./amandla abemi okuya kulawula imiqathango esemthethweni, ukuxabisa imithetho yedemokhrasi, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, indaleko yenkundla nenkqubo eqhubekayo ibonisa imbopheleleko eqhubekayo kumthetho namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuba ufunda ngovavanyo lwezemfundo yomthetho, uqwalasela umsebenzi osemthethweni, okanye ufuna ukuqonda isiseko sangoku, ukubambelela ngokulula kwesi siseko esisisiseko.