Imiphumo Eyintlupheko Yemithetho Encinane Yemali Ephathelele Uqoqosho Lwasekuhlaleni

Ingxoxo engaphaya kwemivuzo emincinane yemithetho iphakathi kwento engapheliyo nedibeneyo kwizoqoqosho. Kwinto nganye ethetha ukuba umgangatho ophezulu ohlawula iintsapho ziphume ebuhlweni, kukho itestam ebhaliweyo yokuba itshabalalisa imisebenzi yokungena kumgangatho ophezulu. Ukukhetha ngentetho yobugcisa kufuna ujongo olucacileyo kwindlela le mithetho edlalwa ngayo kwingingqi yokwenene .

Yiyiphi Imithetho Encinane Efumaneka Kwimali Encinane?

Imithetho ehlawulwayo ephantsi karhulumente yimigangatho ephantsi ngeyure yomsebenzi. Ifuna abaqeshi ukuba bahlawule abasebenzi abagqunyiweyo ubuncinane ngesantya esibalulweyo seyure. Imali yokuqala ehlawulwayo yangoku eUnited States yasekwa nguMthetho weMigangatho yeSebe weSebe ka1950, obeka umgangatho wesizwe we-$0.25 ngeyure. Namhlanje, umthetho karhulumente umisela ubuncinane bama-$7.25 ngeyure, kodwa amazwe angama-30 namashumi amathathu amadolobha aye anyusa isantya esiphezulu. Injongo engundoqo ihlala injalo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi opheleleyo unika umgangatho osisiseko wokuphila nokunciphisa ukungalingani komvuzo.

Le mithetho isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi. Udidi, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente bakamasipala ngamnye angabeka imigangatho yakhe, enesantya esiphezulu esiphakamileyo esande kuyo nayiphi na indawo enikiweyo. Oku kudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wolawulo oluncinane lwemivuzo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Umzekelo, xa iqondo lorhulumente lihlala lingu $7.25, umvuzo omncinci eSeattle, Washington, ufikelela ngaphezu kwee-R39 ngeyure kubasebenzi abathile. Ukuqonda iimeko zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni kuyafuneka ukuvavanya indlela ulwando oluncinane lomvuzo oluza kuchaphazela ngayo loo luntu.

Imbali Nemikhwa Yanamhlanje

Ixabiso lokwenene lomvuzo omncinane karhulumente liye lancipha kakhulu ukususela kwincopho yalo ngo-1968, xa lalilingana malunga ne-R22 ngeyure kwi-R2. Oku kukhukuliseka kuye kwanyusa intshukumo ezifana nokulwa u-R5, ezixhasa i-R1,000 engaphantsi kwe-oyile karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, izixeko ezininzi namazwe ziye zazama ukwanda okuqhubekayo, ngokufuthi zichaza ukwanda kwekamva ukunyuka kokuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwexesha elizayo. Utyekelo lokufumana umlinganiselo ophezulu wemibalwayo yehlabathi luye lwabangela ubutyebi bovavanyo lwendalo olufuna uphando

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo: Indlela Izambuku Ezincinane Eziyichaphazela Ngayo Ishishini Lemisebenzi

Ingcamango yezoqoqosho yamandulo iqikelela ukuba ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci kunciphisa umsebenzi. Kwimakethe yokukhuphisana ngokugqibeleleyo, ixabiso elingaphezulu kwemali ehlawulwayo likhokelela kwintabalala yomsebenzi . Oko kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi bafuna imisebenzi kunokuba abaqeshi bakulungele ukuyiqesha. Noko ke, uqoqosho lwangoku luyavuma ukuba iimarike zengqesho zeli hlabathi zokoqobo azikhuphisani ngokupheleleyo. Abaqeshi banokuba namandla okuthengisa ngemivuzo, ingakumbi kushishino oluphezulu okanye kushishino oluncinane lwengqesho. Kuloo mbono, unyuko oluncinane lwemali ekufuneka inyusa umsebenzi ngokunyanzela amaziko ukuba ahlawule umvuzo wokhuphiswano, kunciphisa amandla abo okusebenzisa amandla ombane.

Le modeli ingundoqo ekuthethelelwa ngayo intloko yokwenziwa kwemivuzo encinci. Icebisa ukuba iziphumo zomsebenzi azicacanga kwaye zixhomekeke kumongo. Umbuzo osisigxina uba ngowokuba: ekuqheliseni, ukuba kungakanani ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi (ukuba nabani na) okunxulumene nenzuzo ehlawulwayo yabasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi? Uphando olukhulayo lubonisa ukuba unyuko oluphakathi luncinane olungenaziphumo ezingalunganga, lo gama ukutsiba okukhulu okanye ukutsiba ngequbukhali kunokubangela ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi. Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuhlala kwindawo ethile, ixabiso lokuhlala, ukuvalwa kwemali, ukuvaleka kwemikhono.

Imiphumo Efanelekileyo Yokwanda Kwemali Encinane

Xa umvuzo usonyuka, owona mphumo uthe ngqo kukunyuka kwengeniso yabasebenzi abahlawulwa kakuhle. Ezo erandi zongezelelekileyo zidla ngokuchithwa ngokukhawuleza, zijikeleza kwizoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni kwaye zivelisa isiphumo sokwandisa. Ngasezantsi zizona nzuzo zibhaliweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemali Nabantu Abaninzi Kwaye Kunegalelo Lasekuhlaleni

Abasebenzi abasebenza okanye abafumana umvuzo omncinane banotyekelo oluphezulu olufuna ukuchithwa. Bachitha uninzi lwengeniso yabo eyongezelelekileyo kwimpahla nakwiinkonzo zasekuhlaleni", iirente, ukunyamekela abantwana, ezothutho, nokutyela ngaphandle. Oku kuchitha ingeniso kumashishini asekuhlaleni, enokuthi ngoko iqeshe abasebenzi abangakumbi okanye ingeniso ekwandiseni. Isifundo se- iFederal Bank of Chicago ifumene ukuba kumda apho elinye ilizwe linyusa umvuzo ophantsi, ishishini lentengiso kunye nemisebenzi yokutya kwilizwe elisentla. Ngokufanayo, uphando olungephindiweyo lwabonisa ukuba abasebenzi bevenkile ewe, kwaye behlawulwa, behlawulwa umlinganiselo weeyure, uhlalo lwemali.

Imali ehlawulwayo

Ingeniso ephezulu yomvuzo womsebenzi, enciphisa ukuyeka ngokuzithandela. Abaqeshi abaninzi, ingakumbi kuthengiso nakububele, babiza imali eninzi. Ukuhamba ngako konke kufuna ukubhaliswa, ukuboniswa, nokuqeqeshwa, ngokufuthi kubiza 15% ukuya ku-20% womvuzo womqeshwa womqeshwa womsebenzi. Ngokunyusa imivuzo, iifemu zingagcina abasebenzi abanamava ixesha elide, okuphucula inkonzo kunye noncedo lwabathengi. Oku kungabangela ukuba ufundo kwixabiso eliphezulu lexabiso loluntu [ Journal ye-Implate yemali ekhoyo elishumi kwimivuzo encinane ekhokelela kunyukelelwa kwi-1,5% yabasebenzi abangaphantsi.

Ukuncitshiswa Kwendlala Nokhuseleko

Ulwando oluncinane lwemivuzo luyisixhobo esijoliswe kuso sokulwa nobuhlwempu. Nangona abanikazi abaninzi abafumana umvuzo omncinci bengekho kwiintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo (ngokufuthi bangabakwishumi elivisayo okanye abanikazi abafumana imali esemva), ukwabelana okuninzi ngabantu abadala kuxhasa iintsapho. [[FLT: 0]] I-ofisi yoHlango yoMmandla woLawulo oluBanzi [[ ithelekelelwa ukuba ukunyusa intlawulo oluncinane lwaseburhulumenteni ukuya ku-R350 000 (R379 000) izakunyusa abantu abasuka kubuhlwempuzelo. Kwanolwando oluthelekisa ukuncitshiswa kwemiqatha yeenkqubo zoncedo olufana ne-SNAP ne-Medicaid, kulondolo lwerhafu. KwiSan Francisco kunye neChicago, abaphandi baphawula ukuncitshiswa kwemali ehlweni kwiminyaka elandelayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ulingelo Oluncinane Lwemali ESeattle

Ulwando lweseattle lwenze unyuko lwemali eyi R2,50 ngeyure, ekwenziwe ngo-2014, luye lwafundwa kakhulu. Uphando lwangaphambili luye lwafundwa ngu lwaseWashington[ lufumanise ukuba emva konyuko lokuqala lwemali esukela ku-$9.47, umndilili wemali ehhhala ngeyure, kodwa iiyure ezisebenzayo zancipha kancinci, nto leyo ikhokelela kwingeniso encinane yabasebenzi abathile. Kodwa kamva uhlahlolo lufumanise ukuba ngexesha elipheleleyo icandelo le-R1,5-R3, ingeniso epheleleyo yabasebenzi abaphantsi yanda, kwaye umsebenzi kwicandelo lokutyela uhlalo. Isitshixo sathatha ukuba ukuvelisa okuthelekelelwayo kulungele ukuhlenga, ukuhliswa kwemali ehlawulwayo.

Iziphumo Ezimbi Zokwanda Okuncinane Kwemali

Abahlalutyi bathi oku kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bokwanda nokukhawuleza koshishino, ushishino kunye nempilo yezoqoqosho yasekuhlaleni.

Izicombululo zomsebenzi kunye nozinzo

Inkxalabo ephambili kukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi. Xa iindleko zomsebenzi zinyuka, abaqeshi banganciphisa umlinganiselo wabasebenzi okanye iiyure, okanye basenokufak ’ isandla kubugcisa bokunyusa umsebenzi. Umzekelo, amanye amatyatyathanga akhawulezayo azise imivuzo ye-iocess njengempendulo kwimivuzo ephezulu. I-meta -analysis ngabasebenzi bezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, i-Irvine, ifumanise ukuba umlinganiselo wokunwebeka kumalunga no-0, okuthetha ukuba ukwanda kweshumi% kwimivuzo ehlawulwayo ngomvuzo oluncinci ngo-1%. Iziphumo zibhengezwa kakhulu ngabakwishumi elivisayo nangabasebenzi abangafundanga. KwisiXholo lwaseNew York City, ezinye iivenkile ezithelekisa iibhasi kunye nokunciphisa ummiselo emva komvuzo

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye neziphumo zokuzalisa

Amashishini adla ngokugqithisa amaxabiso aphezulu asetyenziswa ngabathengi. Oku kungafak ’ isandla ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso exabiso lasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kumacandelo enkonzo njengokutya nendawo yokuhlala. EChicago, uphando lweYunivesithi yaseChicago lwafumanisa ukuba amaxabiso evenkileni anyuka malunga no 0.3% ngonyuko ngalunye lwe-1% kwintlawulo encinane. Nangona isibetho sexabiso esincinane silawuleka, esikhulu okanye siphindaphindwayo singenza amandla okwenene okuthenga kwabasebenzi kanye inkqubo imele incede, ingakumbi ukuba umlinganiselo wemali ongaphantsi awukho ekunciphelweni kwemali.

Impembelelo kwiishishini ezincinane nakubuntu boluntu

Amashishini asekuhlaleni adla ngokusebenza kwimida emincinane. Ukuhamba ngequbuliso ehlawulwayo kungawanyanzelisa ukuba avale, anciphise iinguqu zentengiso nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. E-Oakland, eKhalifoniya, uphando oluye lwenziwa yiZiko lophando ngemisebenzi yempangelo neMsebenzi lufumanisemgangathweni wesixeko siphela, emva konyuko oluncinane, amashishini enkonzo aphantsi kwingingqi efunyenweyo ephantsi kwengeniso asengozini yokusondela kumashishini alinganayo kwizixeko ezikufutshane. Oku kungakhubaza iipaseko-phandle zentengiso, kunciphise imisebenzi esetyenziswa abahlali bengenazo imoto okanye abasebenzi abakwazi ukufikelela kwizithuthi.

Isifundo Setyala: Ingxowa ekhawulezayo yokutya yaseNew York

Isigqibo sika-2016 se-Cornell University safumanisa ukuba abasebenzi abasebenza ngokufuthi besokutya bafumana ingxubusho enzulu. Ugcino-lwazi lwangaphambili olusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya, iBerkeley lwabonisa ukuba umvuzo unyuke kakhulu, kwaye umsebenzi ukhula kwicandelo elinxulumene nezinye iindawo. Noko ke, uphando olulandelayo oluvela kwiCornell University lwafumanisa ukuba abanini bathoba iiyure zonke kwaye bathathela abasebenzi abambalwa, abasebenza kakhulu. Isiphumo semali yonke ehlawulwayo sasilungile, kodwa ezinye iisikhundla zomgangatho wokungena kwisebe lazivelela, kwathi xengenzima kubakwishumi elivisayo abangenamava okufumana umsebenzi wokuqala.

Ukulungelelanisa Imiphumo: Yintoni Egqiba Ukuba Irhonya Elincinane Liyasebenza?

Impumelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo ixhomekeke kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni kunye neenkcukacha zokuzalisekisa. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele izinto eziliqela ukucutha umonakalo kunye neingenelo eziphezulu.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho nobuchule borhwebo

Kwizoqoqosho ezichumayo nezingaqeshwanga kakhulu, amashishini ayakwazi ukuzuza unyuko lwemivuzo kuba sele ekhuphisana ngomsebenzi onqabileyo. Kukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ulwando olufanayo lungaphelelwa. Unyuko lomvuzo ophantsi wonyaka wama-2019 lwenzeka ngexesha lolwando olunamandla, kwaye iziphumo zemisebenzi zazingenamsebenzi. Ngokuphikisana noko, unyuko lwemali ye-Puerto Rico oluncinane lwase 2016 lwanegalelo kwintsebenziswano enzima yengqesho ngenxa yokuba esi siqithi sasisele sisekwingxaki yezoqoqosho.

Iindleko Zokuguquguquka Kweemeko Zejiyografi

I-R1,50 engaphantsi komvuzo eMississippi esemaphandleni ibotshelelwa kakhulu kunaseSan Francisco, apho ii-R15 zingaphantsi komvuzo ophilayo. Imimandla enamaxabiso aphezulu ifuna umlinganiselo ophezulu wokubonelela ngomgangatho osisiseko wokuphila, kodwa ikwaneemarike ezibhetyebhetye-the ngakumbi kunye nemveliso ephezulu. I-i-interstar encinane ehlawulwayo kwixabiso lasekuhlaleni lokuphila i-indicciader iyinto exhaphakileyo. Ezinye izixeko, ezinjengeMinneapolis, zithathe imigangatho ehlawulwa yi-oyile elungele ukunyuka kokwanda kwemijini.

Iinkalo ezizizo zoshishino

Amaqela awahlukeneyo asabela ngokwahlukileyo. Icandelo lemveliso linokufumana intlawulo engakumbi ngokufumana imveliso, ngoxa izibhengezo kunye nolwamkelo lujongene nemigangatho eqinileyo. Amanye amaqela, anjengendlela yokunyamekela impilo yasekhaya kunye neyokunyamekela abantwana, axhomekeke kakhulu kwimali yokuhlawula yoluntu; ukuba loo mashishini anokunyuka ngentlawulo encinane, abanikezeli-mali abanokuphuma kwezoshishino okanye abasebenzi abambalwa. Abaphathi-mthetho mabaqwalasele ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, banikele irhafunxa-mali okanye iityala zerhafu zikawonke-wonke-wonke kungakumbi abaqeshinaba abambalwa.

Enye Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Neyokuxhasa

Umlinganiselo womvuzo usebenza kakuhle xa udityaniswe nezinye izixhobo ezicombulula ukungalingani kwemisebenzi.

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana irhafu

Urhulumente kunye norhulumente omninzi we-EITC wongeza ingeniso yabasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi ngaphandle kokunyusa iindleko zabaqeshi. Ngokungafaniyo nomvuzo omncinci, i-EITC ayivelisi iziphumo zokuphelelwa komsebenzi. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ukudityaniswa komvuzo ophakathi kunye neEITC enobubele kuphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu kunayo nayiphi na inkqubo iyodwa. Umzekelo, iWashington DC. idibanisa ingeniso yayo encinane engu-R42,7 nge-EITC efumaneka kwindawo ethile.

Ingeniso esisiseko kunye nokuthuthwa kwemali

Ezinye izazi ngezoqoqosho zixhasa ukufuduselwa ngqo kwemali njengenye indlela ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi kumvuzo omncinci. Ingeniso esisiseko (I) inika bonke abemi ingeniso kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo ephezulu yomsebenzi, ukuphepha umsebenzi-okanye ngokupheleleyo. Ngoxa i-UBI isaqhubeka ivavanywa, iimvavanyo ezincinane zemali eStockton, eKhalifoniya, kunye neFinland ibonisa iziphumo eziluncedo kwintlalo entle kwaye akukho mpembelelo embi emsebenzini.

Isiphelo: Isixhobo Esineengcebiso

Imithetho ehlawulwayo encinane ayisosixhobo sokuxhathisa. Iziphumo zayo zihamba ngokusuka kuqoqosho lwengingqi yongingqi ngendlela exhomekeke kubungakanani bokwanda, isantya sokusebenza, impilo yeshishini, kunye nokudityaniswa kwemizi - mveliso. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukunyuka okulinganiselweyo, intlawulo encinane ehlawulwayo kusenokunyusa imigangatho ephilayo nokunyusa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi ethile. Kodwa ukutsiba ngogonyamelo, ingakumbi kumazwe abuthathaka okanye amacandelo abuthathaka, kungangqubana ngokunciphisa umsebenzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, nokubeka engozini kanye amashishini akwindawo yokumisa i-ankile. Indlela ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa ingeniso elungelelanisa ii-endleko zorhwebo zoomatilo-omatilo-o abasebenzi abasebenza kuzo zombini.