Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States singaphezulu kakhulu kunenkcazelo nje yokuqalisa kuxwebhu olusemthethweni. Simi njengomqondiso wesiseko wekratshi lesizwe nokwaziwa kwalo, isibhengezo esifutshane kodwa esinzulu samaxabiso kunye neminqweno echaza uvavanyo oluchazayo lwamaMelika lokuzilawula ngokwawo. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, amazwi alo aye acetywa ngamazwi abantwana besikolo, akhutshwa ziinkokeli, kwaye akhankanywe kwiimbono zezomthetho, esebenza njengovavanyo loko kuthethwa kukuba yiMelika. Amandla awo angekhona kumthetho onyanzeleka kodwa kumbono ofanayo ongowodwa oqhubeka ekhuthaza kwaye evavanya uluphisa uhlanga ukuba luphile ngokweenjongo zalo eziphezulu.

Imvelaphi Yembali

I-Pregedugery yaqanjwa ngexesha leNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko ka-1787, ixesha lengxoxo enkulu ngokwakhiwa nenjongo karhulumente omtsha. Idrafti yantlandlolo, engeniswe yiKomiti Yendlela ekhokelwa nguGouverneur Morris, yayiliceba elinobuchule leprosetho yezobupolitika. UMorris wadibanisa amabhongo adibekileyo abasebenzi besakhiwo esinye, isigwebo esibambeneyo sobuchule obuqhelekileyo kuxwebhu olusemthethweni. Udweliso lwangaphambili lwalungacetyelelwanga ukunika gunya elingunobugocigoci obulandelayo, kodwa lubalwa kumanqaku alandela [[FLT:] [FLT] emva komGaqo-siseko. Yaphendula umbuzo owawubangele ukuba uhlanga olutsha lungene ukususela kwiNguqulelo?

Ibinzana " Thina bantu ngokwaso sasilukhetho lotshintsho. Iidrafti zangaphambili zazidwelise ulawulo ngalunye ngegama, zibonakalisa iingcebiso zeNtloko zeqela lamazwe azimeleyo. Ngokutshintsha "Thina Thuma," Morris wasusa umthombo wokumiselwa ngokwasemthethweni kubemi ngokwabo. Olu lwimi lwesandla lwaqinisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba igunya likarhulumente liphumele kwimvume yokulawulwa. Ngaphezu koko, ladala ingqiqo ekhawulezileyo yokuzichaza ngokweqela, ibopha abami abadibethsi-3, bathetha into enye yesizwe. Ithala leencwadi le komiti linikela ububanzi [FLT.[FL.2] [FFFON] [3] kwimbali yembali yendaleko]

"Thina bantu" – Ikhoriti Yochazo Lwedemokhrasi

Ngokunokwenzeka amagama amathathu okuvula eSihloko ayaziwa kakhulu kwimbali yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Bathi umGaqo-siseko (* kunye norhulumente owenzeyo) ufumana igunya lawo kubemi, hayi kukumkani, hayi udidi olunelungelo, kwaye hayi ingqokelela yamazwe. Lo mgaqo wawungowona uphambili ngo1787 kwaye uhlala ubalulekile namhlanje. Ibinzana elithi "Thiwethu" litolikiwe kwaye licaciswe ixesha, lanwenwa ukusuka kumda walo wantlalo kubemi bamadoda abaphethe izinto zawo, ukuze liququle bonke abantu baseMerika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba balubala, ubufana, okanye isivumo sokholo. Umzabalalo unyanzelo opheleleyo uqhutywe phantse phantse umbutho wonke ophambili wezentlalo eMerika.

Ukusetyenziswa kwengcaciso kugxininisa ukuba uhlanga luyindalo ngabom. Abantu abangophantsi korhulumente; ngababhali balo. Le ngcamango iqinisa imvakalelo yobunikazi kunye noxanduva phakathi kwabemi. Xa abantu becengceleza ifetimbili, abathathi nje ngokucaphula umbhalo ```a'' abachazi indima yabo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yolawulo lwabo. UMgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika umonakalo wesidlalelo [[[FLT:]] odityaniswe noxanduva lwentsingiselo yePreggzigzis nomongo wembali.

Iinjongo Ezithandathu ZomGaqo-siseko

Emva kwesibhengezo sokuqala, isiqalo sidwelisa iinjongo ezintandathu ezahlukileyo umGaqo-siseko ocelelwe ukufikelela kuzo. Nganye ibonisa inkxalabo ecacileyo yabafaki-zixhobo kwaye iyaqhubeka ibumba intetho yezopolitiko yaseMerika.

Yenza Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Injongo yokuqala ibhekisa kubuthathaka obukhawulezileyo beManqaku eNkqutyana, ebangele uxolelwaniso olukhululekileyo lwamazwe atyekele kwimfazwe yangaphakathi kwaye engakwazi ukusebenza njengeqela. "Okuninzi kugqibelele" libinzana elibonisayo; abalathayo abathanga bathe umGaqo-siseko baza kudala umanyano olungenasiphako, kodwa kunoko baza kuphucula kwilungiselelo eliphoxekileyo elandulelayo. Eli nqaku ligxininisa ingcamango yokuba uhlanga lungumsebenzi oqhubekayo, usoloko uzabalazela umanyano olungcono nentsebenziswano.

Ukumisela Okusesikweni

Isibongozo sokuya "Ubulungisa obumiselweyo" sabonisa ukunganeliseki okunzulu ngemeko yemicimbi yomthetho phantsi kwamanqaku. Abagwebi bafuna ukuba ijaji yephondo ekwaziyo ukucombulula iimbambano phakathi koorhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukusebenzisa umthetho omnye. Olu sukelo lukwathwala ubunzima bokuziphatha: okusesikweni akubhekiseli nje kwiinkundla, kodwa ngokusesikweni, ukulingana, nomthetho. Ukugxininisa komthetho kokusesikweni kuye kwabhenela kumagunya amalungelo abantu, ukusuka kwabapheli-mthetho ukuya kumbutho wamalungelo abantu.

Ukukhuthuza

Uvukelo lukaShays ngo1786-87 lwaba luxhokonxiso olunamandla kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko. Ukungakwazi kukarhulumente wesizwe ukuphelisa ukuvukelwa kwemvukelo kubhenca ububuthathaka bemiqathango. "Ingxolo yasekhaya" ithetha ukugcina uxolo nocwangco kwimida yohlanga. Nangona le ntetho isoloko inxulunyaniswa namandla karhulumente okuphelisa ukuvukelwa kwemithetho, ikwathetha ukuba noxanduva lokwenza iimeko apho abemi banokuphila phantsi kwazo ngaphandle koloyiko lwesiphithiphithi okanye ugonyamelo.

Ukunikela Ngetyala Eliqhelekileyo

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe yayiyenye inkxalabo enzima. Olu hlanga lutsha lwajamelene nezisongelo ezivela kumagunya aseYurophu, kumazwe amaNani aseMerika, kunye nokungazinzi kwangaphakathi. "Isiqinisekiso sokusetyenziswa kokhuselo oluqhelekileyo" (ukusebenzisa upelo lwakudala lwaseBritane "ukuchanaba" lugunyazisa urhulumente wesizwe ukuba agcine imikhosi exhobileyo aze athathe amanyathelo okukhusela ilizwe. Eli binzana licatshuliweyo kwiingxoxo zokusetyenziswa kwemali yomkhosi, iingxoxo zezixhobo zemfazwe, kunye nomgangatho wamandla alawulayo emfazwe.

Ukukhuthaza Ubomi Bendalo

Ibinzana elithi "Bhalani iNtlalo-ntle jikelele" liye laba yenye yezona mpikiswano kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inika amandla aphangaleleyo karhulumente worhulumente ukuba amisele iinkqubo ezinceda uluntu, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yezibonelelo ukuya kwiinkqubo zoluntu. Abanye, ingakumbi abo balwakhi abangqongqo, bayichaza ngokumcinezelo njengomlinganiselo wokuhlawulwa nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Nakanjani nakuyiphi na ingxoxo esemthethweni, ibinzana lithatha iphulo lombutho lomGaqo-siseko: urhulumente akangomkhameli nje kuphela kodwa ngumphathi okhutheleyo ekuphuculeni ubomi babantu bakhe.

Sikhusele Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko Yethu Nendlela Esihamba Ngayo

Usukelo lokugqibela lujonge emva nangaphambili. "Lungisa iintsikelelo zeNkululeko" iyavuma ukuba inkululeko ephumelele kwiMvukelo kufuneka ikhuselwe kwaye idluliselwe kwizizukulwana zexesha elizayo ("Umva Wethu""). Le ngxelo ijonge phambili ibeka umsebenzi kwisizukulwana ngasinye ukukhusela inkululeko engokomGaqo-siseko kwabo bangakazalwa. Ikwaqonda kwakhona ukuba inkululeko iyachachachasa kwaye ifuna ugcino olusebenzayo.

Isiqalo Somfuziselo Omanyanisayo Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNgxelo yoMdla ibiyindawo yokuhlanganisa ngexesha loxinezeleko lwesizwe. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg waphinda waphinda imixholo yeDawelo yePregegetingsburg, inkululeko, kunye nonikezelo kwiqumrhu. Amagama athi "Thina Luluntu" safumana ungxamiseko olutsha njengoko uhlanga lulwalwayo ukugqiba enoba abantu abanikezele inkululeko bangahlala ixesha elide kusini na. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, umbutho wamalungelo abantu wacela ukunyanzelisa isithembiso sokusesikweni nentlalo-ntle ngokubanzi bonke abemi. UMartin Luther uR.

Emva kokuhlaselwa ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, iNgcaso yacatshulwa ngokubanzi kwidilesi zikawonke-wonke nakwimibhiyozo yokuqinisekisa umanyano nonyamezelo lwesizwe. Amagosa karhulumente kunye nabemi basekuhlaleni ngokufanayo baphethukela kulwimi lwawo ukuze bachaze isigqibo esimanyeneyo sokulondoloza inkululeko nokukhusela uhlanga. Le ndlela iphindaphindwayo ibonisa ukuba umsebenzi wesiqalo njengesibhalo sehlabathi esinamagunya okumanyanisa amaMerika kumacala ezobupolitika ngamaxesha anzima.

Isiqalo Semfundo Nezithethe

Isiqalo sisisiseko semfundo yezentlalo-ntle yaseMerika. Ukususela kumabanga angaphambili, abafundi bafundiswa ukucengceleza nokucengceleza, ngokufuthi ngapha kweSifungo sokuSebenza. Esi siko sibethelela ulwazi lwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nengqiqo yokuba ngamalungu esizwe. Ezi njongo ezintandathu zinika isiseko esilula nesinamandla sokuxubusha iinjongo zikarhulumente. Othisha basebenzisa isiqalo sokuqalisa incoko ngeziganeko zangoku, bebuza abafundi ukuba imigaqo yale mihla ihambelana njani okanye isiphikele njani neminqweno yabasebenzi.

Ngaphaya kwegumbi lokufundela, isiqalo sivela kwimibhiyozo esemthethweni, izifungo zendalo, kunye neempapasho zikarhulumente. Abahlali abatsha bafunga ukuthembeka kwimigaqo yomGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithendeleko emininzi yendalo iquka ukufundwa kweSihloko-magama. Ikwacatshulwa ngocatshulwa komongameli, idilesi-yombuso-yomhlaba, neziganeko zobuzwe. Ezi ziganeko ziphindaphindiweyo zikawonke-wonke ziqinisa ukuma kwawo njengomqondiso wesizwe. I-United States Citizenshishishishiship kunye neeNkonzo zobuGawula zinika izinto zokuxhasa izinto eziquka iPregatories yabemi abatsha].

Imo esemthethweni: Ayinabulungisa kodwa Inyanzelisayo

Ngokwemithetho, iSihloko sikwindawo ekhethekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele rhoqo ukuba iNgxelo yeNkundla iPhondo ngokwayo ayifaki gunya okanye amalungelo asezantsi. Ithathwa njengengalungisiyo. Ithetha ukuba akukho sizathu sesenzo esinokuthi sisekelwe kulwimi lwayo kuphela. Kwityala lephawu [[FLT: 0]]] imarbury v. Mandy [183] [183], iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall waphawula ukuba iPregethi ayinakusetyenziswa ukwandisa intsingiselo yoMgaqo-siseko. Kamva, njengezigqibo [[FL:]] Jacobson v. Massachusetts[FL:] [FFF] [FLD] [3], (1910], iphinda kwakhona ukuba iintetho zePreglygnows'.

Sekunjalo, isiqalo sisetyenziswe ngabagwebi kunye nezikhanyisi njengesixhobo sokutolika umGaqo-siseko. Sinceda umoya kunye nenjongo esemva kweentetho ezithile. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Rhweba ngaphandle Corp. [193] (6), uMahluleli George Sutherland wakhankanya impembelelo eqhubekayo yokuxhasa imbono epheleleyo yemicimbi yangaphandle yobumongameli, ephikisa ukuba ulawulo `=nekhono lokuqhuba ulwalamano lwangaphandle", lusuka ngqo kwiBhunu "Thina Abantu". Ngexa ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kuthandabuza phakathi kwabaphengululi abasemthethweni, babonisa impembelelo eqhubekayo yePregatoring equlweni.

Impembelelo Nempembelelo Ehlabathini Lonke

Impembelelo yesiqalo idlulele ngaphaya kwemida yaseMerika. Amazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo aphuma kulawulo lwamathanga okanye kulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo, aye aboleka ulwimi lwawo kunye nolwakheko. Umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya, Ireland, kunye noMzantsi Afrika konke kuqulathe izibhengezo eziqukumbela "Thina Bantu" kwaye adwelise usukelo olufanayo lobulungisa, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Isindululo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu siqala ngebinzana elithi "Apha ulwaluvo lwesidima sohlobo..." kodwa ukucatshulwa kwaso kwendlela yokuqalisa kwenjongo ibonisa ucedo olufanayo.

Kwakhona ingcaciso iphembelele idemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ngamaxesha okuguquka kwezobupolitika, abaxhasi baye basebenzisa ulwimi lwabo ukuze bafune ukuba oorhulumente baphendule kubantu. Ibinzana elithi "Thina bantu" sibonakale kwimiqondiso yokuqhayisa, kwiintetho, nakwiingxelo ezisemthethweni zamaxwebhu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Le ngxelo yehlabathi lonke ingqina ukuba isandi somhlaba wonke somgangatho ocaciswe ngo1787. Inkcaso ayingomqondiso nje waseMelika obonisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kuyo yonke indawo.

Iinjongo zesandulela

Ngelixesha iDaemon ihlala ingumqondiso onamandla, iinjongo zayo eziphakamileyo zisoloko zivavanywa zizinto zezobupolitika kunye nentlalo. Iingxaki ezifana nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukungabikho kobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukruthakruthakruthwano, kunye nezisongelo kumaqumrhu olawulo-mpukane zibangela ukuba ukuzimisela kwesizwe "ukumiselwa kobulungisa" kunye "ukuguqula iNtlalo-ntle" iingxubusho zenkqubo yokufuduka zicelw ’ umngeni uluvo olupheleleyo lwe "Thithu Abantu" Ukungagobelwa kwemiqathango yamandla karhulumente kunye nentsingiselo yenkululeko kuqhubekeka umsindo.

Kanti kanye isibakala sokuba ezi mpikiswano zisoloko zibuyela kulwimi lwamaGama okuQala bubungqina bomsebenzi wazo ohlala uhleli. Inika isigama esiqhelekileyo sokuxubusha injongo yesizwe. Xa abemi bephikisa ukuba urhulumente uhlulekile ukuqinisekisa "ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya" okanye "ukulondoloza iintsikelelo zenkululeko," babeka uhlanga ukuba luza kuphendula kwizithembiso zalo ezisekiweyo. Isiqalo sisebenza kungekuphela nje njengomthombo wekratshi kodwa njengomgangatho olinganiswa ngawo. Kululuphi umgangatho ukuvavanyanisa amaMerika ukubuza: Siphila ngokweso siphi isigwebo?

Isiphelo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States singumqondiso ophilayo wekratshi lesizwe nokwaziwa kwalo. Amagama aso, afakelwe kwixesha lokungaqiniseki nokulalanisa, ayaqhubeka evakala ngenxa yokuba athetha kwiminqweno engaphelelwa lixesha: ubunye, ubulungisa, uxolo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko. Njengomqondiso, amanyanisa izizukulwana zamaMelika kwimbopheleleko ezinxulumeneyo. Njengomgangatho, abiza uhlanga ukuba luphucule ngokuqhubekayo. Inkcukumiso ayiyonto ekhoyo kodwa isikhanyiso esikhokelayo sexesha elizayo, ikhumbuza bonke abayifundayo ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisezandle zabantu, nokuba injongo yalo rhulumente kukukhonza abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngokucaphula imbali, amaMerika ayayikhumbula ngakumbi kunembali aqhubeka elungele ukuzenzela umanyano.