Ukuba ngummi Kuchaza Ulwalamano Lwakho Olusemthethweni Nohlanga

Ubumi bumela ubulungu obusemthethweni, obusemthethweni kwilizwe elilawulayo. Budala iqhina elihamba ngendlela ezimbini: umntu ufanele ukuthembeka kwisizwe, yaye urhulumente, ufanele akhuselwe kwaye anikwe amalungelo ommi. Obu bumi asilogama nje elingumqondiso; busisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ithuba lezoqoqosho, kunye nokuzichaza okusemthethweni. Ukuqonda iisiseko ezisemthethweni zobumi ("ukufumana), ilungelo elikhoyo, naliphi na ilungelo elilinikayo, kwaye xa bunokulahleka kumntu okwindlela yokuzimela okanye afune ukuma kwakhe ngokwendalo. Ingcamango yobumi iye yaguquka kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, isuka kwilungelo elinxulumene nempahla kunye nokuzalwa komntu onegunya elingokwasemthethweni, kodwa ihlala ikho kumntu onegunya elingakumbi.

Isakhiwo esilawula ubumi obusemthethweni siyahluka ngokwelizwe, kodwa onke amazwe achaza ukuba ngubani ummi wasekuhlaleni. EUnited States, umthetho oyintloko ngumthetho wokuthambisa inzala noMgaqo (INA). KwiBritane, iBritish Nationality Act imisela imithetho. Inkqubo nganye iphendula imibuzo efanayo: Ngubani ummi ozalwayo? Ngubani onokuba ngummi kamva? Kwenzeka ntoni xa ummi engqubana nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente? Eli nqaku lihlola le migaqo yesiseko ngobunzulu, linika abemi bexesha elizayo ukuqonda okucacileyo ngoko kulindelekileyo noko kulindelekile kubo.

Isiseko Sobumi: Jus Soli noJus Saguinis

Imigaqo emibini yamandulo isekelwe phantse yonke imithetho yobumi: jus soli (ekunene komhlaba) kunye juis juinins[ (ekunene kwegazi).

  • Jus soli unika nabani na ozalelwe kwimida yelizwe. I-United States neKhanada imizekelo ebalaseleyo. UMthetho-siseko we-14 oLandlisiweyo ku-U.S. uqinisekisa ukuba “bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye abaphantsi kwegunya labo, bangabemi.” Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba phantse bonke abantwana abazalelwe kumhlaba wase-America baba ngummi we-U.S., kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangabami bamazwe okanye bavela eUnited States.
  • Jus uculainis uchaza ubumi obusekelwe kwisizwe somntu omnye okanye sobabini abazali, kungakhathaliseki indawo ezalwa kuyo. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, njengeJamani ne-Itali, alandela ngokuyintloko lo mzekelo, nangona inkoliso iwuxuba nelungu lejusi soli. Umzekelo, umntwana ozalelwe kubazali baseJamani angafumana ubumi baseJamani ngokomnombo, ukuba abazali bahlangabezane neemfuno ezithile zokubhalisa.

Ummi oza kuzalwa ufanele ahlole enoba ukuzalwa kwabo okanye ukuzalwa komntwana wabo kubangela ukuba abe ngummi ozenzekelayo phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni, kuba oku kunokuwenza lula gqitha indlela.

Iindlela Zokufumana Ubumi

Umntu ongengommi ekuzalweni kwakhe unokuba ngumntu omnye ngemijelo emininzi esemthethweni. Eyona iqheleke kakhulu yile yeyokwemvelo, kodwa ezinye iindlela zikhona, kuquka umtshato, ukusekwa, kunye neenkqubo zotyalo-mali. Indlela nganye inemiqobo yayo ebhaliweyo kunye neemfuno zoxwebhu.

Ukuziqhelanisa Nendalo: Indlela Eqhelekileyo Yabantu Abakhulileyo

Ukuqanjwa kobuntwana yinkqubo esemthethweni apho ilizwe lasemzini lifumana ngokuzithandela ubumi emva kweemeko ezimiselwe lilizwe elamkelekileyo. Ngoxa iinkcazo zahlukeneyo, amazwe amaninzi ayafuna:

  • Ithuba elincinane lokuhlala ngokusisigxina ngokusemthethweni (iimeko engathi iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu).
  • Ubukho obuqhubekayo obuphathekayo kwelo lizwe ngelo xesha.
  • Ukuziphatha kakuhle, kujongwa kwiingxelo zemvelaphi nokuhlolisisa imbali yolwaphulo - mthetho.
  • Ukwazi ulwimi, imbali norhulumente welo lizwe (umz., uvavanyo lwamagunya aseUnited States).
  • Isifungo sokunyaniseka kumazwe angaphambili.

EUnited States, ifashoni ye-FLT N-400 ne-U.S.iNkonzo yobumi kunye ne-Immigrationtionation Services (USCIS). Kufuneka babekho kwi-biomitrics, badlulise udliwano-ndlebe, kwaye bathathe i-Oath of Allegiance kumsitho wendalo. Le nkqubo ingathatha iinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwiminyaka emibini, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko zobulali. Kubalulekile ukugcina indawo ehlala kuyo eqhubekayo kwaye baphephe uhambo olwandileyo olunokuthi lwaphule ubukho bokwenyama obufunekayo.

Ukuba ngummi Ngokuzalwa Okanye Ngokungabi Namdla

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, bambi abantu bafumana ubumi ngokuzenzekelayo xa bezalwa. Kumazwe agxininisa ukuba i-jus soli, oku kucacile. Kubo bathembele kwiijague, umntwana ozalelwe ngaphandle kwelizwe kubazali bamakhaya angasakufanelekela. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi amisela imida: ngokomzekelo, iUnited States idla ngokufuna ukuba ubuncinane umzali omnye ahlale eUnited States kangangexesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe ukuze afumane ubumi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ufaneleke kusoloko kubandakanya ukuqokelela iziqinisekiso zokuzala, iilayiselo zomtshato, kunye neengxelo zabazali abahlala eUnited States.

Ubumi obusekelwe emtshatweni

Ukutshata nommi akuzenzekeli kubangela ukuba ube ngummi, kodwa kusenokukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuzihlaziya. E-U.S., ummi osisigxina otshate nomntu wase-U.S. angafaka isicelo sokuzihlaziya emva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela yokuhlala (kusukela kwiminyaka emihlanu). Isibini kufuneka sibonise ukuba umtshato u-bona fade, awungeni kuphela ukuze kungenelwe ukufuduka. Amagosa agunyazisa i-Immigration ahlolisisa ngenyameko ezi zizicelo, ngokufuthi afuna ukubuyiselwa kwerhafuthelo, ukuhliswa kwerhafu ekwabelana, kunye, kunye nokunikwa intengo kubahlobo nentsapho.

Ukuba ngummi ngokuveliswa okanye ngokukhetha

Inani elandayo lamazwe linika “imali-mali ngeenkqubo zokuveliswa kwemali”, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-sports zegolide. Malta, Cyprus, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseCaribbean avumela abantu abazizityebi ukuba bafumane ubumi ngenxa yeminikelo eninzi yemali, ukuthengwa kwempahla okanye ukudalwa kwemisebenzi. Ezi nkqubo zithanda ukuphikisana kodwa zisemthethweni phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, amazwe ambalwa anika abemi ngokwempumelelo engaqhelekanga kwinzululwazi, ezobugcisa, okanye imidlalo, nangona inqabile iziphumo ezinjalo.

Kwimeko ebanzi yenkqubo yokwenziwa kwendalo e-U.S., jonga i- umi wase-USCIS iphepha . Abo banomdla kwinkqubo yaseBritane bangabhekisela kukhokelo lukarhulumente kubemi baseBritane [.

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko: Oko Kufunwa Bubumi

Ukuba ngummi kuvula uludwe lwamalungelo asemthethweni angekhoyo kubantu abangengobemi, kodwa kwakhona kunyanzelisa imisebenzi. Ukuqonda zombini ezi zinto kubalulekile ukuze ube ngummi onenkathalo.

Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Abemi

Iimbopheleleko Zabemi

Amalungelo afumaneka nezibopho zokwabelana. Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuqhatha umthetho: ubumi abukhululi nabani na kwiziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Enyanisweni, abemi bangajongana nesohlwayo esingaphezulu kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana nokungcangcazelisa okanye ukuqhatha konyulo.
  • Ukuhlawula iirhafu: Inkoliso yamazwe arhafisa abemi bawo ngengeniso yehlabathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi. Umzekelo, iUnited States ifuna abemi bamazwe angaphandle ukuba babhale ii-asethi zerhafu ezibuya minyaka le-IRS. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela irhafu kungakhokelela kwisohlwayo kwanokuphulukana nepasiso.
  • Ukuncedisa kubomi boluntu: Ngelixesha ukuvota kunelungelo, kukwathathwa ngokubanzi njengomsebenzi woluntu. Inkonzo kaJury yenye imbopheleleko; ukungaphumeleli ukuvela xa ibizwe kungenza intlawulo okanye ukudelelwa kwenkundla.
  • Inkonzo yomkhosi: [[FLT:] Kumazwe anyanzelekileyo ukuba athandwe emkhosini, abemi bangafuneka bakhonze. Umzekelo, uMzantsi Korea kunye noSirayeli bayalela abemi abaninzi ukuba basebenze emkhosini. Kwanakumazwe angangeni mkhosi, abemi bangabizwa ngamaxesha kaxakeka wesizwe.

Imida Esemthethweni Nokukhutshwa Kobumi

Ngokuqhelekileyo ubumi bugqalwa njengobume obusisigxina, kodwa abuphelelanga. Kwiimeko ezithile, umntu usenokuphulukana nobumi bakhe ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye akhethe ukubulahla.

Ukuhlawulelwa Ngokuzithandela

Umntu angalahla ilungelo lakhe lobumi, ngokuqhelekileyo abe ngummi welinye ilizwe elingavumeliyo ubuzwe obubini. Le nkqubo ifuna ukubonakala phambi komphathi-mikhosi kunye nokuhlawulwa komrhumo. Kwi-U.S., ukubuyiselwa akuguquki kwaye kuphumela ekulahlekelweni ngamalungelo namalungelo obumi, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala eUnited States. Umntu unokuba negunya lokuhlala ukuba akanalo elinye ilizwe, ngoko ke ucwangciso olunobuchule luyafuneka.

Ukuzincama

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lulinganisela amandla karhulumente ekususeni ubumi. Noko ke, ukupheliswa kunokwenzeka kwiimeko ze:

  • [[NTL:0] Fraud okanye ukugqwetha: Ukuba umntu ufumene ubumi ngeengxelo zobuxoki, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho olufihlakeleyo, okanye ezinye iindlela zokunganyaniseki, urhulumente ungaziguqula ngokwemvelo. Le nkqubo ifuna inkundla eqhubekekayo apho urhulumente kufuneka angqine khona ubuqhetseba ngobungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiseleyo.
  • Isizathu okanye ubugrogrisi: Amanye amazwe avumela ukupheliswa kwezenzo ezinzulu nxamnye norhulumente. EUnited States, i-INA idwelisa izizathu ezithile, kuquka ukukhonza njengelungu lomkhosi wotshaba oxhobileyo okanye ukuxhasa izinto eziphathekayo kubagrogrisi. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iwise umthetho wokuba ubumi bunelungelo elingundoqo kwaye abunakurhoxiswa njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho; inkqubo efanelekileyo mayilandelwe.
  • Amazwe ambalwa ahlala phesheya: Azimisela ukuphelisa ubumi ukuba ummi wendalo uhlala ngaphandle kwelizwe iminyaka ethile. Le mithetho iya inqabile kodwa isekho kwiindawo ezinjenge-Tshayina neSingapore.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimida esemthethweni yokurhoxiswa kobumi, iLibary yesikhokelo sophando lweKhomishini engokususwa kobumi [[FLT: 1] inika uthelekiso lwembono ngaphaya kwemithetho.

Ubumi BobuGcisa: Ukuba neMibini (okanye

Ubumi bomntu omnye bubakho xa umntu egqalwa ngokusemthethweni njengommi wamazwe amabini ngaxeshanye. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo (umz. umntwana ozalelwe kwilizwe lejali kubazali belizwe lejastia elikwilizwe loluntu) okanye ngokuqalwa kwendalo kwilizwe lesibini elingafuni kulahla elokuqala.

Izimo zengqondo ngabemi ababini ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu. I-United States, iKhanada, kunye nenkoliso yamazwe aseYurophu ngoku ikuvumela oko. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe anjengeJapan, iIndiya, neSaudi Arabia kufuneka abemi belizwe balahle ezinye iintlanga xa befumana ubumi babo. Umntu ohlala kunye nawo omabini amazwe kufuneka athobele imithetho yawo omabini, enokuthi ikhokelele ekungqubaniseni iimbopheleleko , umzekelo, ukuhlawula irhafu okanye ukwenza inkonzo yomkhosi omnye ngoxa uzama ukukhonza omnye. Ukuhamba ngeephaso ezimbini kufuna ukucwangcisa: xa ungena kwilizwe olimmi, kufuneka usebenzise elo lizwe undwendwe.

Abemi bexesha elizayo bafanele bahlole enoba ilizwe labo liyaluvuma kusini na uhlanga lwawo oluntlu - mbini ngaphambi kokuba bafake isicelo sokuzimela kwenye indawo.

Ukungabi Namithetho: Ukungabi Namithetho

Ukungabi nagunya kumbuso .-Imeko yokungagqalwa njengommi naliphi na ilizwe . Yimbambano enzulu engokwasemthethweni neyokunceda abantu. Abantu abangenaburhulumente abanalo ilizwe, ngokufuthi elithetha ukungabi nalungelo lokuvota, ukungabi namdla wokungena kwipasi yokundwendwela, ukulinganiselwa kokufumana unyango nemfundo, kunye nokuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngokutsho kwe UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ukungabi nagunyaziswa kwesizwe kuchaphazela izigidi ehlabathini lonke.

Ukungabikho kwemeko-bume kubangelwa kukungahambelani kwemithetho yobumi. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana ozalelwe kubazali abangenasizwe kwilizwe elinika nje ilungelo lokuba ngummi ngenxa yamaqhina egazi angazukufumana ilifa elingelilo ulawulo. Ucalucalulo olukwizisekelo zobuhlanga okanye zonqulo lukwanendima ebalulekileyo. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi iNdibano yowe- 1954 enxulumene neStatus of State Persons kunye neConvention yo1961 ekuKhutshelweni kokungalawuleki kweZizwe, izimisele ukunqanda nokunciphisa ukungahlangani. Amazwe amaninzi aye aguqula imithetho yawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bazalelwa kwingingqi yawo, ngenye indlela, baza kuba ngaba babe ngabangenalo uluntu ekuzalweni kwabo.

[[UMTL:0] Iphepha leUNHCR elingekho semthethweni [[[FL:1] inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha kulo mxholo, kuquka indlela abantu abanokusebenzisa ngayo ukuqashelwa njengomntu ongenabuzwe kwaye bafuna ukhuseleko.

Ukuba ngummi Kwihlabathi Elizaliswe Lihlabathi

Ingcamango yokuba ngummi iyaqhubeka iguquka. Ukunyuka kokuhamba, ukwamkelwa kwabantu bobuzwe bobabini, kunye noqoqosho lwamanani ziingcamango eziyingxaki ezingokwesithethe zokuba ngamalungu. Amanye amazwe ngoku anika “imvume yokungena kwimibutho” okanye imvume yokuhlala ixesha elide engakhange inikezele kwiinzuzo zayo zezoqoqosho. Kwangaxesha linye, ubumi buhlala bungumqondiso onamandla wokuzichaza kunye namalungelo. Abemi bexesha elizayo kufuneka bahlale besazi ngemithetho yokufuduka nowobuzwe, njengoko utshintsho lungavula iindlela ezintsha okanye ukuvala ezikhoyo.

Uncedo olusemthethweni nemibutho yasekuhlaleni inganceda kwinkqubo yokufaka isicelo, kodwa ukuqonda iisiseko ezichazwe kweli nqaku linyathelo lokuqala. Ukuba ufaka isicelo sokuba ngummi okanye unceda ilungu lentsapho ukuba liqhube inkqubo, ukwazi iziseko ezisemthethweni kuqinisekisa ukuba ungenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo uze uphephe iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi.

Iingcinga Zokugqibela Ngabemi Bexesha Elizayo

Ubumi bungaphezulu koluxwebhu; lulwalamano olusemthethweni olunentsingiselo enzulu kubomi bakho, intsapho yakho, nakwikamva lakho. Ngokuqonda imigaqo engundoqo ````indlela ummi' ofunyanwa ngayo, amalungelo neembopheleleko eziziswayo, kwaye xa lunokulahleka, uyakwazi ukudibana ngokupheleleyo nelizwe lakho elamkelekileyo. Funda imithetho yelizwe ojolise kulo, funa icebiso elingoogqirha ukuba imeko yakho intsonkothileyo, kwaye ulungiselela ngokucokisekileyo inkqubo yokuzisebenzela ngokwemvelo. Olu hambo lufuna umonde nozinzo, kodwa umvuzo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwingingqi yezobupolitika.