Ukwazisa

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Ikhuselwe ngo-1791, ikhusela abemi ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni ngamagunya karhulumente. Ngoxa umbhalo wayo ubonakala ucacile, ukupheliswa kuye kwabangela iinkulungwane zokuchazwa, ukutolikwa, kunye nokuqhelaniswa kobugcisa obutsha. Ukuqonda iSihlaziyo sesine sibalulekile kungekuphela kweingcali zomthetho kodwa nakumntu ngamnye ozithathele ngasese. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngemvelaphi yembali yeSine seSinyuko seMithetho Yesine, iingxelo ezingundoqo, imingeni engundoqo yeNkuntlulo yezolwazi, imingeni, kunye nezicimbiso eziluncedo kwimfundo kunye nokubhaka kwezentengo yezentlalo-ntle.

Imvelaphi Yembali YoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

Izithethe Zobuthanga NezaseBritani

UHlaziyo lwesine lwayimpendulo engqalileyo kukuphathwa kakubi kwabaphathi-mikhosi baseBritane eMelika. Phantsi komthetho wamaNgesi, imvume kunye neemfuno zoncedo, zavumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule amakhaya, amashishini, nabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu esingqalileyo. Abaphathi-mikhosi babenokungena nayiphi na impahla, bathabathe nayiphi na into, baze babambe nabani na osekelwe ekukrokrelekeni okungacacanga. Oyena udume kakhulu kwaba yayikukusetyenziswa kwenkxaso, eyayingaphelelwanga kwaye itshintshelwa kwabanye. Abalawuli abanjengoJames Otis babezibiza ngokuba “sisixhobo esisona sikhulu samandla ombane.” Ingqumbo yabangela ukuba abantu bathandwe yimvo eMerika kunye nokuzimisela kwabo kulawulo lukarhulumente lokulawula urhulumente.

Ukudrafta Nokwenza Iindlela

Xa abasebenzi befashoni babhalisa iBhili yamaLungelo, uJames Madison wacebisa ukuba kulungiswe indawo eyayiza kuthi ekugqibeleni ibe yiSinyusi sesine. Olu lwimi lwabonisa ulalanisa phakathi kwemfuneko yokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kunye nelungelo elisisiseko lokukhuselwa kumntu, ekhaya, kunye nempahla. Imfuneko yokuba imvume ixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye ichaze indawo ezakubanjwa nezinto ezizakubanjwa yaba yinguquko. Yathatha indawo yenkqubo yeBritane yegunya elivulekileyo nge-checking engqongqo. I-andendment yagunya lamiswa ngo-11791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, kodwa ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, ukukhusela kwayo okusebenza kwizenzo zikarhulumente kuphela, hayi oorhulumente.

Ukukhuselwa Kwekhori Neemfundiso Zomthetho

Imfuneko Enamandla Nesizathu Esifanelekileyo

UHlaliso lwesine lunamagama amabini angundoqo: i-Claus engqinelanayo kunye ne-Warrants Claus. I-Claus elungeleleneyo iyalela “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni.” I-Warrants Clause ichaza ukuba akukho gunya liza kupapashwa ngaphandle kokuba kusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, esixhaswe sifungo okanye isifungo, kwaye ichaza ngakumbi indawo kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Imfanelo iqinisekisa ukuba unobangela ofanelekileyo umlawuli ongowaneleyo wokulawula, usenza isigqibo sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwe okanye ubungqina obungaqinisekiyo.

Ukulindela Ukuba Ndibe Sodwa

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukhuseleko loMphetho-Mphetho wesine lwadityaniswe nomthetho wempahla. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku-Katz v. United States (1967) sasusa inkcazo kwimfihlo. Katz[[FLT]]], iNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente abonise uxilongo lwemfono kawonke, kwaye umele ukuba uphando lwemfono lulungiselelwe ngenxa yokuba isithethi silindele ukuba sibe sodwa, nangona ingcingo yemfono yayifumaneka kuwonke wonke. Umthetho ka-Harlan wasungula uvavanyo lwezimpine: (1) umntu umele abonise ukulindela oko kumele ukuba abe lulungelene olulungele ukuvavanywa lulungele ukuxilongwa komnye.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma iindidi eziliqela ezikhethekileyo kwimfuno yogunyaziso. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhangela okubhaliweyo: Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuvumayo kuphendlo, akukho siqinisekiso okanye isizathu esilindelekileyo siyafuneka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imboniselo yoPlain Doctrine: amagosa angathatha ubungqina kwimboniselo ecacileyo ukuba akhona ngokusemthethweni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhangela Ithuba lokubanjwa:[[FT:1] Amagosa angakhangela umntu obanjiweyo kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina.
  • [[UMGAQO-] Iimeko eziqikelelwayo: Izingxamiseko ezifana nokusukela ngokushushu, ukutshabalalisa okusemnyango kobungqina, okanye isisongelo ebomini zithethelela uphando olungenasizathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inqwelo - mafutha Ezenzekelayo Enxaxhileyo: Izixhobo ze-Vhicles zingakhangelwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ziqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo nokuncitshiswa kokulindela kwazo ukuba zedwa.
  • Ukuma neFrisk ([[FLT: 1] Terry v. Ohio): Abaphathi-mikhosi bangagcina ibhanti elifutshane kwaye bafake ipatroli emntwini ukuba banobukrokrazo obusengqiqweni bomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye bakholelwa ukuba umntu uxhotyiswe.
  • Ubalo lokukhangela: Amapolisa angakhangela izithuthi ezigqunyweyo ukukhusela impahla nokukhusela ekuxelweni ukubabi.

Ezi zinxaxhi zibangela ukuba kubekho imithetho entsonkothileyo emele isetyenziswe nazinkundla. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko lobuqu noluntu kusoloko kuvavanywa.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla Elingumqondiso Wesine

Inkulungwane yama-20: UMthetho woMkhosi wokuKhuthaza kunye Nenkqubo Yomanyano

Ityala le . Isigqibo sokuba ngaphandle komthetho onjalo, uHlaziyo lweSine lungaphelelwa njongo. Noko ke, umthetho awusebenzanga kwiinkundla zelizwe de kube [[FLT:] [4] [FLT]. [5] [4]

Phakathi-iCenturi: Ukumisa- kunye-neFrisk kunye neenqwelo-moya ezizenzekelayo

[[NTLT: 0][FLT] .OO[FLT] [1968], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ipolisa linokuma lize lime lifake ifrisk umntu ukuba igosa liyakrokraza ukuba umntu ubandakanyekile kulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye uxhobe. Oku “misa nokuxhobe i-fratkisk' ephakathi kwegosagosa-gono ngalinye. [[FLT:][FLT][5]] [FLT] v. United States[FLT:][FLT][FLT][19] [19] [19], iNkuvoluvo], kuvumela ukukhangelwa kwemoto, ukuvumela okungalinganiyokuchachachaneyo kwiziphumo zazo.[5][4][4][4]

Iingxaki zamanani zanamhlanje

[FLT] KATH v. United States [FLT] [1967]) yaguqula uhlaziyo Lwesine Solawulo ngokususa kwimpahla ukuya kwindawo yobuqu. [[FLT][FL][FLT]] United States v. Jones[[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] [[12] [ubhaqo] [ume] [umlinganiselo wendlela], iNkulawula i-GPSPlaye-ekhompyutha ye-injini nokuhlola inqwelo moya nokuhlola okukwinyanga.[10] Iiiiimposiso ekhoyo yendlela yexeshana enikezelweyonke.[FFF] Ikhefu ekhoyo, ifumana nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye imvume yexesha.[FFognome.]

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Kwixesha Lamanani

Iinkqubo zoMkhuphiswano kaRhulumente

Ukususela ekuhlaseleni kwe-11 kweyeThupha, urhulumente wase-U.S. ukwandisa amandla awo okuhlola. UMthetho we-USA PATRIOTT wowama-2001 wanika umthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho kunye namaqumrhu ajongene nobuchule obuphangaleleyo ukuba aqokelele ugcino-lwazi, kuquka iirekhodi zezoshishino, ii-metadata kunye nobuchule bamanye amazwe. Ulorvertical Surveillance Act (FISA) kunye nokudalwa kweNtejistance Surveiling Court (FIlligance Court) i-Prountment (FAC) yanika) yanika isiseko somthetho sobuliso sobugqeqendulo lwezomthetho. Iincwadi zikaEdwa zika-Edward Show Showden ngo-operal, kunye noomatshini bokuchonga ulawulo lobuxhaka-mthetho wobucala lwe-okhemist kunyuso.

Ubungqina bamanani kunye nokukhangela komnxeba

I-Raliy v. iKhalifoniya yacacisa ukuba icell phone ayifani nezinye izinto ezinokukhangelwa ukuze zibambeke. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba ubungqina bemivo abunakutshatyalaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye iimfuno ze-mfonomfono-mfonomfono zikhulu. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ngoku ufumane isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ifowuni, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ungxamiseko. Noko ke, umthetho awuthethi ngezinye izixhobo zoluvo ezifana nee-masticals, amacwecwe, okanye iiwashidi, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi zisebenzise Ry [[FLT]] ngoku ngoku i-ibrary. Ukukhutshwa kogcino-data ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo ezifana ne-Cecricbrite kukwane projective projectives syctives syncoant.

Ugcino-lwazi lwendawo nemfundiso yesithathu

Imfundiso yesithathu, emiselwe kwiimeko ezifana Smith v. Maryland [1999] kunye United States v. Miller, yakholelwa ukuba abantu abanalo ulindelo olusengqiqweni lolwazi abanalo kumaqela amathathu, njengawo amanani efowuni atsalwe okanye iingxelo zebhanki. Carententer v. United States] ngokuyinxenye iyayibhukuqa le mfundiso yendawo yeseli, enika unikezelo oluthelekeleleyo lwemibutho yomntu. Inkundla yaziko lwendlela esezantsi, iphawule indawo engaqhelekanga yobunzulu, ububanzi, kunye nobubanzi bembali. [iimeko olukhoyo lolwazi olukhoyo loluntu oluthe kokugqibela loluntu, oluthe nyaka-19, ububanzi bendlela yokusebenza kwe-ejilo-ethe yolwazi olukhoyo, unikezelo-encwadi oluthe lwembali, oluthe ukusetyenziswa koluluhlu lwentlalonke, luyezo lwemi, luyezo

Iiteknoloji ezidityanisiweyo: I, IOT, i-Biometrics

I-Internet of Things (IoT).(smart short).

Ukufundisa Umgaqo - siseko Wesine: Imfundo Nesivumelwano Senyukelo

Ubuchule Begumbi Leklasi

Abaqeqeshi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni abafundi baqonde amalungelo abo angokomGaqo-siseko. Ukufundisa ngokunempumelelo ngoMphetho-mbongo wesine akupheleli nje ekucengcelezeni okubhaliweyo. Makhe siqwalasele la maqhinga alandelayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlalutyo lokufundwa: Abafundi bafunde baze baxubushe amatyala ephawu olufana , [[FLT:]][FLT]] KAtz[[[[FLT:]], [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], [[FLT]] ne i-'ARPP],[[FLT][FLT]]. Sebenzisa oovimba [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLTL:]] kunye [i Foct:] kunye [iffP] kunye [intell Information formation formation syst [FFT]]
  • Imisebenzi egqithisileyo: Ukubhinqisa inkqubo yokufumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela. Abafundi basebenza njengamagosa amapolisa abhala ii-affidavits kunye noomatileti abajonga unobangela olindelekileyo. Oku kuqhelisela izandla-kucacisa imfuneko yesiqinisekiso.
  • Ithetha ngezobuxhakaxhaka kunye ne-screenshore: icwangcisa iingxoxo ngemixholo enjengethi “Ngaba amapolisa afanele avunyelwe ukuphengulula umnxeba orhanelwayo ngaphandle kwemvume?” okanye “Ngaba indlela karhulumente yokubonakalisa uxabiso lwasebusweni iyangquzukisa uMphetho wesine?” Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise ingqiqo esemthethweni kunye nemizekelo.
  • C Iziganeko zaNgoku ezidityanisiweyo: Abafundi bafumane baze bahlolisise amabali eendaba abandakanya imicimbi yesine yoLawulo oluhlaziyiweyo, njengemigaqo-nkqubo yekhamera yesiqu, uphengululo lomda wezixhobo ze-elektroniki, okanye ubungqina besithethi esilumkileyo enkundleni.
  • [[Umthetho wokwehla] Umthetho: Thelekisani indlela amanye amazwe alungelelanisa ngayo ubumfihlo nokhuseleko. Oku kunceda abafundi babone uHlomelo lwesine kumongo womhlaba wonke.

Udibaniso kwizehlo zangoku

Abafundi namhlanje baphila kwihlabathi apho imicimbi yezonxibelelwano isoloko ithethwa. Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo, iinkqubo zolawulo lwezikolo, kunye neenkqubo zobuqu zivelisa ulwazi olunokufunyanwa ngabasemagunyeni. Ukufundisa ngoMphengululo wesine kunika abafundi amandla okugxeka igunya likarhulumente nokuxhasa amalungelo abo. Ngokudibanisa uBill we-Rodmentss amalungelo okwenyaniso, abaqeqeshi bangakhuthaza abantu abanolwazi nababezalela ukukhusela ibutho labantu abakhululekileyo.

Isiphelo

UHlaliso lweNkqutyana yeSine lusasebenza, njengolusebenzayo namhlanje njengaxa lwagunyaziswa. Isithembiso salo esingundoqo siza kukhuselwa nxamnye nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzulwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuze abantu bafumane ukucaciswa okuqhubekayo okungaguquguqukiyo. Ukusuka kwi-colonial columnmentations kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu, ukupheliswa kotshintsho olungokwezigwebo, utshintsho lomthetho, kunye nemisebenzi kawonke wonke. Ukuqonda imbali yayo, iimfundiso ezingundoqo, kunye neemeko ezizivelelayo eziyimfuneko kubemi bonke. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka busenza imidabangengo yezobucala, uLawulo lwesine luya kuba sesazulu sesazulu esiphakathi sengxoxo ngokhuseleko, inkululeko, nemingcele yegunya likarhulumente. Abafundi-othisha, abafundi, kwanolwazi olusemthethweni olufanayo kufuneka bagcine ulwazi nokuqinisekisa ukuba olu khuseleko lusasasa oluselusele lusasele.