Table of Contents
Ukuqonda IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko: Isiseko soLawulo-melo lwaseMelika
UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States umi njengenye yamaxwebhu ahlala ehleli kwaye enempembelelo kwimbali yoluntu. Ukususela oko ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwakudala ngo-1788, lo mbhalo wesiseko uye wakhokela iriphabliki yaseMerika kwiinkulungwane zotshintsho oluphawulekayo, ukusuka kwibutho elingu-agria kumazwe alishumi elinesithathu ukuya kumagunya amakhulu angamashumi amahlanu. Ubuchule bomGaqo-siseko abukho kwisiseko sawo sokuqala kuphela kodwa kumandla aso endaleko ngenkqubo yokulungisa. Inkqubela-siseko lutshintsho olusemthethweni okanye ulwandiso oluguqula uxwebhu, oluvumela uxwebhu ukuba luqhelanise amaxesha, iimfuno ze-socieal, kunye nokutshintsha ukuqonda kwayo i-bulungisa kunye nolawulo.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlala uluxwebhu oluphilayo, olukwaziyo ukubonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu ngeli xesha begcina ukuzinza nokuqhubeka. Olu lungelelwano lucekethekileyo phakathi kokuhlala uhleli nokubhexe-bhetye-bhetye luye lwavumela iUnited States ukuba icombulule imibandela engundoqo esukela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukuya kukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, ngalo lonke ixesha isokulondolozwa kwemigaqo engundoqo emiselwe ngabaseki. Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa umsebenzi okuyimfuneko ngayo kummi wabemi abanqwenela ukuqonda idemokhrasi yaseMelika kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba enzulu kubomi bezentlalo.
Inkqubo Yohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko: Inqaku V elicacisiweyo
Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko bavuma ukuba alukho uxwebhu, nokuba lulungiswe ngobuchule, olungalindela lonke ucelomngeni lwexesha elizayo okanye luhlale lulungelene ngokupheleleyo nazo zonke iimeko. Kwangaxeshanye, baqonda iingozi zokwenza umGaqo-siseko kube lula kakhulu ukutshintsha, nto leyo enokuthi ikhokelele ekungazinzini nasekukhukuliseni kwemigaqo esisiseko. Isisombululo abasenzayo, esidweliswe kwiGatya V lomGaqo-siseko, sidala indlela enzima kodwa enokufumaneka ngabom ukuze kuguquke umGaqo-siseko.
Ukucetyiswa Kohlaziyo
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokufaka ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko, zombini ezifuna ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga. Indlela yokuqala neqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ibandakanya iKhonklane. Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa xa ii-3 ezimbini zeNdlu yabameli kunye nevoti yeNdlu yabameli exhasayo. Le mithetho iphambili iqinisekisa ukuba ukulungisa kuxhaswa kakhulu kuzo zombini iigumbi zendlu yowiso-mthetho, emele ii-contituences ezahlukeneyo kunye neembono zazo.
Indlela yesibini yokumisela ulungiso ayizange isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwimbali yaseMerika, nangona isondele kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Phantsi kwale ndlela, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu zesizwe zingabiza indibano yesizwe. Le nkqubo yayiqukwa ukunikezela ngemithetho emalunga nokugqitha kweKhomishoni ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ayizange ivume kwiimfuno neminqweno yamazwe kunye nabemi bayo. Ithemba lendibano yesiseko semithetho-siseko liphakamisa imibuzo entsokothile ngendlela enokuthi ilungelelaniswe ngayo, ingaba imigaqo engayilawula ngayo, nokuba ingasikelelwa kwimixholo ethile okanye ingavula wonke umGaqo-siseko ukuba uhlaziswe.
Ukuhlaziya IsiHlomelo
Xa ulungiso lucetyiwe ngayiphi na indlela, kufuneka luvunywe ngaphambi kokuba lube yinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko. Kwakhona, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezinokwenzeka zokwahlulwa, nangona iBhunga lichaza ukuba yeyiphi indlela ekufuneka isetyenziswe xa kumiswa inguquko. Indlela eqheleke kakhulu ifuna imvume yeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu ezinesine. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngoku, ezinoorhulumente abangamashumi amahlanu, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingamashumi amathathu anesibhozo kufuneka zivote ukuvota ukuphelisa isiphelo somGaqo-siseko.
Enye indlela yokwandiswa kwemipu ibandakanya iindibano zephondo kunezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Iintlanganiso ezintathu-sine ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo kufuneka zivume ulungiso. Le ndlela iye yasetyenziswa kanye kwimbali yaseMelika, ukudityaniswa koMphetho-Mdathiso ongamashumi amabini apheleleyo, oye wapheliswa ngokutsha. Indlela yendibano yakhethwa ngenxa yokuba abaxhasi bephondo bakholelwa ukuba iindibano zamazwe zizakusabela kakhulu kulwamkelo oluqhelekileyo kunemithetho yomthetho, enokuthi iphenjelelwe ngabaxhasi bezomoya.
Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Nexesha Elifileyo
Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo ungawuchazi umda wexesha lokudityaniswa, iKhomishini iye yaquka amaxesha okumiswa kwento ecetyisiweyo okanye kumthetho ohambisana nayo. Eyona miqathango iqhelekileyo yiminyaka esixhenxe, nangona eli xesha linokwandiswa yiKhonkxalathi yamaLungelo. UMthetho wamaLungelo oLinganiso, umzekelo, ekuqaleni wanikwa ixesha elineminyaka esixhenxe ukususela ngo1972, eyathi kamva yanwenwa ngo198. Ngaphandle koko lolwandiso, ukupheliswa kwemiqathango emithathu efunekayo ukuze kwandiswe, nangona impikiswano ngemeko yawo iqhubeka nakolu suku.
Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ezinye izindululo ziye zavunywa amashumi eminyaka okanye kwanasemva kweenkulungwane emva kwesicelo sazo sokuqala. Uhlaziyo lwama-20-Svenethithi, oluthi luchaze intlawulo yombutho wengqungquthela, lwathi qalwa ngowewaka liwaka linye lewaka leBhili yamaLungelo kodwa alwamkelwanga de kwangonyaka ka-192, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini kamva. Oku kuncitshiswa okungaqhelekanga kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba kulungiswa ngaphandle kwemiqathango echaziweyo kusenokuhlala kuhleli ngonaphakade.
Imongo Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba Umgaqo Wokuhlaziywa Ubaluleke
Inkqubo yokulungisa ibonakalisa uqwalaselo locoselelo lwabasebenzi besakhelo lwendlela yokuyila inkqubo ezinzileyo kodwa ebhetyebhetye. Ukusuka nje kuvela kwimfazwe yendaleko kunye novavanyo olungaphumelelanga lwemiqathango yeNtlanganiso, abathunywa beConvention yezomGaqo-siseko ngo1787 bazama ukuphepha zombini ubuzwilakhe benkqubo engaguquguqukiyo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwendlela enye. Isisombululo sabo yayiyinkqubo efuna ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano olubanzi kumacala ohlukeneyo karhulumente kunye nemimandla yelizwe.
Le bhat-bherin iphezulu yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ithetha ukuba zimbalwa izilungiso eziye zamkelwa. Ekubeni umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa, zingaphezulu kwewaka elinanye amawaka eekopi eziye zathenjiswa kwiBhunga, kodwa zingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela ezivunyiweyo. Izivumelwano zokuqala ezilishumi, ezazisaziwa njengeBill of Rights, zagunyaziswa ngo1791, kwiminyaka emithathu emva komGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ezi ziphelo zazifuneka ukukhusela ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko, njengoko amazwe amaninzi enyanzelela ukukhuselwa okucacileyo kwenkululeko nganye.
Ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buye bachaphazela kakhulu ukuphuhliswa komgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ngenxa yokuba kunzima ukufikelela iinguqulelo ezisesikweni, utshintsho olukhulu lomgaqo-siseko lwenzeke ngezinye iindlela, ingakumbi utoliko lweNkundla Ephakamileyo. Izigqibo ze-Landmark njenge brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, eyathi ivakalise i-parvetion engahambisani nemithetho-siseko, okanye bergefell v. Hodges, eyamkela amalungelo omtshato owezenteko, iye yaguqula ngokuneyo intsingiselo yenkcazelo engoko ngaphandle kokulungisa umbhalo ngokwawo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngolungeleneyo phakathi kotoliko olusesikweni lwezi mithetho kunye nolwenkqubo ye-gromastmentalment.
IBhili yamaLungelo: IsiHlayiso sokuqala seMerika esilishumi
IBhili yamaLungelo imele ingqokelela yokuqala engundoqo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kwaye ihlala iphakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo. Ezi zindululo zilishumi zacetyiswa yiNgqungquthela Yokuqala ngo-1789 kwaye zavunywa ngamanani afunekayo karhulumente ngoDisemba 1791. Ngokuyintloko zazingumsebenzi kaJames Madison, owathi ekuqaleni wachasa umthetho wamalungelo njengongayimfuneko kodwa wawubona njengoyimfuneko ekukhuseleni inkxaso ethandwayo yomGaqo-siseko omtsha.
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Senkululeko Yamakhaya
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo.
Ukuchazwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuHlaziya koQala uMmiselo kuye kwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ekuqaleni kwembali yaseMerika, imithetho efana neMithetho yeAlien neMithetho yeSigqibo yoNyaka yowe-1798 yokugxekwa korhulumente, ummiselo onokuthi ungabi nagunyaziswa phantsi kwemithetho yesiHlaliso sokuQala soLawulo Lokuqala. Namhlanje, ukhuseleko loLuhlu loMmiselo lokuqala luquka ukuthetha okufuziselayo, ukuthetha kwezorhwebo, kwaneentlobo ezithile zentetho echaphazamisayo, nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngemida efanelekileyo yezi nkululeko kwimimandla enjengentetho yentiyo, inkxaso-matheko, kunye nemigangatho ye-intanethi.
Okwesibini Kuhlaziyo Lweshumi
UHlomelo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, ilungiselelo eliye ladala impikiswano enzulu malunga nobungakanani bazo nokusebenza kwazo kwibutho labantu namhlanje. IsiHlaliso sesithathu soHlaziyo sikwalela ukubekwa kwamajoni kwikota emakhayeni abantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sithetha ngezikhalazo ezithile ezisuka kwixesha lamathanga. UMthetho-Mbenzo wesine ukhusela ukuphandwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, ufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwizizathu ezitheth'ukuba tyelele urhulumente kwizithuba ezizimeleyo.
IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqulethe imigaqo emininzi yokukhusela abo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuzikhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efunekayo ngaphambi kokuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kukwafuneka imbuyiselo nje xa urhulumente ethatha impahla yangasese ukuze asetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke. UMthetho-wonke weSithandathu uqinisekisa amalungelo akwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokungenela ityala elikhawulezileyo nelinguwonke wonke, inkundla yabachopheleli-tyala abangakhethi cala-mthetho, kunye nesiluleko esisemthethweni.
UHlaliso lweSebethi lulondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala abachopheli-tyala, ngoxa isiHlaliso seMimiselo yeSisibhozo silela ibheyile eninzi, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithisileyo, isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. IsiHlanzi seNxeba sicacisa ukuba ukumiselwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo akhethekileyo angekho ngokucacileyo. Okokugqibela, uMthetho wokuLayishwa kweSigxina kweshumi kumaphondo okanye kubantu onganikwanga gunya-rhulumente, umisela umgaqo wolawulo lwesizwe oqhubeka ubumbano lweMelika.
Ukwakhiwa kwakhona Kohlaziyo: Ukuguqula Uluntu LwaseMerika
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, esamkelwayo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, saguqula ngokusisiseko umGaqo-siseko kunye nebutho labantu baseMerika. Ezi ziHlaliso zoHlaziyo zabuphelisa ubukhoboka, zamisela ubuzibulo obulinganayo kunye nenkuselo elinganayo phantsi komthetho, zakwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteleni. Zonke, zamela ukusekwa kwesibini kweriphabliki yamaMelika, zidlulisela ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwizigidi zabantu ababekhe bangamakhoboka kunye nenzala yabo.
IsiHlayiso Seshumi Elinantathu: Ubukhoboka Obukhuthazayo
I-Roodfection yeshumi elinesithathu yaphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga kulo lonke elase-United States, ngaphandle kokuba isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kulungiswa kwayisiphelo samashumi eminyaka ezenzo zokuphelisa ulawulo kunye nemfazwe yamagazi yemfazwe yamakhaya. Ngokusisiseko kwaguqula umthetho-siseko, owawufudula ungenisa ubukhoboka ngamalungiselelo afana no-Fith Claus no-Fugitive Slaus.
Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu lwaba luhlaziyo lokuqala kwiiNguquko ezintathu zokwandiswa kweMimiselo yokuHlaziya nokuTyelwa koMdathi neNkqutyana yokuXhotyiswa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala woLawulo lweSizwe kwimicimbi yamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukungasohlwayi kolwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwanemiphumo ehlala ihleli, nto leyo eyafak'umthelela kwiingxoxo zokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi nokusebenza nzima entolongweni eMerika. Utshintsho lwanika kwakhona igunya lokunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo ngomthetho ofanelekileyo, lumisela umzekelo oya kulandelwa ekulungiseni okulandelayo.
UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemigunyathi Weshumi Eline: Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo
IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine, esamkelwe ngo1868, mhlawumbi sisigqibo esiphambili sokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko emva kweBhili yamaLungelo. Siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abakhuselweyo eUnited States ngabemi, babhukuqa nabani na ongowona mhlaba owesithethe esibi, uDidred Scott isigqibo esikhanyele ubumi bamaMelika aseAfrika. Umva uthintela ekubekeni amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi, ukuhlupha nabani na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, okanye ukukhanyelisa nawuphi na umntu olinganayo ukukhusela imithetho.
IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine sisisiseko sezinye zezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eMgangathweni waseMerika. Ukukhusela kwayo u-FLT Claus kwakusemgangathweni Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo kunye nokususelwa kokwahlulwa komthetho osemthethweni. I-ST Proced Claus yenze yachazwa ukuquka uninzi lwezikhuseliselo zamalungelo karhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko angachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Ukusuka kumalungelo enzala ukuya kulingana, uMphetho weshumi elinesine lamathandela ubulungu ubusi siseko wesiseko wokwandisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokna ukrwelo.
UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwamalungelo: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo
I-CPF yabekwa phantsi ngowe-1870, uMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu woLawulo lwamaZwe uthintela urhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangalifuni ilungelo lokuvota abemi ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Oku kulungiswa kwabonisa ukwanda okunentsingiselo yemokhrasi kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, ukunyusela amalungelo okuvota kwizigidi zamadoda aseMerika aseAfrika. Kodwa, isithembiso sawo sathotywa phantsi phantse inkulungwane ngeemvavanyo zokubhatako, iirhafu, iirhafu, iingxelo zobukhocholo, ugonyamelo, kunye noloyiko.
Ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwesithembiso soMbetho weshumi elinesihlanu kwafuna ukuhambelana namalungelo abantu ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kunye nomthetho ophawulayo ofana noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965. Nanamhlanje, iingxoxo ngamalungelo okuvota, imithetho yokuvota, nokufikelela kwivoti kuyaqhubeka kucela imigaqo emiselwe ngulu lungiso lwe-Resorance. IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesihlanu samisa umgaqo wokuba amalungelo okuvota angundoqo kubemi kwaye akufunekangalahlwe eluhlangani, umgaqo oye wanwenwe ngokusetyenziswa kolu hlanga kunye nomthetho olandelayo.
Izicombululo Zexesha: Ukuguqula Ulawulo - melo LwaseMerika
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabakho ukugqabhuka kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lomsebenzi oqhutywa ngumnqweno wenkqubela-phambili wokwenza urhulumente abe yidemokhrasi nokwenza ukuthanda okuthandwayo. Izindululo ezine zagunyaziswa phakathi ko1913 no1920 zaguqula ngokuphawulekayo amaziko ezobupolitika aseMerika kwaye zandisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.
UMthetho Weshumi Nesithandathu: Irhafu Yemali Ehlawulwayo
ISichithi soHlaziyo seSinethi, esagunyaziswa ngo1913, sanika iNgqungquthela amandla okuhlawula irhafu yengeniso ye-levy ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kuluntu. Le ngxelo yasiguqula isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Pollock v. Abalimi's Loan & Trust Co., eyaye yaphelisa irhafu yerhafu karhulumente njengentswana-ogqaliselo. Irhafu iye yasingela ekubeni ngumthombo oyintloko wemali karhulumente, iphumeza ukwanda kweenkqubo nemisebenzi yorhulumente kuphele iinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabini amabini anesibini namashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anesihlanu.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesixhenxe: Unyulo Oluthe ngqo Lwabaququzeleli
Kwakhona kwavunywa ngowe - 1913, iSevententh Amendment yaseka unyulo olungqalileyo lweZihlaziyo ze-United States Senacators ngovoti exhaphakileyo, ithabathelw' indawo inkqubo yokuqala apho iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zakhetha khona abaququzeleli bendlu yowiso-mthetho. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa yinkxalabo ngenkohlakalo, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezivalelweyo, nomnqweno wokwenza iBhunga liba libe nentsebenziswano kubantu. Ukupheliswa kwemithetho yesizwe ngokusisiseko, kunciphisa indima yoorhulumente kwisakhiwo sorhulumente kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi.
IsiHlaliso Seshumi elinesibhozo: Isigwebo
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esagunyaziswa ngo1919, sakwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nokuthuthwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo. Oku kulungiswa kwamela incopho yephulo lentshukumo yokulwa notywala elingamashumi eminyaka. Noko ke, iProjini yangqineka inzima ukunyanzelisa kwaye yafak ’ isandla ekunyukeni kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. UMthetho weSikhokelo seshumi elinesibhozo ugcina umahluko wokuba kube kulungiswa okuphela komgaqo-siseko ukuze kulungiswe ngokupheleleyo, ukuncitshiswa kolunye utywala, i-20-Qoqonga, i-Ganci, eyagunyaziswa ngo- 1933.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa
Ngo-1920, uMphengululo wesi-199 walela oorhulumente borhulumente nowesizwe ukuba bangafuni ilungelo lokuvota abemi abasekelwe kwiintlobano zesini. Oku kupheliswa kwabangelwa kukuthatha inxaxheba kwamashumi eminyaka ngumbutho wamabhinqa, owawusebenzisa iindlela ezisuka kwimpembelelo yoxolo ukuya ekungathotyelweni kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni. UMthetho-Myezo weSithoba weSithoba waphinda kabini ukunyuka kwenyathelo elisemgangathweni sobufana, nangona amabhinqa anombala aye eqhubeka ejongene nemiqobo yokuvota kumazwe amaninzi de kube lixesha lamalungelo abantu.
Umbutho wamabhinqa owehlisa isantya wabonakalisa amandla oonovezwe bengca abaqhubekekayo abalungelelanisiweyo ukufikelela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Abaququzeleli bemithetho njengoSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, kwaye kamva noAlice Paul noCarrie Chapman Catt bakha intshukumo eyaphumela kwizizukulwana kwaye basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukufikelela usukelo lwabo. Ukusetyenziswa kweGawulayo kweshumi elinesithoba kwaphawula ixesha eliphenduliweyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika, nangona ulingana ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika kumabhinqa kusengumsebenzi oqhubekayo.
IziHlanziso Zale Mihla: Ukubuyiselwa KweziNtlanganiso Zedemokhrasi
Utshintsho olwavunywa ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II luye lwagxininisa ngokuyintloko ekucombululeni iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, ekukhuliseni amalungelo okuvota, nasekuthetheni ngemibandela ethile yezakhiwo erhulumente. Nangona zimbalwa ngokwenani kuneenguqu zamaxesha angaphambili, ezi zindululo zale mihla ziye zaba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika.
Uhlaziyo oluMatshi 20: Imida yeMiqathango yoMongameli
Ngo-1951, uHlaziyo lweMimiselo-Sigqibo engamashumi amabini nanye yahlula oomongameli kwimiqathango emibini echongiweyo eofisini. Olu tshintsho lwayimpendulo kuFranklin D. Roosevelt olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili kwisikhundla sobumongameli. Ngelixesha uGeorge Washington wayeseke isithethe sexesha eliziinqanda ezimbini ngokuyeka ukufuna igama lesithathu, uRoosevelt walwaphula lomzekelo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Unyuso-Sinyuso-Sinyuso simiselwe ngokwesiko somda wexesha lesibini, eqinisekisa ukujika rhoqo kwiofisi ephakamileyo yohlanga kwaye uthinte ukunyuka kwamandla agqithiseleyo kumntu omnye.
Inguquko iye yadala iingxoxo zamaxesha athile zokuba imida yegama iyanceda okanye ayibavumeli abavoti ukuba bakwazi ukukhetha iinkokeli ezinamava. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi ibinzana elingummiselo liqinisekisa iimbono ezintsha kwaye lithintele ukunyanzeleka kwegunya, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi banokwenza oomongameli bangabi natyala ngokwezigaba zabo zesibini kwaye bahluthe uhlanga lokhokelo olunempumelelo ngexesha leengxaki.
Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini anesithathu: D.C.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithathu, lwaqinisekiswa ngo1961, lwanikwa abahlali beSithili saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli ngokubeka ivoti yesithili ngokungathi yimeko. Intengiselwano yanika uD.C. inani labanyuli elilingana nelizwe elinabemi abancinane, ngoku libathathu. Oku kulungiswa kwathetha ngetyala ledemokhrasi apho abemi bephondo babengenalo ilizwi ekukhetheni umongameli, nangona uD.C. Abahlali bengenawo umelo olupheleleyo.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine: Irhafu ebhengeza iintlawulo
Ngo-1964, uMphetho-wesi-24 owalelweyo wonyulo lwerhafu kunyulo lwamagunya asekuhlaleni. Iirhafu ezingqukuva zazisetyenziswe, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi, ukuphelisa abavoti abangamahlwempu, ingakumbi ama-Afrika. Intengiselwano yayiyinxalenye yomgudu wombutho wamalungelo asekuhlaleni ophangaleleyo wokwaphula imiqobo yokuvota. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa lo mthetho wokulawula unyulo ku- Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions, iphethe loo rhafu yonyulo kurhoqo lonyulo naluphi naluphi na unyulo oluchasene nokhetho olungoluthiso.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu: Ukuphumelela koMongameli
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabini anesihlanu, esagunyaziswa ngo1967, sacaciswa iinkqubo zokulandelelana komongameli kunye nokukhubazeka. Saqinisekisa ukuba isekela lomongameli liba ngumongameli (kungekhona nje umongameli) ekufeni komongameli, ukurhoxa, okanye ukususwa. Kwakhona ladala iinkqubo zokuba isekela lomongameli lithabathe amagunya omongameli xa umongameli engakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yesikhundla, mhlawumbi ngesigqibo sikamongameli okanye ngokuzimisela komongameli kunye nekhabhinethi.
Ulungiso lwaselumisele inkqubo yokuzalisa izithuba zomongameli olisekela, ifuna umongameli ukuba afake isingxungxo esimele siqinisekiswe zizo zombini izindlu zeBhunga. Eli lungiselelo lisetyenzisiwe kabini: xa uGerald Ford wamiselwa ukuba abe lisekela likamongameli emva kokuba uSpiro Agnew's ashicilelwe, naxa uNelson Rockefeller wamiselwa emva kokuba uFord efumene uRodd Nixon's.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko
I-Amakumi amabini anesithathu IsiHlanziso seMimiselo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesiThathu sehlisa ixesha lokuvota ukusuka kumashumi amabini anesibhozo ukuya kumashumi asibhozo kulo lonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Intengiso yaqhutywa kakhulu ziimpikiswano zokuba ukuba abantu abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumaneke kwaye balwe kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote. Ulungiso-mthetho lweSixweso zincwadi lwagunyaziswa ngokukhawuleza kunayo nayiphi na enye intengiso, ukuthatha nje ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintathu ukusuka kwisicelo sombutho ukuya kwinani elifunekayo kumazwe.
Oku kuphuculwa kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhethwa konyulo kwaye kwabonisa ukuguquka kwesimo sengqondo soluntu malunga nokuqola nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abatsha. Kwabonisa ukuqwalaselwa kokuba abo bachaphazelekayo yimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ingakumbi ukuthatyathwa komkhosi, kufuneka babe nelizwi ekukhetheni abameli babo. Utshintsho luyaqhubeka lubumba amaphulo ezobupolitika neengxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo njengabavoti nabangeni abatsha abafuna ukungenela inxaxheba kwabavoti.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe: Ukhuphiswano lweBhunga loMbutho
ISinyuso-Amashumi amabini anesixhenxe, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1992, sinika ukuba nawuphi na umthetho otshintshayo wembuyiselo yequmrhu awunakusebenza de kube emva konyulo olulandelayo lwabameli. Ekuqaleni kwacetyiswa nguJames Madison ngo-1789 njengenxalenye yepakethe eyaba yiBhili yamaLungelo, le njongo yapheliswa kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba iphulo lokuhluza iingca elikhokelwe ngumfundi wasekholeji, uGregory Watson, ngokunelisayo yaya phezu komqobo wokusetyenziswa kwe-rawashi.
Imbali yokulungisa engaqhelekanga yokulungisa imbali yaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba utshintsho lungahlala luhleli luhleli luhleli ngokungenasiphelo nokuba kumele kubekho imida yexesha ekukhutshweni. Phezu kwayo nje le mibuzo, uArchivist waseUnited States waqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa njengoko kuvunyiwe, kwaye ngoku luthathwa njengenxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Intengiselwano ibonisa inkxalabo ehlala ihleli malunga nokuzisebenzela kombutho kunye nokubaluleka kokuziphendulela kokhetho.
Uhlaziyo Olungaphumelelanga: Ukuqonda Oko Kwakungahambi Ngako
Ukuhlola ukungaphumeleli kweenguqu kunikela ubulumko obubalulekileyo kwizithethe zezobupolitika, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, nocelomngeni lokufikelela utshintsho lomgaqo - siseko. Kuye kwacetywa ukuba kulungiswe amawaka eenguquko kodwa angazange avunywe, yaye ezinye zaphantse zaphumelela ngaphambi kokuba ziphunyezwe.
UMthetho Othe Tye
I-Aumelt Rights Amendment (ERA), eyayiya kulwalela ngokungqalileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini, yacetyiswa yiKhomishini yowe-1972 yaza yakhawuleza yagunyaziswa ngamazwe amaninzi. Noko ke, yawa phantsi kumazwe amathathu afunekayo amashumi amathathu anesibhozo ngaphambi kommiselo wayo wonyaka ka-1982. Inkcaso yeERA yajamelana nenkcaso kumalungu abambelele kwimigaqo engqongqo awayesithi iya kuphelisa ukukhuselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwamabhinqa kwaye ikhokelele kwiziphumo ezifana nokubizelwa emkhosini.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNevada, i-Illinois, neVirginia ziye zayivuma iERA, zizisa isimbuku kumazwe angamashumi amathathu anesibhozo, nangona ezi zinxibo zafika emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kwexesha. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba inguquko kufuneka iqwalaselwe njengegunya, ngexa abachasi bephikisa ukuba ixesha elimisiweyo lidlule kwaye amanye amazwe asuse ii-ractification zawo. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka malunga nemeko ye-ERA nokuba inokuba inokuba yinxalenye yeMgaqo-siseko.
Uhlaziyo Lohlaziyo Loqingqo - mali Olulungeleleneyo
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolungiso-mali olulungelelanisiweyo, olufuna urhulumente worhulumente ukuba alungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwakhe ngonyaka okanye ajongene neziphumo ezithile, ziye zacetyiswa amaxesha amaninzi. Utshintsho olunjalo lufikelele kufutshane nokudlulisa iKhomishini amaxesha amaninzi kodwa aluzange lufikelele uninzi olufunekayo lwesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali kuzakubangela ukuphumelela kwengqeqesho ephezulu kwaye kuthintele ukunyuka kwamatyala okungalawulekiyo, ngoxa abachasayo benokuthi kuya kuba yingozi ngokwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi ngexesha lokurhoxa kwemali xa ukurhoxa.
ISithili saseColumbia Esinikela Inkxaso KuMthetho Wamalungelo
Icetyiswe yiKhonkela ngo 1978, le nguqu iza kunika iSithili saseColumbia umelo olupheleleyo kuMmandla ngokungathi yimeko. Intengiselwano yagunyaziswa kuphela ngamaphondo alishumi elinesithandathu phambi kokuba iminyaka esixhenxe iphele ngonyaka ka-19, ukungaphumeleli kwemfuno engamashumi amathathu anesibhozo. Abahlali, ngexa bekwazi ukuvota umongameli ngenxa yesiHlamrhu, ukuswelwa kommeli wokuvota kwi Congress, imeko eqhubeka ivelisa impikiswano kunye nokubiza utshintsho.
Impembelelo YeziHlaziyo Kwinkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko
Utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko lwenza okungaphezulu kunokudibanisa nje okutsha kuxwebhu; lungaguqula ngokubhekiselele kwindlela umGaqo-siseko wonke oqondwa ngayo kwaye otolikwa ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko, kwaguqula umGaqo-siseko, ngokubhekiselele kuxwebhu oluxhalatyelwe ngokuyintloko yi-othorial kunye nokulinganiselwa kwamandla orhulumente akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuchaswa ngurhulumente. Olu tshintsho luye lwaneziphumo ezinzulu zomthetho-siseko kunye nendima karhulumente worhulumente.
IziHlaliso zingacacisa iintlawulo okanye izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. IsiHlaliso seshumi Nenye sarhoxa Chacholm v. Georgia, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine Scott v. Sandford, kwaye isiHlaziselo seSine seSinethi seSinyuso se-Pintshi yarhoxa Pollock v. Ulwimi lwamaplains Loan & Trust.[FLT:] Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-mend isebenza njengovavanyo kumandla egwebo, ivumela abantu ukuba bafumane iinkcazelo ezichaneyo ezifanelekileyo.
Ingxaki yenkqubo yokulungisa ikwaphembelela indlela iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyitolika ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi iNkundla iye yathatha indima ephambili ekuguquleni intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba kunzima ukufikelela ekulungiseni okusemthethweni. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi intsika ephakamileyo yokulungisa inkundla ifanele iyenze ilumke ngakumbi ngokufunda amalungelo amatsha okanye imigaqo engene kwinkqubo yokulungisa.
ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente kunye neeNkqubo zoLawulo
Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko wesizwe udume ngokudume kakhulu ekulungiseni, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuba neenkqubo zokulungisa ezifikelelekayo. Amazwana amaninzi avumela ukuba kucetywe iivoti zomGaqo-siseko ezilula okanye ezinkulu kakhulu zendlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye amanye amazwe avumela ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko owenziweyo ngobuchule bokulwa. Ngenxa yoko, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uthambeka ukuba ulungele ukutshintsha ixesha elide kwaye ulungiswe rhoqo kunomGaqo-siseko worhulumente.
Umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoniya, umzekelo, utshintshwe ngaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ukusuka ekumkelweni kwawo ngo-1992. Umgaqo-siseko ka-Alabama, oyena mde ehlabathini, uye walungiswa phantse amaxesha aliwaka. Le mithetho-siseko idla ngokuquka imimiselo eninzi enokuthi ijongwe njengemithetho elungele imicimbi kumgangatho worhulumente. Ukulula komgaqo-siseko otshintshayo uneengenelo nezithintelo: uvumela ukusabela okungakumbi ekutshintsheni kweemeko nokuthanda okuqhelekileyo, kodwa kwakhona ikhokelele ekungcoliseni kwemithetho-siseko yemithetho ejijekezwe ngowomzuzwana okanye ngamalungiselelo okwexeshana.
Izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko weRhulumente ziye zasebenza njengeelaboratori zovavanyo lwedemokhrasi, uvavanyo lweenguqu ezathi kamva zaphembelela inkqubo yorhulumente okanye utoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Utshintsho lwabafazi, umzekelo, lwamkelwa kumaphondo amaninzi asentshona phambi kokuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesithoba lwandiswe kwilizwe lonke. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi aphelisa irhafu yonyulo phambi konyulo lwamashumi amabini anesibini eFourth Amelikation olwenziwa ngokhetho lwamagunya. Olu nxulumano lunamandla phakathi korhulumente nophuhliso lwemithetho-grafik-siseko luyaqhubeka lubumba ulawulo lwamaMelika.
Iimpikiswano ezingeNguqulelo yoMgaqo-siseko
Iingxoxo ezingendlela yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko zihlala zinamandla kwezobupolitika zangoku zaseMerika. Amaqela ahlukeneyo axhasa ukulungiswa kwemiba equka ukuhlaziywa kwemali yeli phulo ukuya kuchaza imida yabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukusuka ekupheliseni iElectoral College ukukhusela amalungelo okanye amaxabiso athile akwimibhalo yomgaqo-siseko.
Iphulo Lokuzitshintshwa Kwemali
Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ISibetho seKhomishini yoNqumlo [[Federal Uchotho:1], ekholelwa ukuba ukuchitha imali kwinkampani kunye nemanyano kumaphulo ezobupolitika kukhuselwe intetho phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala, abaguquli abaninzi baye babiza utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze bavumele ulawulo oluphezulu lwemali yezophulo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukuchitha idemokhrasi elonakalisayo kwaye kunika impembelelo engenakulinganiswa kubantu abatyebileyo kunye nemibutho, ngoxa abachasi bephikisa ngelithi ukuchitha imiqathango yenkululeko yokuthetha kukhuselwe phantsi kwemigaqo yenkululeko kwaye inkqubo yokulungisa imele isetyenziswe ekubhukuqeni kwezigwegwegwe izigwe zeNku zeNku ePhaka kweNkundla ezingundoqo.
Utshintsho lweElectoral College
Inkqubo ye-Electoral College yokukhetha oomongameli ijongene nonyulo olutsha emva konyulo apho umvuzo wovoti odumileyo aphulukana noluhlu lweElectoral College. Iipropotas zotshintsho ukusuka ekugqityweni ngokupheleleyo kwe-Electoral College ekhetha utshintsho oluthe ngqo oluthe ngqo oluqhelekileyo kwindlela ivoti yonyulo enikezelwa ngayo. Noko ke, naluphi ulungiso lokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa iElectoral College lujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo, njengokuba ifuna ukukhuselwa ngolwaniso olukhoyo.
Imida Yezogwebo ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo
Njengokuba amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo esebenza ixesha elide kwaye inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ithe yanempikiswano, abanye abaguquli baye bacebisa ukuba kulungiswe imida emiselwe umGaqo-siseko ukumisela imida yabagwebi. Amaqela acebisa ukuba kubekwe imigaqo yeminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo, kunye nokumiswa okungaxengaxengiyo ukuze umongameli ngamnye amise amadinga amabini nyaka mne. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku baya kunciphisa intelekelelo yokuziqinisekisa ngokobuqu kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ukujika rhoqo, ngelixa abachasi bephikisa ngelithi ubomi bukhusela inkululeko yokulawula kwaye loo mlinganiselo unokwenza ukuba isigwebo sibe sezopolitiko.
Indima Yokuhlaziywa Kwemfundo YesiXhosa
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ubumi obunolwazi nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Le nkqubo ibonisa imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika: ulawulo lwabantu, ukubaluleka kokuvumelana kwabantu, ukulungelelana phakathi kozinzo nokuvumelana, kunye nesakhiwo sorhulumente esinika iindima zobuzwe nezorhulumente ekuphuhlisweni komgaqo-siseko.
Imfundo ye-CUBC ephathelele utshintsho kufuneka ingagxininisi nje kuphela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo kodwa kwanomongo wayo wembali kunye nomsebenzi wexesha elikhoyo. Abafundi kunye nabemi kufuneka baqonde indlela iinguqu eziye zawandisa ngayo amalungelo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, indlela abaye bakulungisa ngayo okungekho sikweni nokuvumelanisa umGaqo-siseko neemeko ezitshintshayo, nendlela ubunzima benkqubo obuye baguqula ngayo inkqubela yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Olu lwazi lunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo ngotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko nokuvavanya iingcebiso zokulungisa iingxaki ezintsha.
Amaqumrhu anjenge Oovimba bobuzwe banikela ubuncwane obuxabisekileyo bokufunda malunga nokulungiswa komGaqo-siseko, kuquka amaxwebhu angaphambili kunye nomongo wembali. UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika iinkqubo zemfundo kunye nemiboniso enceda abemi baqonde inkqubo yokulungisa kunye nokubaluleka kwayo. Ezi zinto ziyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ubuchule bobumi obunolwazi bokulondolozwa nokuphucula ulawulo-demokhrasi.
Ukuthelekisa Iinkqubo Zokuhlaziywa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe
UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States ngomnye womgaqo-siseko omdala obhaliweyo wehlabathi osasebenza, kwaye ukulungiswa kwawo kunzima kakhulu kunezo zezona demokrasi. Amazwe amaninzi avumela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngeendawo ezilula zepalamente okanye afuna kuphela izinto ezinkulu eziphuculiweyo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa intengiso ezithi zisetyenziswe kwiinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, ezibandakanya ngokuthe ngqo abemi kule nkqubo.
Ubalo lwenkqubo yokulungisa i-U.S. luneenzuzo kunye nokungancedi nto kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezibhetyebhetye kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, lunika uzinzo kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osisiseko utshintsha kuphela ngokuvumelana okubanzi. Kwelinye icala, ungenza umGaqo-siseko ungabi nantsabelo ekutshintsheni amaxabiso neemfuno zentlalo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuxhomekeka ekuguquleni umgaqo-siseko ukuze kuhlaziywe intsingiselo. Amazwe aneenkqubo ezibhetyebhetyebhetye-ji ngakumbi angakwazi ukutshintsha imigaqo yawo yesiseko kwiingxaki ezintsha, kodwa asenokufumana uzinzo olungephiyo.
Abanye abaphengululi bathi ukudodobala komGaqo-siseko wase-United States kuye kwafak ’ isandla kwimiqathango engaqhelekanga yaseMerika kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo, njengoko amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asenokuhlaziywa kwamanye amazwe engatshintshiyo eUnited States. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi uzinzo olubangelwa yinkqubo enzima yokulungisa impumelelo yomGaqo-siseko waseMerika, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba izinto ezinkulu zexeshana zingabi neenguqu ezisisiseko ezinokuzisola kamva.
Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko
Ukuhamba kokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko kuye kwathotha kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Utshintsho lokugqibela lwavunywa ngo-1992, kwaye phambi koko, utshintsho lwangaphambili lwavunywa ngo-1971. Oku kuthotha kubonisa ukuhlaziywa kobuzwe okuya kukhula, okwenza ukufikelela uvumelwano olubanzi olufunekayo ekulungiseni ezinye iindlela ezinokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi utoliko lweNkundla Ephakamileyo.
Phezu kwako nje oku kuthotha, inkqubo yokulungisa isenokuhlala ifanelekile kwaye ibalulekile. Izindululo zokulungisa okutsha ziyaqhubeka ziveliswa kwiBhunga kwaye ziqhutyelwana kwingqungquthela kawonke-wonke. Eminye imiba, efana notshintsho lwezemali okanye utshintsho lwe-Electoral College, isenokuvelisa inkxaso eyaneleyo kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Indibano yezomgaqo-siseko ebizwa ngamaphondo, ngexa ingasetyenziswangaze iphumelele, ihlala iyindlela enokwenzeka yokulungisa ipropati enokuthi ihambe kwi-gridrockbook.
Ikamva lokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko lisenokuxhomekeka kwizinto eziliqela: iqondo lokwenziwa kwezobupolitika, ukuqiqa kokufanelekileyo kwezinye iindlela zotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko njengenkcazelo engokomthetho-siseko, ukuvela kwemiba ebangela ukuvumelana okubanzi kwezezinguquko, nokusebenza kwemibutho yoluntu ekusekeleni utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Nokuba kuyintoni na okukukwixesha elizayo, inkqubo yokulungisa iya kuhlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi yaseMelika, inika inkqubo kubantu ukuyila umthetho wabo osisiseko.
Undululo Olungundoqo Malunga nokuHlazisiswa koMgaqo-siseko
Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lumela inkqubo esesikweni apho abantu baseMerika benokutshintsha umthetho wabo osisiseko. Le nkqubo, edweliswe kwiGatya V lomGaqo-siseko, ifuna ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga kuzo zombini izicelo kunye namaqondo okudityaniswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba lutshintsho kuphela olunenkxaso ebanzi oluyinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Lo mgaqo-siseko ophezulu olungelelanisayo uthetha ukuba bambalwa kumawaka eenguqu ezicetyiweyo eziye zavunywayo zivunyiwe, kodwa eziye zaphumelela ngokufuthi ziye zaba nempembelelo enkulu kwibutho laseMerika kunye nolawulo.
Izindululo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ezivunyiweyo ukuba zifike ngexesha lale ngxelo zibonisa imixholo ephambili kunye nobunzima bembali yaseMerika: ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwiBhili yamaLungelo, ukutshintshwa kwebutho lamaMelika ngokuqulunqwa koLawulo loMdalelo, ulwandiso lwezolawulo-mda ngokunyuswa kwamalungelo okuvota, nokuphuculwa kobume borhulumente kunye nokuhlaziywa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ukupheliswa ngamanye amaphulo kuchaza ibali lokuququzelelwa kwezobupolitika, utshintsho lwentlalo kunye nophuhliso-siseko.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile kubumi obunolwazi. Kucacisa indlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika ezimanyene ngayo nokuzinza nokuvumelana, indlela ekwakufuneka ngayo ukuze kubekho utshintsho olusisiseko, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekulungiseni umgaqo-siseko wabo. Njengoko iingxoxo eziphathelele ukutshintshwa kokungalungisi okutsha ziqhubeka, ulwazi lwenkqubo yokulungisa kunye nembali yayo luza kuhlala lubalulekile ekuhloleni iingcebiso nokubandakanyeka kwidemokhrasi ngomthetho osisiseko wesizwe.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iquka umgaqo wokuba umGaqo-siseko ngowabantu kwaye ungatshintshwa ngabo xa kuyimfuneko. Ngelixesha ubunzima benkqubo buqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zenziwe ngocoselelo nangenkxaso ebanzi, ukukwazi ukutshintshwa kwento kuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungaguqula udibane neengxaki ezintsha kwaye ubonise amaxabiso atshintshayo. Olu manyano lozinzo nobhetyebhetyebhetye beluyimfuneko kunyanzelo lomGaqo-siseko nakwimpumelelo yedemo-dekhrasi yedekhrasi yaseMelika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngokulungisa izinto ezithile kunye nomongo wazo wembali, i-website ye- Legegal Information kwiSikolo soMthetho weCornell inikela ubuncwane obupheleleyo kuquka ukuqukwa okupheleleyo kwayo yonke intengiso kunye namatyala anxulumeneyo eNkundla ePhakamileyo. U.S.S. I-website yeNte yeNgqungquthela [ inikela ulwazi olungokwembali malunga nenkqubo yokupheliswa nokukhutshwa nokukhuliswa kwentekoza. Ezi zinto zingundoqo zibangela abemi baphucule ukuqonda kwabo olubalulekileyo komgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko waseMelika kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwingxoxo eqhubekayo kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngotshintsho lomthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko.