Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States asiyonto nje evulwayo ngokwesithethe. Sisibhengezo senjongo edityanisiweyo, isibhengezo senjongo edityanisiweyo, kunye nesixhobo sentanda-bulumko ekwakhelwa kuso ulawulo lwamaMelika. Iinjongo zaso ezintandathu ezidweliswe kuso `$_ukubekwa, ubulungisa, ukuphumla, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko ("ikhethekeke kakhulu kungekuphela nje oko urhulumente alindeleke ukuba akwenze kodwa kwanoko abantu bamele bakuxhase. Ukuqonda iSihlomelo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamalungelo oluntu kunye neembopheleleko.

Isiqalo Sencwadi Yobomi Besityalo

I-Gaddy yaziswa ngo1787 kwaye yasebenza ngo-1789, umGaqo-siseko wathatha indawo yamaGatya abuthathaka. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba uludwe lwamandla karhulumente alunakukhuthaza umanyano okanye ukuthemba. Babefuna ingxelo yamaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Isiqalo, esibhalwe nguGouverneur Morris, siqala ngecandelo elinamandla " Yithi Abantu ibinzana elithi ngabom ligxininise ukuba igunya likarhulumente omtsha lisuka kubemi, hayi kumazwe okanye kukumkani. Oku kwakukukushiya okunamandla ukusuka kwinkqubo yexeshana eYurophu.

Ngokubeka abantu esizikithini, iPregegry imisa isivumelwano soluntu: abemi banika urhulumente igunya, kwaye ngokubuya, urhulumente unyanzelekile ukuba aphishekele okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Le sivumelwano sisekelwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo nakuwo wonke umsebenzi ocaciswe kumanqaku alandelayo omGaqo-siseko. ISihlomelo asiwaniki ngokwaso amalungelo, kodwa sinika isiseko sokuziphatha sokutolika nokusebenzisa loo malungelo.

Umseki: Thina Bantu SinguMongami

Ibinzana lokuqala lakhethwa ngocoselelo. KwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko, idrafti yokuqala yaqala ngamagama karhulumente. Inguqulelo yokugqibela, " Thina Bantu baseUnited States," siphawulo ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawulumanyano lohlanga lonke, hayi isivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo. Oku kwaneziphumo ezinzulu zokuba ngummi: abantu babengabalandeli belizwe elinye, kwaye babenyanisekile kumanyano lwawo.

James Madison, ebhala ku [[Fot:0] ULuhlu loManyano No. 46, waphawula ukuba urhulumente wengingqi uza kusebenza ngqo kubemi, hayi kumazwe. Ngalo ndlela iPregegry ifanekisela urhulumente ofikelela abantu ngabanye [1] kodwa lowo ufuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwabo ngokukhutheleyo ekusebenzeni. Lo ngumsebenzi wokuqala wezentlalo-ntle: ukuqaphela ukuba ulawulo luhlala ebantwini, kwaye loo rhulumente kufuneka aphenduliswe.

Usukelo Oluntandathu: Amalungelo Achaseneyo Neembopheleleko

Isiseko ngasinye kwezi mthandathu ezichazwe kwiPregedge sibangela umsebenzi ohambelanayo kubemi. Isicwangciso sisenokunceda kufanekiseke olu lungelelwano:

Goal Government Obligation Citizen Responsibility
Form a more perfect union Strengthen national cohesion, resolve conflicts peacefully Participate in civic dialogue, respect diverse perspectives, reject factionalism
Establish justice Enforce laws fairly, maintain independent courts Obey laws, serve on juries, support equitable legal reform
Insure domestic tranquility Prevent internal disorder, maintain peace in communities Follow civil norms, report crime, resolve disputes without violence
Provide for the common defense Maintain armed forces, protect borders Pay taxes for defense, consider military or civilian service, support veterans
Promote the general welfare Create conditions for economic and social well-being Pay taxes, contribute to community, advocate for public goods
Secure the blessings of liberty Protect constitutional freedoms against infringement Exercise rights responsibly, defend the rights of others, oppose tyranny

Le misebenzi ingundoqo kuluntu lwaseMerika. Amalungelo awanikwa ngurhulumente; akhuselwa kukuvuma kwabantu ukuthwala iimbopheleleko.

Imbali: Impembelelo Yenqanaba Lokuqalisa Ngamalungelo Nemisebenzi

Isiqalo sichaziwe kumatyala embali yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, nangona kungafane kube ngumthombo othe ngqo wamalungelo. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yaphawula kwi Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) ukuba iziphelo zomGaqo-siseko (njengoko kuchazwe kwisiqalo) kufuneka zazise iNgqungquthela ethethayo. Lo mgaqo-siseko (ukuthi uqala ukhankanye umba umba wegunya lesizwe).

Ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwemithetho, ulwimi loMphathiswa weSizwe nenkululeko lwacelwa ngabalwenzi bezomthetho yaye kamva ngabameli bamalungelo abantu. Isiqinisekiso soMphetho-mthetho we-145 singabonwa njengolwandiso lokuzinikela koMthetho weSizwe kubulungisa kubo bonke. Ngokufanayo, iNew Deal (ixesha le-"gastal interal greement" irekhodie esetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwentlalo, ukusuka kwi-Social Security ukuya eMedicare.

Ukusuka Kumbhalo Ukuya Kwinyathelo: Indlela Iimbopheleleko Zanamhlanje Eziphenjelelwa Ngayo Kulo Isiqalo

Isiqalo asidwelisi imisebenzi ethile .indima yemimiselo kunye nesiqu esingundoqo somGaqo-siseko. Kodwa imigaqo yayo ikhokela ukuziphatha kwabemi kunye namagosa. Umzekelo, " sesikweni okumiselweyo" ithetha imbopheleleko yokuphepha ucalucalulo nokuxhasa inkqubo esemthethweni ephatha wonke umntu ngokulinganayo. " Ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya" kucebisa ukuba abemi bafanele baluyeke izenzo ezibangela isiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-nxaxheba kwaye basebenze ukuphendula iinjongo ezingcambu zongqubano, ezifana nobuhlweni kunye nokungalinganiyo.

Imibutho yanamhlanje yokulawula intlalo-ntle, ukukhusela indalo, kunye namalungelo okuvota isoloko ikhankanya isiqalo somthetho wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Xa abaxhasi befuna ukuba urhulumente "azise intlalo-ntle jikelele" abhenele kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko. IPregear iba sisixhobo sokugcina urhulumente emele aphendule kwisithembiso sakhe sokusekwa.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwamalungelo Abantu: Oko Kukutshoyo

Nangona iNgxelo ingawaniki ngokuphandle amalungelo, yenza ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo anokuchuma. Inkululeko yokuGawula Yokuqala yokuthetha, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano, kunye nesibongozo ifumana ilungelo kumbono womntu ozinikelayo. Ngaphandle kokuzinikela kwinkululeko, loo nkululeko ayinakusekelwe.

"Izibonelelo zenkululeko" ichazwe kabanzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, kwi Kent v. Dulles (1958), icaphula isiqalo sokuxhasa ilungelo lokuya kwelinye ilizwe njengenkalo yenkululeko. Kutshanje, isiqalo sibhekiswe kwiingxoxo mayelana namalungelo obuqu, inkululeko yamanani, nemida yokuhlola kukarhulumente. Ukuqonda iPregnition kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba amalungelo abo akalodwa kodwa akayo nxalenye yomanyano olubanzi lwentlalo.

Amalungelo Anemida: Imbopheleleko Yokuzilolonga

Isiqalo esifanayo esikhusela inkululeko sikwabonisa ukuba inkululeko ayinakuphelela. IJaji uOver Wendell Holmes yabhala ngodumo ukuba uMphengululo wokuqala awumkhuseli umntu ekukhwazeni ngobuxoki "umlilo" kwiholo yemidlalo ezele abantu. Injongo yePregagery yokuthomalalisa ifuna ukuba amalungelo alungelelaniswe kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Le yingcamango esisiseko karhulumente olinganiselweyo: akukho lungelo lipheleleyo kangangokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kungatshabalalisa iimeko zebutho elikhululekileyo.

Abami banembopheleleko yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngeendlela ezingawathobeliyo amalungelo abanye okanye ukumanyana kwebutho labantu. Oku kuquka ukugatya intetho yentiyo ekhuthaza ugonyamelo, ukuqhankqalaza ngoxolo, nokuhlonela umthetho naxa imithetho ingathandwa. Umbono wesiqalo somanyano olugqibeleleyo "olugqibeleleyo" ukhuthaza ubumi obukhutheleyo", hayi ukungalawuleki.

Isiqalo Semfundo Yasebuntwini Nakubomi Bamihla Le

INgxelo yenye yeendinyana ezicatshulwa rhoqo kwizikolo zaseMerika. Ivela kwimibhiyozo yemvelo, kwiinkundla zenkundla, nakwizintshumayelo zezobupolitika. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo kusoloko kungaqondakali. Ukuqondwa ngokunzulu kosukelo lwayo oluthandathu kunokuguqula imfundo yezentlalo ekucengcelezeni imenze isikhokelo sezenzo zemihla ngemihla.

Ukufundisa Isiqalo Njengencwadi Ephilayo

Abafundisi- ntsapho basebenzisa igalelo elikhulayo ukufundisa ukugxeka amalungelo nemisebenzi. Umzekelo, abafundi bangaqwalasela iziganeko zangoku ngelens yesiphumo ngasinye: Ingaba umthetho ocetyisiweyo unokuba "umthetho wokumisela okusesikweni"? Ingaba ukukhalaza "ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya"? Inkqubo yerhafu ithini "ukwenza uluntu lube nentlalo-ntle"? Imibuzo enjalo idibanisa uxwebhu lokusungula ingxoxo yale mihla.

Amaqumrhu anjenge Ugcino-lwazi lohlanga lunika ubuncwane bokuhlola umongo wembali. Ngokufanayo, iZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ linika izixhobo ezincedisayo ezinceda abemi bamazwe ukuba baqonde indlela iPreggeria enxulumene ngayo namatyala athile omgaqo-siseko. Ezi zixhobo ziluncedo kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuhamba ngaphaya kobumi obungekho mthethweni.

Izithethe Zepic Zomhla Nemihla Ziphefumlelwe Yintshayelelo

  • I- Ukuphakamisa kunyulo ngalunye, lwengingqi nolwendawo. Isibizo seFregegery soku "senza umanyano olugqibeleleyo" sifuna abemi ukuba bakhethe iinkokeli eziza kuqhubela phambili okusesikweni nentlalo-ntle jikelele.
  • Hlala usazi ngemiba kawonke-wonke. Unyulo olunolwazi lubalulekile ukwenzela "ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele" funda imithombo emininzi yeendaba, uqinisekisa izibakala, kwaye ubandakanyeke ngeembono ezingafaniyo.
  • Ipali yenkonzo yoluntu. Enoba ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela kwibhanki yokutya, ngokukhonza kwibhodi ekufuphi, okanye ngokucebisa ulutsha, izenzo ezinjalo zifak ’ isandla kuxolo lwasekhaya nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] thobela umthetho. Uthobela imithetho, uhlawule irhafu, kwaye ukhonze kumaqumrhu ejaji xa ibiziwe. Oku kuphakamisa i-"Session Justice" kunye "isiqinisekiso soxolo lwasekhaya" usukelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amalungelo abanye. Thetha ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kunye nokungabikho kobulungisa. Izixhobo zenkululeko" zikhuselekile kuphela xa bonke abemi bezinandiphe ngokulinganayo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kokuxhokonxwa Kwesi Sihloko

Akukho xwebhu lugqibeleleyo, kwaye iNgcaso yenziwa i-critique. Ibinzana elithi " Thina bantu ekuqaleni siwakhuphe amabhinqa, ama-Afrika, amakhoboka, kunye namaMelika amantsundu, phakathi kwezinye. Ulalanisa komGaqo-siseko kubukhoboka kwahluke kakhulu kulwimi oluphakamileyo lwesiko nenkululeko. Olu xinezelelo luye lwabangela iinkulungwane zokulwa ukuqonda iinjongo zomdla wobukhoboka bonke abantu baseMelika.

Kodwa iPregary yendalo enqwenelekayo ikuvumela ukuba ibe luxwebhu oluphilayo. IziHlaliso zeshumi elinesihlanu, leshumi elinesithoba, kunye nezingamashumi amabini aneshumi elinesibini neziphene zandisa ulwando lwawo lwawo lwawo lwawandisa kulawo aye akhutshelwa ngaphandle. UMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka1964 kunye noMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 wawuzama ukwenza isithembiso sikaPregadge sibe yinto yokwenene. Ukulwela amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho kuyaqhubeka umsebenzi wokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo.

Ukuchasa "Iziko Eliqhelekileyo" Claus

Ibinzana " lichaza intlalo-ntle jikelele" ibingundoqo ekuxambuliseni ngobukhulu kunye nobungakanani borhulumente. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ivumela ukwenza umsebenzi obanzi karhulumente, kuquka iinkqubo zentlalo. Abanye banyanzelisa ukuba ifundwe ngokunqamlezileyo, ilinganiselweyo kumagunya adwelisweyo. Le ngxoxo ayiyomfundo nje kuphela; ibumba inkqubo kwinkcubeko yempilo, imfundo, izibonelelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Abahlali abayiqondayo le nxubusho banokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwezi ngxoxo. Banokuqwalasela iimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini: ngaba inkqubo ecetyiweyo ikhuthaza impilo - ntle yabo bonke abantu, okanye ngaba inceda iqela elithile ngokulahlekelwa ngabanye? IPreggery ayinikezi mpendulo lula, kodwa imisela iimbono zencoko.

Ukudibanisa Isiqalo Seqela Lale Mibibi

Imibutho yasekuhlaleni idla ngokucela isiqalo sokulawula iimfuno zayo. Ngokomzekelo, umbutho wobulungisa bemozulu, uphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela imekobume kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni intlalo-ntle jikelele nasekukhuseleni iintsikelelo zenkululeko kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ngokufanayo, abaxhasi botshintsho lobulungisa bezobulungisa babalaselisa ukungalingani kwendlela esetyenziswayo ekunyanzeleni okusesikweni, ekugwebeni nasekubotshweni okungawuboni kakuhle umbono wesidlangalalelo. Imigudu yabo izama ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwembali okuye kwashiya abantu abaninzi bengalufumani ulwamkelo "lokufumana inkululeko eninzi."

Imibutho yamalungelo evota, enjenge Brennan Center yeJaji , shwankathela isiqalo sokuphikisa ukuba idemokhrasi kufuneka isuse imiqobo kwibhokisi yebhola yokuvota. Isenzo sokuvota ngokwaso sizalisekisa umsebenzi wokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-evernance/a umsebenzi ochazwa nguPregniing xa ichaza ukuba igunya lisuka kubantu.

Impembelelo Yehlabathi Lonke Yentshayelelo

Ifomu-ey--"intetho yeenjongo ezilandelwa luludwe lweenjongo" kwaye yaphembelela ezinye imigaqo-siseko emininzi. Iintlanga ukusuka e-Indiya ukuya eJamani ziye zamkela isiqalo esichaza imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye neenjongo zabantu bazo. Le ngxelo yehlabathi lonke ibalaselisa amandla ahlalayo olwimi neengcamango zomGcamzeli.

Abemi baseUnited States banokuqhayisa ngala mafa, kodwa kwakhona bayaqonda ukuba isiqalo asiyonto efihlakeleyo. Kulucelomngeni kwisizukulwana ngasinye ukuchaza imigaqo yaso ngokubhekiselele kwiinyaniso zangoku. Oku kuchazwa ngokutsha kuyinto enyanzelisayo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo: Ukuzimanyanisa Nesiqalo Sobomi Besitya

Ukuchaza iinjongo zomdlalo wobomi bemihla ngemihla akufuni sidanga somthetho.

  • Funda iNgxelo rhoqo. Ukuyikhankanya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, kwiintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, okanye nakwisidlo sangokuhlwa sentsapho kungaqinisa amaxabiso ayo.
  • Sebenzisa isiqalo njengesakhelo sokwenza isigqibo. Xa uvavanya umlandeli okanye inkqubo, buza: Ingaba oku kuphakamisa okusesikweni? Ingaba kukhulisa uxolo lwasekhaya? Ingaba ikhusela inkululeko kubo bonke?
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqalisa kwintetho yamakhaya. Isibizo sesiqalo sokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo sithetha ukuba ukungavumelani kusenokuba nemveliso. Phulaphula iimbono eziphikisanayo, phikisana ngentlonelo, kwaye funa izinto ezidibeneyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfundo yoluntu. Zivolontiye ukufundisa isiqalo sezikolo, kumathala eencwadi, okanye kumaziko oluntu. Amaqumrhu anjenge esiphakathini se-CPICOP Education inikezela ngezifundo ezenza imigaqo yesiseko ifikeleleke kuzo zonke izizukulwana.
  • urhulumente abeke ityala. Isaziso asingobemi kuphela. Amagosa kunye nabakhonzi bakawonke-wonke nabo babotshelelwe ziinjongo zabo. Bhala kubameli, bangene kumatyala kawonke-wonke, kwaye basebenzise izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezifana nenkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi ukuqinisekisa izenzo zikarhulumente ngokuhambelana nezithembiso zePregedge.

Isiphelo: Isahlolo njengobizo oluqhubekayo

Isiqalo asiyonkcazelo engokwembali. Lidinga eliphilayo lokuba isizukulwana ngasinye simele sihlaziyeke. Usukelo lwaso lungafezeki; lufuna ukuba ummi ngamnye abe nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo., asebenze kwimiba yejaji, ahlawule irhafu, ahlonele amalungelo abanye, kwaye ukuba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi kawonke wonke asiyondlela yokuzibophelela.

Xa amaMerika eqonda isiqalo sokuqalisa njengasiseko samalungelo oluntu neembopheleleko, baba ngangaphezulu kunabaphathi bomthetho abangasebenziyo. Baba ngabenzi bomanyano olufezekileyo. Amagama ePreggeery ($" thina bantu"[[FLT]]] ``````asisimenywa singesosisulu sokuthatyathwa mbombo', sisimemo. Uxanduva lokuphendula ukuba isimemo silele wonke ummi othanda inkululeko nokusesikweni kubo bonke.