Kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, iingcamango zegunya zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni intsebenziswano, izigqibo, kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo-ntle. Ukusukela kwigumbi lokuhlala, ezi mpembelelo zivakalayo, omisela imithetho, nendlela oovimba abasetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda la magama kunokusinceda silawule ubunkimbinkimbi bemeko-bume, ulwalamano lwethu lobuqu kunye nobuchule bethu. Kodwa nangona kukho abantu abakwaziyo ukudibana, amandla negunya, okukhutshwa, okanye ukoyikwa. Eli nqaku liyakulahla oko likuthethayo, indlela elisebenza ngayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, nesizathu sokuba le ngcamango ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kubekho ukhokelo olufanelekileyo, ulwalamano olusempilweni, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo.

Ukuchaza Amandla Negunya

Amandla negunya zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngokuhambelana, kodwa zinentsingiselo eyahlukileyo. amandla abhekiselele kumandla okuphembelela okanye ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye neziphumo — kumandla okwenza izinto, kwananokuchasana. Ubuchule , kwelinye icala, lilungelo elivunyiweyo lokusebenzisa amandla. Igunya ligunya elisemthethweni eliyamkelwa ngabanye njengofanelekileyo nolufaneleko. Lo mahluko ubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela abasebenza ngayo kwimo ezahlukeneyo.

Intanda-bulumko kunye nezazinzulu zentlalo zisoloko ziphikisana ngala magama. UMax Weber, osungulweyo wezentlalo, uchaza amandla “njengoko kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu odlala phakathi kolwalamano lwasekuhlaleni uza kuba kwimeko yokukwazi ukuphumeza ukuthanda kwakhe phezu kokuchasana.” Ngokwahlukileyo, igunya (athi ngokubizwa ngokuba“ ngukumkani”) likho xa imiyalelo ithotyelwa ngokuzithandela kuba ongaphantsi ekholelwa ukuba umlawuli unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuyalela. Iinkcubeko zanamhlanje ezifana noSteven Lukas ziveze amanqanaba amathathu amandla: ukwenziwa kwesigqibo, i-scet, amandla okumisela, kunye namandla enkqu (ukubumba oko abantu bakufunayo). Igunya, kanti, ngokuqhelekileyo, ibekwa kwintlobo ezintathu ezifanelekileyo: ezentengiso, kunye nomthetho — inkqubo eluncedo kakhulu namhlanje.

Indlela Anamandla Ayiyo

Amandla akayonto inye; athatha iintlobo ezininzi zixhomekeke kubuncwane obukhoyo kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabantu. Izazi ngengqondo zoluntu uJohn Frentshi noBertram Raven bachaza isiseko samandla amahlanu ahlala engundoqo kwizifundo zesimilo sentlangano:

Amandla okudlala

Olu hlobo lwamandla luxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni okanye kwizisongelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Emsebenzini, umphathi onako ukudubula, ukuthoba, okanye ukohlwaya umqeshwa osebenzisa amandla asebenzisa umkhosi. Nangona ephumelela kwixesha elifutshane, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwesinyanzelo kubangela ingqumbo, kunciphisa ukuthembana, kwaye kudla ngokukhokelela ekuxhathiseni okanye ekujikeni. Amandla okuzingela abonakala ngokuphandle kwimikhosi yethoba, kumagunya amapolisa, okanye kulwalamano olubi lobuqu.

Umvuzo Wamandla

Oku kusekelwe kubuchule bokunika abanye imivuzo okanye iingenelo. Iibhonasi, ukunyuselwa, ukunconywa, ukunconywa, kunye nezabelo ezinqwenelekayo zonke zifumana umvuzo. Zidla ngokuba mnandi kunezinto ezibangela ukhuthazo olulungileyo. Noko ke, amandla anika imiphumo evuzayo ukuba alindele okanye asasazwa ngokungekho sikweni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimbono yokukhetha.

Amandla Omthetho

Eli gunya lisuka kwisikhundla esisesikweni okanye kwindima ekhoyo kwintlangano okanye kwibutho. Ijaji, igosa lamapolisa, i-CEO, okanye umzali ngamnye unegunya elisemthethweni ngenxa yendima yakhe. Abantu abathobeli ngenxa yokuba besoyika isohlwayo (nakuba sikho) kodwa ngenxa yokuba bamkela ilungelo lomgcini-nxaxheba lomyalelo. Amandla asemthethweni librorho phakathi kwamandla angagqibekiyo negunya — ngamandla avunyelweyo.

Amandla Obugcisa

Olu hlobo lwamandla lusuka ekubeni nolwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye amava axabiseke ngabanye. Injineli echwayitileyo, ugqirha wezamayeza, okanye ugqirha wezobugcisa ngenxa yokuba ubuchule babo buthenjiwe. Ngokungafaniyo namandla asemthethweni, amandla obuchule afunyanwa ngokubonakaliswa kobuchule kwaye anokulahleka ukuba ulwazi luphelelwe lixesha okanye ukuthembana. Kwizoqoqosho olusekelwe kulwazi, amandla asoloko ephikisana negunya elisemthethweni.

Amandla Aphinde afumaneke

Eli gunya libangelwa ziimpawu zobuqu, impembelelo, kunye nentlonelo okanye ukunconywa ngabanye abantu. Iinkokeli ezidumileyo, abantu abadumileyo, kunye nezicebisi ezithandekayo zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo. Abantu balandela abantu kuba befuna ukuba njengabo okanye ngenxa yokuba beziva benxulumene. Amandla angenabunyani. Awona anokufumaneka kodwa angowona ahlala ixesha elide, njengoko esekelwe kukunyaniseka kokwenene kunokuba athengiswe.

Ezi inkokeli zintlanu azifani. Ngokufuthi iinkokeli eziphumelelayo zidibanisa igunya elifanelekileyo nelinobuchule namandla anamandla okuvelisa impembelelo ehlonelwayo nethenjiweyo. Ukuqonda uhlobo lwamandla onawo — nawe ungenalo — linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuqonda Igunya

Igunya ligunya lokusebenzisa igunya lentlalo. Lakhelwe ngokusemthethweni — inkolelo yokuba umntu, iqumrhu, okanye ulawulo lufanelekile. Iintlobo ezintathu zegunya likaMax Weber ziselelona candelo lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi:

Igunya Lesithethe

Olu hlobo lusekelwe kumasiko amiselweyo, izithethe, kunye noqheliselo oludala. Ligunya lokumkani odla ilifa itrone, inkosi yesizwe, okanye umntu wonqulo osikhundla sakhe singcwaliswe yimbali. Abantu bathobela ngenxa yokuba “isoloko injalo." Igunya eliqhelekileyo lixhaphakile kwibutho lamandulo kodwa liyaqhubeka namhlanje kwimibutho efumana ilifa, amashishini anxulumene nentsapho, kunye neenkonzo ezithile. Ubuthathaka balo kukuba liyakwazi ukuxhathisa iinguqulelo eziyimfuneko kwaye lisenokungaguquguquki xa lijamelene nezizinto ezintsha.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Eli gunya lisekelwe kuncedo lobuqu lomntu ngamnye, iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga, kunye namandla okukhuthaza ukuzinikela. Iinkokeli ezikhokelwayo — ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, okanye Steve Jots — zitsala abalandeli ngenxa yokuba zichaza umbono onyanzelisayo kunye namaxabiso abantu abawathandayo. Igunya loburhalarhume lidla ngokutshintsha; linokubhukuqa imiyalelo emiselweyo kunye nokukhuthaza abantu abaninzi. Noko ke, lijijijeke ngokugqibekileyo ngenxa yokuba libotshelelwe kumntu ngamnye. Xa inkokeli ifile okanye iphulukana ne-aura, igunya linganyuliswa ngaphandle kokuba “linyusiwe” kwinkqubo elungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Olu hlobo lwegunya lusuka kwinkqubo yemithetho, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngokungabonisi sidima. Ligunya lomongameli onyulwe ngumthetho, ijaji esebenzisa ummiselo, okanye i-bureaucrate elandela inkqubo yentlangano. Kulawulo-melo lwangoku kunye neenkampani ezinkulu, igunya lolawulo-lwazi olusemthethweni lohlobo olulawulayo olulawulayo. Liqinisekisa ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba uyafezeka, uphendulelwa, kwaye uqhubeko olusekelwe kumthetho. Noko ke, lunokuba lungangabi nabuntu, lungalawulwa ngumthetho, luziphathi-mandla, luze lucothe — lukhokelela ekucaphukeni kwabo bavakalelwa kukuba babambeke kwitepe ebomvu.

Ezi ntlobo zintathu zingadibanisa. Umzekelo, usodolophu usenokuba negunya lokulawula ngokusemthethweni ukuba ungonyulwa, kodwa kwakhona atsalele kwigunya lobugcisa ukuba usisithethi esinempembelelo, kunye negunya lesithethe ukuba intsapho yabo inembali ende kwezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ukuba luluphi uhlobo lwegunya elisetyenziswayo kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba abantu bathobele nendlela igunya elinokucelw ’ umngeni ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamandla Nogunya

Amandla kunye negunya zidla ngokudibana, ziphembelela indlela abantu ngabanye namaqela asebenza ngayo kwibutho labantu. Igunya linika isiseko apho amandla asetyenziswa khona, ngoxa amandla ekwazi ukuqinisa okanye ukucel ’ umngeni izakhiwo zegunya ezikhoyo. Kwintlangano ezizinzileyo, igunya (njengomphathi) linika amandla okunikezela ngobuncwane. Kodwa umqeshwa ongenagunya elisesikweni (njengomhlaziyi wogcino-lwazi) asenokusebenzisa amandla obuchule aqhubela phambili — maxa wambi aphakamisa izigqibo zomphathi. Oku kubangela uxinezelelelo oluchuliweyo: umntu onegunya elingomthetho usenokuba uswele ubuchule (umphathi) okanye ukuthemba (ulawulo olungenagunya) ukukhokela ngokwenene, ngoxa usebenza impembelelo yokwenene ngaphandle kogunya elisemthethweni.

Qwalasela isiganeko ‘ senamba encinane'' — abaqeshwa abanamava, nangona bengenagunya elifanelekileyo, banegunya elingacwangciswanga ngenxa yolwazi lwabo nolwalamano lwabo. Iintlangano ezisebenzayo ziyakuqonda oku kwaye zibanika igunya lokugcina igunya lihambisana nembopheleleko. Ngokuchasene noko, xa igunya elisesikweni lisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ubuchule obufanelekileyo, intlangano ibandezeleka kwizigqibo ezingafanelekanga nesiphiwo esiphelelwe ngamandla.

Kwezopolitiko, imidlalo yezentlalo ibaluleke kakhulu. Urhulumente usenokuba negunya lokumisa ngokusemthethweni (elikhethwe ngonyulo olufanelekileyo) kodwa aphulukana negunya ukuba abemi abasayijongi njengefanelekileyo — ngenxa yokunganyaniseki, ukungafezeki, okanye ukusilela ukukhusela amalungelo. Imibutho engokwentlalo efana ne-Civil Rights Movement okanye i-Arab Spring ibonisa indlela amandla anamandla anamandla anokulicel ’ umngeni ngayo kwaye ekugqibeleni aliguqulele ngayo igunya lenkqubo. Igunya elingenagunya linguzwilakhe; igunya lingumsebenzi ongenanto.

Amandla Negunya Kubomi Bamihla Le

Kwizinto esizenza imihla ngemihla, sidibana namandla negunya ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo — ngokufuthi singazi ukuba zithetha ntoni:

Emsebenzini

Abalawuli nabaphathi basebenzisa igunya elisemthethweni, kodwa abaqeshwa bayakwazi ukusebenzisa igunya ngobuchule babo, ii-glob-commations, okanye ngeendima ezisesikweni ezifana nomelo lomanyano. Ukuguqukela kwale mihla kwiqela labalawuli abathe tyaba namaqela asebenza ngokuphandle kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuba igunya elisesikweni lingakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezitsha. Ukuqonda amandla anamandla kwiintlanganiso, uhlalutyo lomsebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yeprojekthi kunceda abantu ukuba baqhubele phambili kwezopolitiko kunye nabo bazixhasa. Umzekelo, umqeshwa omncinci owakha amandla ngokuthembeka nangokuxhasa uyakwazi ukuphembelela izigqibo kwana xa zingekho mthethweni.

Kwimfundo

Abafundisi banegunya kwiklasi —⁠ kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo ngokufuthi kuxhomekeke kumandla akhethekileyo (ukuhlonelwa nokuthandwa) namandla angoochwepheshe (ulwazi olunzulu ngalo mbandela). Abafundi abanakuphembelela ngokupheleleyo impucuko yasezikolweni ngokuba nenxaxheba, ukuphendula koontanga, okanye ukuncokola ngeqela kwiiyunivesithi.

Ukuzibhokoxa Kwentsapho

Abazali banegunya elingokwesithethe nelokwabelwa komthetho kubantwana babo, kodwa amandla atshintsha-guqukayo njengoko abantwana bekhula. Abakwishumi elivisayo baya besebenzisa ukunxibelelana, ukurhoxa ngokweemvakalelo, okanye ukwakhana namanye amalungu entsapho ukuze bafumane impembelelo. Iintsapho ezisemgangathweni zidla ngokutshintsha ukusuka kwimibutho yolawulo oluphezulu ziye kwimiqathango elinganayo, apho igunya lisekelwe ekuhlonelweni kunye nasekuqiqeni kunokuba kusekelwe kubudala bodwa. Ukuqonda amandla negunya kunceda abazali ukuba baphephe amandla akhuthaza imvukelo kwaye endaweni yoko bagxininise ekukheni igunya elifanelekileyo ngolwano nolwazelelelo.

Unxibelelwano kunxibelelwano nakumaziko oluntu

I-intanethi inamandla odemo-mpuku ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Kodwa lo mfana onengxelo yentsholongwane i-TikTok unokuba namandla aphambili kwiimeko kunalowo unobuchule bokuthengisa. Iiplatfomu zezentlalo-ntle zinceda abasebenzisi ukuba balucel ’ umngeni igunya — ukubhenca ukungalawuleki kwenkampani, ukunganyaniseki kwamapolisa, okanye ukunganyaniseki kwezobupolitika ngokuqulathwe ngumsebenzisi. Kodwa oku kudala ukungalingani okutsha kwamandla: i-algorithms enikela abanini becandelo elikhulu lemimiselo yemigangatho, kunye nentengiso iyakwazi ukuchaza amandla okusasaza umonakalo. Ukuqonda igunya kwikhompyutha kuthetha ukuba ngubani oyena ingcali yokwenene, onegunya lokusebenzisa amandla okulawula i-galelo, nowenza iimvakalelo zokufumana inzuzo.

Ucelomngeni Kwigunya

Igunya alipheli; lisoloko livavanywa ngabantu, imibutho, neenguqu zobugcisa.

Intshukumo yoNtlalo

Amaqela akhuthaza utshintsho anokuphazamisa izakhiwo zegunya lesithethe. Umbutho we-# MeToo wacell umngeni igunya loobhishophu bezomsebenzi; umbutho weBlack Live Matter wacel ’ umngeni igunya lamapolisa elilawula iinkqubo. Le ntshukumo iphumelela ngokuyila eminye imithombo yamandla — ukuma koburhulumente obumanyeneyo, ukuma kokuziphatha okusesikweni, kunye nokubhenca umsantsa phakathi kwegunya elithenjiweyo (umz., ukugcinwa komthetho kunceda bonke abemi) kunye nokuziphatha kokwenene.

Ukuqhubela phambili kobugcisa

Ukuvela kwe-media yezentlalo kuye kwanika abantu amandla okuncina amagunya ehlabathi ngexesha lokwenene. I-odinging iphazamisa abagcini-sango bezemali; i-intanethi ihlola irente yokucel'udonga kunye nemveliso yegunya; i-Wikipedia i-encyclopedic. Ngoxa le migaqo yedemokhrasi iluncedo ngeendlela ezininzi, ikwaphelisa ukuthemba amagunya esithethe (njengenzululwazi kunye noondaba) xa isasazwa ngokungathintelwanga. Isiphumo sididelwa: siyakwazi ukufikelela ngakumbi kwinkcazelo kodwa sicace kakhulu ngabo bangakholelwayo.

Iinguqulelo Zesizukulwana

Izizukulwana ezitsha zidla ngokuvavanya izithethe ezisungulweyo kunye namagosa. Amaxesha amaninzi amawaka eminyaka kunye noGen Z awanalo ulwamkelo olusekelwe kuphela kwisikhundla somsebenzi okanye kumgangatho ophezulu; zifuna ukubonakala, injongo, kunye nobunyani. Oku kuye kwanyanzela imibutho ukuba iphinde icinge ngemizekelo yobunkokeli — isuka kwimiyalelo kunye nolawulo ukuya kukhuthaza nokusebenzisana. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwegunya lemveli (umz., “ngokuba ndithe njalo” kwaye umnqweno wokwenza izigqibo zokwahlukana ngokweziqumvo ungundoqo kwimisebenzi yanamhlanje, kwizikolo, kwanorhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla Nezinto Ezikhuselayo

Naphina apho kukho igunya, kukho amandla okuxhatshazwa. Amandla okuzibandakanya anokuba kukungcungcuthekisa; amandla anika umvuzo anokuba kukunyoba; amandla asemthethweni angasuka ekubeni yidemon; amandla obuchule angasetyenziswa ukuxhaphaza ukuthemba; amandla agqithisileyo angawela kulawulo olufana nehlelo. Imbali izele yimizekelo — ukusuka ekuxhatshazweni kwenkampani ukuya ekucinezeleni kwezobupolitika ukuya ekucinezeleni abantu abahlala nabo — apho abantu okanye amaziko asebenzisa indawo yabo ukubonakalisa abanye.

Imilinganiselo yokukhusela ukuxhatshazwa iquka imiqathango kunye nomlinganiselo (ukwahlula amagunya phakathi kombutho), umahluko[ (ukwenza izigqibo ezibonakalayo kunye nokuhlola), ubuchule bokubalwa [[FLT]]] ubuchule bokulinganisa [] [ukhuseleko lobugosa]], unyuso, unyulo, nonyulo, [[FLTLT]] izithethe ezibonakalayo [ ezixabisa ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo. Kulwalamano lobuqu, ukumisela imidalo kunye nokugcina iinkqubo ezizimeleyo kunciphisa ukungalingani. Njengokuba abemi baxhasi begunyazinzi begunyazana begunyazana, bemiququngeluvo oluzimele i-geogno-geogne. — I-geographicicicicicratic.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Amandla Negunya

Ukuqonda intsingiselo yamandla negunya kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ulwalamano olufanelekileyo nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ngcamango ezisebenza ngayo kunokukhokelela:

  • Isigqibo sempixano esingcono kakhulu: Ukuqonda imvelaphi yamandla kunceda ukufumanisa unobangela wempikiswano — nokuba kukungqubana kwegunya elisemthethweni, ukulwela ukuqwalaselwa konobuchule, okanye ukusebenzisa kakubi amandla okuncedisa. Izisombululo zingacombulula ukungalungelelani kunokulungisa nje iimpawu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izifundo ezithenjiweyo zobulekiso: iinkokeli eziwamkelayo igunya lazo zingawakhuthaza ziwakhuthaze amaqela azo ngaphandle kokuwanyanzela. Ziyazi ixesha lokuhambela phambili ngentembelo kwaye xa zinokubuyela emva zivumele abanye bakhokele kubuchule okanye impembelelo yabo.
  • Igunya elikhoyo: Abantu abawaqondayo amandla abo — nokuba avela kulwazi, kulwalamano, okanye kwindima esesikweni — bangaphatha ubomi babo nezigqibo. Bangaxhasa ngokunempumelelo, bathethe ngamandla, kwaye baxhathise ukusetyenziswa.
  • Ukwalathiswa kwamandla okuhlola: ukuqonda kuyanceda ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa kwawo. Iinkokeli ezinokuqonda zisengozini yokudala imeko-bume apho kunamandla ahlukeneyo, izigqibo zicace gca, kwaye igunya lisetyenziselwe kunokuba lifunwe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Utshintsho oluzenzekelayo: Intshukumo zobulungisa zixhomekeke ekuqondeni indlela igunya elakhiwe ngayo nendlela elinokutshintshwa ngayo. Izenzo ezihlalutya ukwakheka kwamandla zingayijolisa imigudu yazo apho zinokuba nempembelelo enkulu khona.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona ungeno lweBritannica kumandla, Encyclopedia yeFilosofi engomandla, kunye [[FLT]] noshwankathelo loMkhokeli weSikhuseli-Mbali wegunya [[FLT:]]

Isiphelo

Amandla negunya zibalulekile kumava ethu emihla ngemihla. Ukususela kwizigqibo esizenzayo emsebenzini ukusa kulwalamano esilukhulisa ekhaya, ezi mpembelelo zibumba ubomi bethu ngeendlela esidla ngokuzithatha lula. Ngokuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla negunya, sinokulawula intsebenziswano yethu ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi size sibe negalelo kwimithombo yakho elungelelanisiweyo nenobulungisa. Injongo ayikokuphelisa amandla — oko akunakwenzeka — kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba asetyenziswa ngobulumko, ngokuziphendulela ngentlonelo. Ukuba ukhokela iqela, uqhuba indlu, okanye unegalelo kuluntu, ubonakalisa imithombo yakho yamandla negunya lakho, unika abanye ithuba lokutshintsha indlela ozifanisa ngayo nehlabathi elikungqongileyo.