Ukuvela Kovavanyo LweLemon Ekumiseleni UClause Umthetho

Uvavanyo lweLemon lumi njengenye yezixokelelwano eziphambili kumthetho-siseko waseMelika. Okokuqala yacaciswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo- 1971, yenzelwe ukulungiselela indlela ecacileyo, eneeprojekthi ezintathu ukumisela ixesha elililo lesenzo sikarhulumente esichasene nokumiselwa kuka-Claus weSigqibo Sokuqala. Ukumiselwa kwemithetho ka-Celassias ka-Celas, njengoko ukucaciswa kwayo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuthenjiwe ngokuphawulekayo ngolawulo lwenkundla olulandelelanayo.

Imvelaphi Nemeko Yembali

Phambi kovavanyo lweLemon, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayisiqalile ukuzamana nemicimbi yecawa ekwimeko enjenge Everson v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947) kunye Engel v. Vitale [1962]]. Ezi zigqibo zaseka ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukudlulisa imithetho enceda unqulo olunye, unceda zonke iinkonzo, okanye anike uxabiso kunqulo olungelulo i-cliniki. Kodwa ke, iNkundla yayingenasixhobo esisisibonelelo esithe rhoqo. Ityala elanyusa ukuvavanywa kweLemon Island nePennsylvania, apho urhulumente wanika ulwando olungeluncedo kubafundisi-othotho kwizikolo ezininzi, ezo zonqulo.

Limon v. Kurtzman, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisa la matyala mabini yaza ngamxhelo mnye yawisa imimiselo karhulumente. IJaji enkulu uWarren Burger, ibhalela inkoliso, yayila uvavanyo oluziinxenye ezintathu oluzakuba ngumgangatho ophakathi kamashumi eminyaka: (1) inyathelo likarhulumente kufuneka libe nenjongo yezomthetho; (2) isiphumo sayo esiphambili asimele siqhubele phambili okanye sithintele unqulo; kwaye (3) ayimele ikhuthaze urhulumente orhangxwelwe kakhulu lunqulo. Ezi ntlobo ezintathu ze-prongs zaza zazazo zaveliswa kumatyala angaphambili, ngokubalulekileyo [[FLT]. v[FLT].[FLT][FLT] [12]]

Ukutshatyalaliswa Kweprotheni Nganye Okuziinkcukacha

Owenziwe Ngelinye Ixesha: Injongo Yabantu

Iprong yokuqala ibuza ukuba ngaba isenzo sikarhulumente sibonakalisa injongo yehlabathi yokwenene. Iinkundla zihlola injongo echaziweyo esekelwe kumthetho okanye kwinkqubo, kunye nengxelo yemithetho kunye nomongo. Ukuba injongo iphambili ingokonqulo, isenzo asiphumeleli ngoko nangoko. Umzekelo, imowulo ogunyazisayo ithule ixesha kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke isenokuyidlulisa lenjongo ukuba injongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukukhuthaza ukucazuluka okanye ukuzola, kodwa ingasilela ukuba ubungqina bubonise ukuba injongo yayikukukhuthaza umthandazo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yayisebenzisa ngokungqongqo, ifuna ukuba injongo yehlabathi ibe [[FL:] 0] i-ISCON izakuyidlulisa kwaye ingeyiyo nje i-sham [FLD:1]. Ityala lisenokungakhuthathiwe mvume yonqulo. [FLD][FPGenelGeneR] [37]

prong 2: Isiphumo esiphambili

Eyesibini igxininisa kwimpembelelo yokwenene yesenzo sikarhulumente. Nokuba injongo ayisebenzi, isenzo akufunekanga sibe nempembelelo ephambili okanye esisiseko yokuhambela phambili okanye ukuthintela unqulo. Ngokomzekelo, isithili sesikolo esivumela amaqela onqulo ukuba asebenzise izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke emva kweeyure sisenokungakwaphuli ukufikelela oku ukuba kufumaneka ngokufanayo kuwo onke amaqela oluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, isikolo sikawonke wonke esinomsitho wokuphumelela kwesikolo ecaweni sisenokufunyanwa sinomphumela oyintloko wonqulo oluluchaphazelelayo. Iinkundla zihlola ukuma konqulo, kuquka indlela yonqulo, imiqondiso okanye imisebenzi, umongo, kunye neembono ezisengqiqweni.

Iprong 3: Ingxaki Egqithisileyo

Elesithathu liyalela ukuthandeka okugqithisileyo phakathi korhulumente nonqulo. Oku kusebenza ngakumbi xa urhulumente efumana imali kwimibutho yonqulo. Nokuba iiprong ezimbini zokuqala zaneliswa, urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuqwalasela okanye ukunikela uncedo ngendlela ezizithandela ngokunzulu ngayo kumaqumrhu onqulo. Lemon ngokwayo, iNkundla ifumanise ukuba iPennsylvania kunye neRhode Island iinkqubo zelizwe zifuna ulawulo oluqhubekayo lwabafundisi-bafundisi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaquki kwizifundo zabo zonqulo, benza into engathandekiyo. Noko ke, iimeko ezilandelayo ezifana . . . . .SMM.FLT.-Halls .[FFLT.FF: [FF: 2][F:][FM][F: 2]

Isicelo kwi Ityala le eMajongg

ILemon Test iye yasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo eziyinyaniso, ukususela ekuthandazeni esikolweni ukusa kwimiqondiso yonqulo kumhlaba kawonke wonke.

Umthandazo Wesikolo Nemisebenzi Yonqulo Kwizikolo Zasekuhlaleni

.Lee v. Weliman (1992, iNkundla yanciphisa umkhwa wesikolo sikawonke-wonke wokumema abefundisi ukuba banikele iizicelo kwimibhiyozo yokuphumelela. Nangona eli tyala lingaxhomekekanga ngokucacileyo kwiLemon Test, ukuqiqa kwalo kumgaqo: umthandazo owenzelwe urhulumente waba nenjongo yonqulo kunye nesiphumo, kwaye lanyanzela abafundi ukuba bathelele inxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, kwi- Santa Fipendent School of the Firent. Do [FLT:] [2] [2]), iNkuphembelela imidlalo yebhola ekhatywa ngumfundi phambi kokukhuthaza urhulumente. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba iziphumo ezihlala zihleli kwimon, nangona zikhomba zemfundo.

Urhulumente Uxhasa Izikolo Zonqulo

Uvavanyo lweLemon luye lwadlala indima enkulu kwiingxoxo ngoncedo lukawonke-wonke kwimfundo yonqulo. Agosini v. Felton [1997], iNkundla yaguqula iprong, ilawula ukuba abafundisi-mfundo besikolo sikawonke-wonke banokunikela imfundo yokulungisa izakhiwo zezikolo zonqulo, logama kungekho nto ifundiswayo yonqulo kwaye ingaphathiswanga nto igqithi. Isigqibo sawo sarhoxa imiyalelo yangaphambili ivela [[FLT:]] Auln v. Felton[[FLT:] [85]] [8], ibonisa uvavanyo lobugxelo lwexesha elide, iNkuquluko luye lwashukukhuthaza umgaqo wokulinganisa, olunokuthi lungabi nako kwiinkqubo zonqulo olufumaneka rhoqo ngenxa yoncedo lonqulo. [5] [5] [5], uG.F.G.G.G.C.G.

Imifuziselo Yonqulo Kwiimpawu Zoluntu

Ityala elibandakanya ukuboniswa kwemiqondiso yonqulo, njengeMithetho Elishumi okanye i-crèche, liye lajika rhoqo libhekisa kuvavanyo lweLemon. Lynch v. Donnelly [19984], iNkundla yaxhasa uboniso lweKrismesi olwaluquka i- crèche, iqikelelo lokuba olu mboniso lwalunenjongo yehlabathi (ukubeka iholide) kwaye i-crèche yayiyinxalenye yembonakalo ebanzi yehlabathi. Ngokuphikisanayo, [[FLT:] [12]] i-live ye-Alglev v. [UFLT:3] [198], iNkuvoluko yawisa i-crèche ebekwe kwistelee, kwaye ayizange ifumane imo yolwazi olubanzi lwendlu yelizwe, ingabi namngeni. Le projenti yesibini ichaza ngomombo elungileyo, ethetha ngomxholo walo lwesibini.

Ukugxekwa Nocelomngeni Oluvavanywa Kwilimon

Phezu kwako nje ukuthatha ixesha elide, iLemon Sustoms ijongene nogxeko olubalulekileyo lwabagwebi, abaphengululi, kunye nabahlali. Isikhalazo esithe rhoqo sesokuba iiprongs ezintathu azicacanga kakhulu kwaye zivumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise ezabo iinjongo. IJaji uAntonin Scalia wachaza ngokudumileyo uvavanyo njengo "umphetho ophambili kwifilimu yobundlobongela ehlala engcwabeni, ehlala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwingcwaba layo kunye nokuqukuqela kwelinye ilizwe," ngoxa iJaji uClarence Thomas ebecele ukuba ishiye ngokupheleleyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba uvavanyo luthiyile unqulo kuba maxa lisenza uqheliselo oluthi nxamnye nentetho yonqulo, njengemimiselo okanye ukufakwa kwezimbo zonqulo kwimibhiyo.

Enye into egxekwayo yeyokuba umgangatho othandekayo uye wasetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba isengozini naxa urhulumente ebonakalisa ubundilele, ngoxa kwezinye ivumela ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano eninzi. Olu vavanyo lukwasilela ukuchaza umahluko phakathi koncedo oluthe ngqo lukarhulumente nentetho yonqulo lwangasese, umahluko oye waba ngobalulekileyo ngakumbi kwindlela yeNkundla ekhululekileyo nenkululeko yokuthetha.

Enye Imisebenzi Yesakhelo: Uvavanyo Lwekhoriyo nomgaqo Wokungathathi Nhlangothi

Kwimpendulo kwintsilelo ezicingelwayo, ezinye izigwebo ziye zaxhasa ezinye iindlela. Uvavanyo lwe-coocence , olunxulunyaniswa noJaji Anthony Kennedy, lufuna ukuba urhulumente anganyanzeli nabani na ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimithambo yonqulo okanye akhuthaze ukholo oluthile. Olu vavanyo luye lwasetyenziswa kwiimeko zomthandazo wesikolo ezifana [[FLT:] Le ... v. Wean[FLT][FLT][3] [3] kwaye ngokubalaseleyo kwi [[FLT:]] Kretondy. Bremeton School [[FLT:] [25]] [202], apho iNkugwebo lwezikolo lwebhola ekhasayonke, apho ingumthandazo wobuqu wesikolo emva kwemidlalo ekhuselwe ikhuselwe intetho kwaye ingaphulwanga. Kwisigqibo esikhulu soluvo, kwi-Gelkis, uGenet. KwiSigwebo esithelela uGene i-Genest Gor Gor Govertiold, imele inyanise

Enye indlela yemithetho yeNkundla yeNkundla [[FLT: 0] yokwahlula-hlula umgaqo , ogxininisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abe nobundilele phakathi kweenkonzo naphakathi konqulo nolungelulo. Le ndlela isekelwe kwisigqibo seNkundla kwi Mcreary County v. ACLU[FLT][200] [200] [2005], apho wasebenzisa khona uphando lwenjongo eqinisekisiweyo yokubetha iMithetho elishumi yeMithetho ekhonzweni yenkundla, kodwa kwakhona wazisa iziphumo kwi [[FLT:]V4] Oren.[FLT][FLD] [5] [2005], apho imbonakalo efanayo kwi-Cal Capitol] ithene ngenxa yembali nemithetho yehlabathi neyongaphili.

Ukubuya Umva Kwexesha Elizayo Nekamva Lovavanyo Lwelemon

Uvavanyo lweLemon luhlala luyinxalenye yelizwe lomgaqo-siseko, kodwa igunya lalo liye labuthathaka ngokuphawulekayo. I-American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2017]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqala isikhumbuzo esikhulu semfazwe ekwindawo ekwindawo ebanzi ekwilizwe likawonke-wonke-wonke kangangamashumi eminyaka. INkundla yala ukusebenzisa iLemon Uvavanyo olungqongqo, endaweni yokugxininisa ukubaluleka kwembali nendalo engekho mthethweni. IJasti Samuel Alito, icebisa ukuba ukuma ixesha elide kwisakhiwo esikwindawo ebanzi, iinkundla zijonge imeko ebanzi, kunokuba zisebenzise iprongss. Kwindawo yomthetho eqinileyo, uBarevaulday waphikisa ukuba iLemon i-emon echanyusiwe.

Emva -i-Kennedy v. Bremeton ngo-2022, iNkundla yacacisa ukuba uhlalutyo luka-Claus lufanele lukhokelwe yimisebenzi nemigaqo yembali, hayi uvavanyo lweLemon. Iinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ziye zayeka ukusebenzisa uvavanyo olukwimodeli yakudala, nangona ezinye ziqhubeka zikhankanya okanye iziphumo zalo ezilinganayo. Ngokwesiphumo, uvavanyo lweLemon lukho ngoku njengesiseko sembali kunemfundiso ebophayo, kodwa inkxaso lwalo lwalo lwenjongo, isiphumo somsebenzi, iziphumo zetyala ezininzi.

Uphando Lwabafundisi - ntsapho Namagcisa Asemthethweni

Ukuqonda uvavanyo lweLemon kusebalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwimibandela yecawa, njengokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kutshintsha. Izikolo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye neentlangano zonqulo kufuneka ziqhubeke zisebenzisa izithintelo zokuqala zoMnyuselo, kwaye imigaqo esisiseko esisekelwe kuvavanyo lweLemon iyaqhubeka ivela kwiimbono ezigqwethekileyo, kwiinkqubo zesikolo, kunye nokuqulunqa ulawulo. Abafundisi abaxhasa abafundi bamaqela, bavumele intetho yonqulo, okanye babandakanya iingxoxo zezifundo ngokholo kufuneka baqaphele ukuba intetho karhulumente kunye nentetho yangasese iphathweswa ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye ukumiswa kwemithetho yesikolo kuyaluthintela ucalucalulo.

Kulwazi olusebenzayo lweLemon Susition, ulwazi olusebenzayo lweLemon lunika isiseko sokuqonda indlela iNkundla ewazisingatha ngayo ezi ngxaki kangangamashumi amathathu eminyaka. Kwakhona lukwanceda ukuxela kwangaphambili indlela iinkundla ezinokulawula ngayo phantsi kwesiseko esitsha ngokubuza enoba umkhwa unezinjongo ezingezozahlabathi, enoba isiphumo sawo esiphambili siqhubela phambili kunqulo, nokuba ngaba lubangela ukuxinzeleka okugqithisileyo. Ngoxa uvavanyo lungasaqinile, iindidi zalo zezobunzululwazi zinika ilebhusayithi eluncedo ekuhloleni imigaqo-siseko yezenzo zikarhulumente.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi wesakhelo

Uvavanyo lweLemon luye lwanconywa ngokulungiselela isakhiwo kwaye lwagxekwa ngokuba lungoomatshini abaphezulu. Ukungathobeli kwalo kuntetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo akuthethi ukuba ukumiselwa kukaClaus okuphelisiweyo akuthethi ukuba iNkundla ibonise ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo nemithetho echasene norhulumente.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokuphuhliswa koMbutho ka-Claus, bona uluvo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-FLT:0] iCornell Legal Information I-cansion ye-Claus. Ucalucalulo olucacisiweyo lwamatyala athile lungafunyanwa kwi [ iNkundla ePhakamileyo kuMkhosi weNkuhlola [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [iintelton v.[[, [FLT], kunye nohlolo olubanzi lwembali lufumaneka kwingxelo yophando-mphindo lwecawase-intellive [[FLT]][FLT]]]. Ezi zinto zinika abafundi bezolwazi oluxabisekileyo ngenxa yengxoxo yomthetho, kunye nengculothothotho yomthetho yomthetho, neengxoxo yoburhulumente.