IElectoral College isoloko ibonakala iyinto entsonkothileyo yenkulungwane ye18 yokuthengiselana kwezobupolitika, ukanti imisebenzi yayo ilawulwa ngokungqongqo yinkqubo egqunywe ngomthetho elawula umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., imimiselo yesizwe, kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Ngoxa ivoti edumileyo imisela umnqobi kumazwe amaninzi, ekugqibeleni abanyuli bama-58. Ukuqonda isiseko esisemthethweni sale nkqubo — ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko ukuya kwimimiselo yenkundla yangoku ephakamileyo — kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika nesizathu sokuba imigudu engundoqo yokulungisa iphelel

Imvelaphi yomgaqo-siseko weKoleji ye-Electoral

Uyilo lweFramers: Inqaku II, Icandelo 1

Iplani yokuqala ye-Electoral College ifunyanwa kwiQumrhu II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., egunyazisiweyo ngo-1788. Eli candelo lifaka igunya lolawulo kuMongameli lize lichaze indlela yokukhetha. Endaweni yevoti eziwayo okanye yokukhethwa yiKhomishini, iziHlamsheli zenza iqumrhu labanyuli. Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye yanikwa igunya lokumisela abavoli "Kwindawo Yolawulo olusemthethweni," ibinzana elingundoqo elichaza ulawulo olubalulekileyo kule nkqubo.

Inani labakhethi kwilizwe ngalinye lamiselwa ngokulingana nenani elipheleleyo le-Senator kunye nabameli abakhoyo urhulumente kwiBhunga. Esi sakhiwo sasingumphumo othe ngqo wokungavumelani kweConnecticut, ukudibanisa umlinganiselo wemeko kwiBhunga nomelo olusekelwe kubemi kwiNdlu. Inkqubo yantlandlolo yaba ngabavoti abavotelwayo baba nguMongameli, kwaye imbaleki yaba nguMongameli. Le ndlela yayihloselwe ukukhetha abo bafanelekayo ngaphandle kokuthembela kumgwebo othe ngqo kawonke-wonke, umqondiso wokungakholelwa kolawulo-melo olupheleleyo.

Isithathu seshumi elinesihlanu sokuyekelela kunye namandla eenqanawa

Umba obalulekileyo wemvelaphi esemthethweni ye-Electoral College kukudibana kwayo kunye neNtlalo-Fiths yokuTyetha. Phantsi kweGatya I, Icandelo 2, ukumela eNdlu — kwaye ngoko ke inani leevoti ezikhethiweyo — lamiselwa ngokubala bonke abantu abakhululekileyo kunye "iisithathu sabanye abantu," ithetha abantu abakhotyokisiweyo. Eli lungiselelo linyusa ngamandla akhethekileyo onyuliweyo oomasipala kuMzantsi, libanika ama-40% evoti evoti eeti ezinokusuka nje ngokusekelwe kuluntu olukhululekileyo. Eli lungiselelo lomthetho lilolonga ngqo unyulo lokuqala lweRiphabliki yangaphambili kwaye lihlala liyinxenye ebalulekileyo yembali yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko soburhulumente.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwenkqubo: Uhlaziyo lwe-12

Unyuko lwamaqela ezobupolitika kumawaka asixhenxe90 abhenca imposiso enzulu kwinkqubo yokuqala. Kunyulo luka-1800, uThomas Jefferson neqabane lakhe elisebenzayo u-Aaron Burrr bafumana inani elifanayo leevoti zovoti, baphosa unyulo kwiNdlu yabameli. Eli tyala lakhokelela kwiSigqibo seshumi elinesibini soMphengululo, sagunyaziswa ngo1804. Ukupheliswa kwayiguqula inkqubo ngokusisiseko ngokufuna abavoti ukuba bavotele ooMongameli kunye noMongameli. Oku kwahlula iiofisi ezimbini kwaye kwathintela iqhina le-logstic yonyaka we-1800 ukusuka ekuphindeniseni. Umthetho we-Gampmplitemplitempliti uhlala umqulu olawula i-mgalelo lwalo zincwadi zalethu.

Isakhiwo Esisemthethweni Sokukhetha UElector

Igunya Lesizwe Phantsi kweQumrhu II

Ibinzana elithi "iRhulumente nganye iya kumisela, kwiMithetho yayo enokuthi ngqo" liyiyona ntsebenziswano ibalulekileyo esemthethweni kwinkqubo yabanyuli. Ekuqaleni, amaphondo avavanywe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezikhethe ngqo, ngoxa ezinye ezinamavoti asekelwe kwiphondo elithandwayo. Ngokutsho kwama-1830, idemokhrasi "igosa eliphezulu" inkqubo yolawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi — ukuthatha-zonke — kwaba ngumgaqo, njengoko inyusa impembelelo karhulumente kunyulo. Iindlela ezithi ngazo zichaze ukuba zisebenzisa lo msebenzi osemthethweni ziyahluka kakhulu namhlanje. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha i-ovhoversi okanye abachongi apho abakhetha khona abanyuli abanyuli. Ngoko umbathisi wamkela iprojethi abango abanyulwayo. Abanyulwayo abasoloko benziwa ngabanyulwa.

Ukuthatha-zonke. Inkqubo yeSithili

Namhlanje, amaphondo angama-48 kunye neSithili saseColumbia sisebenzisa indlela yokufumana i-opera-enye. IMaine ne-Nebraska bangabajikelezi, basebenzisa indlela yengingqi yengingqi. Kula maphondo, abavoti ababini banikwa umvuzo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye omnye umnyuli unikwe umvuzo kwingingqi nganye yengingqi yombutho. Olu tshintsho olusemthethweni lubonisa uguquko olugcinwe ngamazwe phantsi komgaqo-siseko. Le mithetho karhulumente elawula unikezelo lwevoti yabavoti ithelwe ngokwesithethe, ukuba nje abaphulanga ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka Claus okanye ezinye izigunyazo. Imimiselo yelizwe imisela imiqathango yokulawula ivoti ethandwayo, ukuvota abavoli, nokudlulisa iziphumo kwiziphumo ezisemthethweni zogcino-mthetho. Le nkqubo yonyulo-mthetho ithetha ukuba ulawulo olufanelekileyo

Abahlalutyi Abangenalukholo Nenkundla Ephakamileyo

Ingxaki Engokwembali Yabaphengululi Abangenalukholo

Ngeli xesha abanyuli belindeleke ukuba bavotele umvoteli ophumelele kwilizwe labo, uMgaqo-siseko awuthethi ukuba bangenza oko kusini na ngokunyanzeleka ukuba bakwenze. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwisiganeko so "abanyuli abangenalukholo" — abantu abavotelela omnye umntu ngaphandle kwesivumelwano. Kwikhondo lembali yamaMelika, abavoti abangenalukholo abakhange bawuguqule umphumo wonyulo wonyulo lomongameli, kodwa amandla abo okwenza oko aye aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo esemthethweni. Unyulo luka-2016 lwabona ukwanda komvoti wovoti abangenalukholo njengenxalenye yeqela "Hamilton Elector" elifuna ukuqinisekisa abavoti bamaRiphabliki ukuba bavote ngenye indlela elungeleyo. Ngokupheleleyo, abachongi abasixhenxe baphula imiqathango yabo. Urhulumente onyuliweyo abathathu be-Rhulumente ngamnye wabo batshone.

ICuafalo . Washington (2020)

Imeko ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni ejikeleze abavoti abangenalukholo yaconjululwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kuMa 2020 kwityala Chiafalo v. Washington. INkundla nganye yathi inegunya elisemthethweni lichaza ukuba abanyuli bamele bakhethe abavoteli abaqiniselwe ukuba banyanzelelwe ukuba banyanzele ukuba banyanzele ukuba imfuneko yeso siso sohlwayo okanye yokususwa. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bafanele basebenze njengabameli besizwe, hayi abalawulwa yimithetho yesivumelwano. Esi sigqibo sikhuthaza ukunyanzelisa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni, ngokunempumelelo sigqibe ingxoxo enoba abavotiweyo banegunyaziso okanye banegunya lomgaqo.

[[UMTLL: 0] Ikhonkco 1:[[UMTL] [[UMTL:2] Funda isishwankathelo se-Oyez se-Chiafalo v. Washington.

Iingxaki Ezinkulu Ezingokwasemthethweni Neemeko Ezingokwembali

McPherson v Blacker (1892)

Eli tyala lisisiseko lacel ’ umngeni inkqubo esekelwe kwisithili sikaMichigan kunyulo lwabanyuli. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinegunya elipheleleyo phezu kokukhethwa kwabanyuli, phantsi komgaqo-siseko kuphela. Mcherson v. Blacker isoloko ichazwa njengenkcazelo ecacileyo yegunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho phantsi kweQumrhu II. Yaseka ukuba indlela yokukhetha abachongi ngumsebenzi wemithetho-wiso-mthetho onokuthi iBhunga lingakwazi ukulawula ngokulula ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe. Le meko inika ulungiso olusemthethweni lwemeko kulawulo kukhetho.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxelo yeElectoral College edumileyo, Bhush v. Gore ngokunempumelelo yagqiba unyulo lukamongameli wama 2000. INkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa ingxelo yesizwe ngokubanzi eFlorida, icaphula uKhuselo lwe-Ulwelo lwe-Celatement Clausne ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwemigangatho yokubala ulwaluko. Ngoxa iNkundla igxininisa ukuba umthetho wayo umiselwe "kwimeko ekhoyo," ityala elibala ukunqamleza komthetho wonyulo, imigaqo yesiseko somthetho-siseko wezwe, kunye nexesha elicinezelelweyo lenkqubo ye-Elctoral College. Isigqibo sihlala siphikisana kwaye singumbhalo ongundoqo ekuqondeni konyusonyuso luhlu olusemthethweni lokhuphiswayo. Imeko lujoliswe ngqo "kugqibelo olukhuselekileyo" kumthetho oluchazwe kumthetho olusemthethweni, ukuvotelelwa ngomthetho ongundoqo.

[[UMTLL: 0] Ikhonkco 2: [[UMTL:2] Funda isishwankathelo se-Oyez se Bush v. Gore.

Indlela YomGaqo-siseko Yotshintsho

Inkqubo Yohlaziyo Phantsi Kwenqaku V

Eyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokuphelisa okanye yokulungisa ngokusisiseko iElectoral College kukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko phantsi kweGatya V. Oku kufuna ukuba umgangatho ophezulu okwisithathu somqobo kwindlu nendlu, ulandelwe kukudityaniswa kweekota ezintathu zeendlu zowiso-mthetho. Ukunikwa kwemeko yezopolitiko edibeneyo kunye nenzuzo yesakhiwo inkqubo enika ulawulo oluthile namaqela, ukufikelela kulo mqobo wesiqobo ophezulu wemajelo-gemqobo ungqini ongenakushenxiswa. Ngaphezu komGaqo-siseko we-700 umva-mgaqo-siseko wokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa ikhole-ekhole ye-Elmetal ecereyi ecelwe kwiBhunga. Isicelo esiphambili sangoku singu "Sonke Vote Couls Amelmetersmeters," esiza kunyulwa ngqo ngumongameli ngovoti oqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, umqobo wesigqaliselo-V uthetha ukuba uxhase.

ISivumelwano seSizwe esiPhambili iBonte Interstate (NPVIC)

Ekubeni kungekho kuvota okuthandwayo ngumgaqo-siseko, abaguquli baye baguqulela kwisivumelwano esiphakathi kwelizwe njengendlela yokusebenza. Isivumelwano seNational Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC) sisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe athabatha inxaxheba kuwo onke amavoti kuwo onke amavoti awo avotileyo kuwo wonke umvoti wonyulo othandwayo wesizwe. Ukuququlu-siseko kuphela kubandakanywa kuphela xa ilawula uninzi lwabavoti-zivoti, i-70 iyonke. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ingqubanisela u-ngqungquthela i-mali ka-ngquzulwano ka-mali yeQumphi na, nto leyo efuna ukuvunywa kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano zesizwe eziguqula umlinganiselo wezopolitistiki eziseburhulumenteni. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ulawulo lwemithetho enikwe phantsi kweQumgamshelwano lwe-NC, ukuncinwa kweNiconga esemthethweni, benziwe, besaphicongalelwa phantsi kwetyala elisemthethweni.

[[UMTLL: 0] Ikhonkco 3:[[UMTL] Ukufunda okuninzi malunga neNational Popular Vote Intertate Compation[[FLT: 3.]

Imisebenzi yezomthetho nezotshintsho zakutshanje

Izibuko Elikhuselekileyo LangoDisemba

Umthetho womanyano, oququzelelwe kwiSihloko 3 seKhodi yase-U.S., umisela "izibuko elikhuselekileyo" ixesha elimiselweyo lokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo lwabo kunye nokutyumba abanyuli. Ukuba urhulumente ucombulula zonke iimbambano zonyulo kwaye amise abanyuli balo ngalo mhla — ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba iElctoral College Angane — iKhomishini kufuneka yamkele elo candelo labakhethi njenge "baqululekileyo" olusemthethweni ludala uxinzelelo olukhulu lokucombulula kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni ngokukhawuleza, ezicacileyo ezibonwa ngokucacileyo bhv. Gore. Ilungiselelo elikhuselekileyo lezibuko licelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachongi bebonke, kodwa likwakhenke ingxube ingxube yemeko esemthethweni engqiweni ekhoyo.

IElectoral Count Reform Act yo-2022 (ECRA)

IElectoral Count Act ka-1887 yayilelwe ukulawula indlela iNgqungquthela elawula ngayo iinkqubo zomthetho zeKholeji yeNkqutyana ephikiswayo. Noko ke, ulwimi lwayo olungacacanga lwakhokelela ekudidekeni, ingakumbi ngexesha lonyulo lonyaka wama-202020. Kwimpendulo, iKhongqi yadlulisela uMthetho we-Electoral Count Reformation Act 20222 (ECRA), oluninzi utshintsho olunempembelelo kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni zeKholeji ye-Electoral kwiinkulungwane. Ezi nguqu ze-ECRA zacacisa indima kaMongameli njengobulungiseleli obupheleleyo, zaphakamisa umqobo wokuvota onyuliweyo kwindlu nganye yegumbi ngalinye, kwaye zaqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli basoloko belizwe banomthwalo wolawulo. Ezi nguqulo ziqiniswe ngokungqongqo ngaphandle kolawulo lwe-gronalmenti, ii-ebhusayithi ezithe zi-2020 ezibhexelwe kwi-yo.

[[Umthetho:0] Ikhonkco 4: Funda umbhalo weElectoral Count Reform Act ka 2022.

Ingcamango Esemthethweni Ehlala Ihleli Nentshukumisa Yokutshintsha

Owona mandla Enkqubo Yangoku

Abaxhasi bokwakhiwa kwale nkqubo yangoku esemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi inika uzinzo, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa komanyano, kwaye ikhusela ukuphikiswa kwesizwe ngokuphikisana ngeempikiswano kumazwe ngamanye. Umanyano lwamazwe No. 68, olubhalwe nguAlexander Hamilton, luphikisa ngelithi inkqubo iza kuqinisekisa ukuba "indawo esemthethweni iza kwenziwa ngabantu abakwaziyo ukuhlolisisa iimpawu eziye zahambelana nesi sitishi. Imikhosi engokwasemthethweni efuna ukulwa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunokuba ibhekise kumaziko aphezulu oluntu, ngokuqikelelwa ekuphuhliseni ugunyaziso olubanzi lwesizwe.

Ukugxekwa Nokucelwa Kotshintsho

Abahlalutyi bathi isiseko esisemthethweni se-Electoral College saphula umgaqo "womntu omnye, ivoti enye" ngokunika abavoti ubunzima obungalinganiyo kumaphondo amancinane. Le nkqubo yokuphumelela iphelisa ngokunempumelelo izigidi zabavoti kumaphondo akhuselekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yenza ukuba umntu ophumeleleyo ophumelele kwivoti yovoti ethandwayo e-Electoral College, njengoko kwenzeka ngo- 2000 nangonyaka ka-2016. Le nkqubo ifumana intengiso iqhubekeka ngokuzifundiswa ezisemthethweni kunye nemibutho yezobupolitika ejolise ekulungiseni i-NPVIC ukuya kuqulukelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Isiseko esisemthethweni se-Elctoral College sihleli kulwakhiwo oluqinileyo noluntsonkothileyo olwakhiwe kwinqaku II, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesibini, imimiselo yesizwe, kunye nemizekelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge Chifalo v. IWashington[ kunye [[FLT]] Mcherson v. Black ]. Inkqubo ibonise ukhuthazo olubalaseleyo olusemthethweni, impikiswano yangoku ejikeleze i-NPVIC kunye ne-ECRA ibonisa ukuba umthetho awuhambelani. Nokuba ngokwenziwa kwe-mend, ukuqululo oluthe kratya, okanye ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo, ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kwe-Ellector Collegement izakuqhubeka ukuguquka. Ngoku, oko kuhlala kusetyenziswa ngoku ngoku kusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni, i-United States, i-Framesment, kunye nodwebo lwamast.