Table of Contents

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sidlala indima engundoqo ekulungiseni indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisungulwa ngayo, ezixhaswayo, ezinikwa, nezinikezelwa kubemi. Ukusuka kwimpilo nakwimfundo ukuya kwiinkonzo zoluntu nezizibonelelo, inkqubo yombutho karhulumente imisela kungekuphela nje iinkonzo ezikhoyo kodwa kwanendlela abafikelela ngokunempumelelo ngayo abantu abazifunayo. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lukarhulumente kunye neziphumo zalo kunceda ukucacisa isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zikawonke wonke zahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiingingqi, kumazwe, kwanakulo hlanga lunye.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zorhulumente: Isiseko Senkonzo Kawonke - wonke

Izakhiwo zolawulo zizakhiwo apho amandla nezibonelelo zisasazwa zize zilawulwa kwimibutho okanye kwibutho, ngokuphawulekayo ukuphembelela ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo kawonke-wonke ngokuphembelela indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela oovimba ababelwa ngayo, nendlela egcinwa ngayo. Ezi zibonelelo ziquka imithetho, imigaqo, imimiselo, namalungiselelo entlangano amisela ubunjani nokufikelela kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke.

Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bangahlulahlulwa ngokubanzi ngokweendidi eziliqela zesakhiwo, nganye ineempawu ezahlukileyo ezichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo nezinceda ngayo abantu bayo. Ezi nkcukacha zithathu ziphambili zizixokelelwano zorhulumente, iinkqubo zomanyano, kunye nokuququzelelwa. Ngasinye kwezi zakhiwo sabelana ngegunya ngokwahlukileyo, sidala iingenelo nezicebisi ezikhethekileyo ekudluliseleni iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke.

Inkqubo yomanyano: Ukusasaza amandla ngapha nangapha kwamanqanam amaninzi

Kwizindululo, oorhulumente bamaphondo/bephondo bayabelana ngamagunya norhulumente ombindi njengabadlali abalinganayo ngomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, apho kufuneka imvume yabo bobabini ukwenza utshintsho. Eli lungiselelo lokulawula lidala inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho igunya lisasazwa kwiimaleko ezininzi zikarhulumente.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Umsebenzi Wenkqubo Zomanyano

Inkqubo karhulumente yahlula igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namaqela aphakathi (amaphondo, amaphondo, amaMunicipos), inika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni igunya lokwenene ngezinto ezifana nemfundo, iinkonzo zentlalo, kunye namaxesha athile nerhafu. IUnited States iyibonisa le nkqubo, inamandla ezobupolitika ahlulahlulwe phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe angamashumi amahlanu, ngalinye elifumana igunya kuwo omabini umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye.

Kule nkqubo yorhulumente yorhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo bayabelana ngolawulo norhulumente ophambili kwaye banegunya lokugqibela kwimimandla emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko lolawulo lwezizwe luhlula iinkqubo zorhulumente kwezinye izakhiwo zikarhulumente kwaye ludala isiseko apho oorhulumente bengingqi banokuzenzela inkululeko yokwenene kwimimandla ethile.

Isizathu Sokuba Amazwe Akhethe Umanyano

Ilizwe likhetha uburhulumente xa lifuna ukuthomalalisa igunya lokunika imimandla inkululeko yokwenene, ngokungakumbi ukusingatha ukwahluka ngokweemvelaphi, imimandla okanye izoqoqosho. Esi sakhiwo singqineka sibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe amakhulu, ahlukeneyo apho imimandla eneemfuno, izithethe, okanye iimeko zezoqoqosho ezahlukeneyo.

Amazwe aneempawu ezininzi zesizwe, okanye aneziphene zesizwe, asenokusebenzisa uhlobo lorhulumente olunoburhulumente apho amandla asasazwa khona ngokwemo yelizwe phakathi kweqela lezizwe ezininzi, kwaye ukudityaniswa kolawulo kusenokusebenza kakuhle xa ilizwe linemiba emininzi okanye imimandla emininzi kwindalo. Kunokuqhekeka kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zesizwe okanye amaqela enkcubeko avumela umlinganiselo othile wolawulo lwezobupolitika ngeli xesha lishiyeke inxalenye yento yezobupolitika enkulu.

Iingenelo zeenkqubo zomanyano

Izakhiwo zomanyano zinika iingenelo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ekudluliselweni kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke:

Iingenelo ziquka ukusondeza urhulumente kubemi, ukunciphisa iingcinezelo zocalulo-calucalulo ngokuhlala nee-cleavages, ukuvumela inkqubo "oomasebe" kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kunye nokulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwegunya lesizwe. Oku kuhlaziywa kolawulo olufanelekileyo kwenza oorhulumente bengingqi bazame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo, kudala amathuba okuhlaziya nokufunda.

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi kombindi norhulumente luzisa ubuchule obubalaseleyo boovimba, njengokuba urhulumente osembindini enokujolisa ingqalelo engakumbi kwimicimbi yehlabathi lonke nokhuselo lwelizwe, ngelixa urhulumente welizwe enokuthi ahlangabezane neemfuno zengingqi. Oku kubekwa komnye urhulumente kuvumela umgangatho ngamnye worhulumente ukuba unike ingqalelo kwimimandla yakhe yoncedo oluthelekisayo.

Ukuba amaqela esizwe sasekuhlaleni afuna ukuthetha ulwimi lwawo okanye ukufundisa unqulo lwawo kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni, urhulumente osembindini uvumela abantu basekuhlaleni ukuba benze izigqibo. Oku kutshintsha-tshintsha kwemigaqo yokulawula imigaqo ejongene nezithethe zengingqi kwaye uvumela abantu ukuba balungise iinkqubo ngokwemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni nezinto eziza kuqala.

Eli lungiselelo livumela ukuzilawula nokusabela kwimfuno zengingqi, likhuthaza imvakalelo yokuba nenxaxheba kunye nomelo phakathi kwabemi abahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokufuthi abemi baziva benxulumene ngakumbi norhulumente xa izigqibo zisenziwa kufutshane nekhaya, nto leyo enokuba negalelo elingakumbi ekuthembiseni nasekunelisekeni ziinkonzo zikawonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Yomanyano

Nangona ziluncedo, iinkqubo zorhulumente zikwalucelomngeni:

Iindleko ziquka iingxaki zokulungelelanisa kunye nokungalingani kwamandla engingqi. Xa umgangatho oninzi karhulumente uxanduva lweenkqubo, ukusebenzisana kuba nzima, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kwenziwe imigudu, imigaqo engqubanayo, okanye izithuba kwintlawulo yenkonzo.

Le nkqubo karhulumente ixabisa kakhulu kuba kukho abantu abaninzi abanyulwe eofisini, kumbindi nakurhulumente. Ulawulo olungaphezulu koovimba abaninzi borhulumente abanomthetho owahlukeneyo, abalawuli, namasebe agwebayo lungazama ukutsalela phantsi uqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke.

Inceda ukungafani kwengingqi njengezinto zendalo, amathuba emisebenzi, njl. njl. njl., kwahlukile kummandla ngamnye okanye kwiphondo ngalinye. Xa amaphondo okanye amaphondo eneenkululeko ezizizo kwiinkqubo nerhafu, ukwahluka kobutyebi kunye nobuncwane kusenokukhokelela kumgangatho owahlukeneyo womgangatho wenkonzo kwimimandla eqengqelekayo.

Ukwenza isigqibo kuba nzima kakhulu ngamanye amaxesha. Imfuneko yokuthethana phakathi komgangatho oninzi karhulumente ingenza ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kancinci kwaye ikwenze kube nzima ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki ezivelayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano: amaGunya aPhakathisiweyo kunye neeNkqubo zeFomu

Ilizwana elingurhulumente elilawulayo lingurhulumente omnye apho urhulumente osembindini eligunya eliphakamileyo. Kulo mgaqo, amandla ajoliswe kumgangatho wesizwe, oorhulumente bengingqi okanye bengingqi abasebenza ngokuyintloko njengolwandiso lwegunya elisembindini.

Iimpawu zeenkqubo ezimanyeneyo

Urhulumente osembindini ungenza okanye aphelise amacandelo olawulo (amaqela angaphantsi okanye angaphantsi komhlaba), kwaye amaqela anjalo asebenzisa kuphela amandla urhulumente osembindini akhetha ukuwanika abanye. Lo mahluko usisiseko kwiinkqubo zesebe uthetha ukuba oorhulumente bengingqi bakhona ngolonwabo lwegunya elisembindini kwaye banokuwandisa amandla abo, ancitshiswe, okanye apheliswe ngomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Kule nkqubo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basenokubakho, kodwa ngokuyintloko basebenza njengemiqukumbelo yegunya elisemgangathweni, bephumeza izigqibo ezenziwa yipalamente yesizwe. Kunokuba babe nolongamo olukhuselwe ngokomGaqo-siseko, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakwinkqubo yomanyano basebenza njengabameli abaphumeza iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokusisiseko.

Uninzi lwamazwe ehlabathini (87%) lunenkqubo yoorhulumente, iquka iFransi, iGreat Britain, iJamaica okanye i-Itali. Ukwanda kweenkqubo zomanyano kubonisa ukuba ziyafaneleka kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi amazwe amancinci okanye lawo ane-odoli yesizwe.

Xa Iinkqubo Zomanyano Zisebenza Kakuhle

Kwiindawo ezifana neYiputa, iFransi, neJapan, apho iimvakalelo zobuzwe zomeleleyo, kwaye ukuzaziwa kobuzwe jikelele kwamkeleke kakhulu ngabemi, urhulumente womanyano jikelele uphuhlisa, kunye neenkqubo zorhulumente zomanyano ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenza ngcono apho kungekho mpikiswano yolawulo olusembindini. Inkcubeko yoluntu kwaye yabelana ngobuchule bolawulo lwesizwe ngokunciphisa iimfuno zephondo ze-OSCM.

Ukulwa phakathi korhulumente ophakathi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuncinane kwaye amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (bezeprokisensi) abuthathaka ngokwentelekiso kwiinkqubo zomanyano. Oku kuncitshiswa kwemfazwe kungathontelana ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, kuvumela ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki zohlanga.

Iingenelo zeenkqubo zomanyano

Izakhiwo ezimanyeneyo zinika ulawulo lwenkqubo kawonke wonke iingenelo ezininzi:

Oorhulumente abamanyeneyo babonisa ukuphumelela okungakumbi ekubeni kungekho migangatho mininzi karhulumente ekufuneka idlule xa kufikelelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo nasekusebenziseni iinkqubo. Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ezilandelelanayo ingenza ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza kwaye inciphise ukulibaziseka kwemithetho ye-bureaucrates.

Iinkqubo zomanyano azinantsonkotha kangako ukuba abemi baqonde, ekubeni kungekho zinkqubo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka kurhulumente njengakwiFederalism, kulula ngakumbi ukuba abemi baqonde baze babandakanye nabo. Oku kulula kungenza abemi balapho bacace baze baqonde ukuba liliphi iqumrhu likarhulumente elijongene neenkonzo ezithile.

Idala imvakalelo yomanyano ekubeni bonke abemi bemi bebekwe kumgangatho omnye kwaye kufuneka bathobele imithetho nemigaqo efanayo. Iinkqubo ezifanayo kulo lonke uhlanga zingakhuthaza ukulingana kwaye zithintele izahlulo zengingqi ezivela ngamanye amaxesha kwinkqubo yorhulumente.

Ngamaxesha obunzima nongxamiseko, urhulumente odibanisayo unokuqhubana nayo kakuhle ekubeni kungekho migangatho yahlukeneyo yokusebenzisana nayo. Ukukwazi ukuqokelela izinto nokusebenzisa amanyathelo ongxamiseko ngokukhawuleza kusenokuba yimfuneko ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, iindyikitya zokufa okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko.

Amaxabiso aphantsi njengoko kungekho gunya likhulu limele lihlawulwa. Ngokugcina kuphela umgangatho oyintloko karhulumente onamagunya owiso-mthetho apheleleyo kunye namagunya olawulo, iinkqubo zomanyano azikukhuthazi ukuphindaphindwa kwemibutho yolawulo ebonakalisa iinkqubo zorhulumente.

Iingozi Zenkqubo Ezimanyeneyo

Izakhiwo ezisembindini zikwaneengxaki ezibalulekileyo:

Inkqubo yeyunithi ayilungele amazwe amakhulu ngenxa yokuba kwinkqubo yeyunithi epheleleyo isezandleni zombindi kuphela kwaye mhlawumbi abanakufikelela kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Umgama osuka kwikomkhulu linokudala izithuba zolwazi kwaye linciphise amandla karhulumente ombindi okuqonda nokusabela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Central government may not have any knowledge about the problems and needs of the people living in rural areas. This disconnect between central policymakers and local realities can result in programs that are poorly suited to regional needs or circumstances.

Kukho ukungaphumeleli njengoko urhulumente osembindini edla ngokuthwaliswa ubunzima obuninzi kunye nemisebenzi. Xa zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zidlule kumagunya asembindini, iintamo zebhotile zingakhula, zicothe uzalisekiso lwenkqubo kwaye zinciphise ukusabela.

Phantsi kohlobo lorhulumente olulungelelanisiweyo, eli lizwe lingase lijongene nenkqubela-phambili nolwando olungafaniyo, njengoko urhulumente osembindini enokukufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukuphuhlisa zonke iindawo zelizwe ngexesha elinye ngaphandle kothutho lwegunya namandla.

Inkqubo zoNxibelelwano: IiNgqungquthela eziGqinisiweyo

Ulwakhiwo lumele ukhetho lwesithathu lokwakha, nangona lungaqhelekanga kakhulu kunenkqubo zorhulumente okanye zomanyano kwihlabathi langoku. Ekuqaleni, i-United States yalungelelaniswa njengesivumelwano – iqela elimanyeneyo lamazwe azimeleyo amanyaniswe kusukelo olunye lokoyisa iBritane. Kule sakhiwo, amazwe alawulayo asebenzisana ngokuzithandela ngeenjongo ezithile ngoxa egcina amagunya amaninzi karhulumente.

Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zikarhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe enegunya elingqalileyo kubemi, ukuququzelela okusebenza kumazwe angamalungu. Igunya elisemgangathweni kwisivumelwano lixhomekeke kumazwe angamalungu ekuzalisekisweni kweenkqubo kwaye ngokufuthi liswele amandla okunyanzelisa izigqibo ngqo. Eli gunya linamandla lingurhulumente licelele ukuba isivumelwano esibuthathaka senze ukuba isivumelwano sokuqala saseMerika singasebenzi ekuqokeleleni iirhafu, ekuqhubeni inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, okanye ekumiseni inkqubo yomkhosi, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekuthabatheni umgaqo-siseko wezwelonke.

Imizekelo yanamhlanje yezakhiwo ezifana nokuhlanganisa inqabile, nangona eminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njenge-European Union ibonisa iimpawu ezithile zomanyano, kunye namazwe angamalungu agcina ulawulo ngeli xesha esebenzisana kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-siseko. Imingeni yokusebenzisana nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano ngaphandle kwegunya elisembindini lichaza isizathu sokuba izivumelwano ezinyulu zinikezelwe ngokuyintloko kwizakhiwo zorhulumente okanye ze-ocester.

Ubuchule Obungaqhelekanga Phakathi Kweqela Neyunithi: Iinkqubo Zehybrid

Iinkqubo zomanyano kunye neyunithi ziluhlobo olufanelekileyo, ezimela isiphelo sesiphelo se-apideum, kwaye amazwe amaninzi awela kwindawo ethile phakathi kwemiba emibini egqithisileyo .

Iinkqubo ze-semifederal

Amazwe abizwa ngokuba yi- "seferedal" aphakathi, anamanqanaba karhulumente aphakathi angenazo iinkuselo zolawulo ezifanayo nalawo amazwe okanye amaphondo mazwe orhulumente orhulumente akhoyo azinandiphayo. Ezi nkqubo zinika oorhulumente bengingqi amandla athile kodwa agcine ulawulo olusembindini olomeleleyo kuneenkqubo zorhulumente zokwenyaniso.

Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente bengingqi kumazwe aphantsi kwemimandla ephantsi kwemithetho ebalayo kuphela (kwaye nalapha baphantsi ngokwenxalenye kumandla alawulayo amagunya asembindini), indima yabo nempembelelo yezobupolitika kwinkqubo ngokuyintloko ixhomekeke kutyekelo lukarhulumente oyintloko lokuzikhusela okanye lokumisela ukuzilawula kwabo. Oku kutshintsha kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba balungelelanise ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamagunya asembindini nawamazwe ngokweemeko.

Indaleko Kwiinkqubo Zeyunitary

Nangona igunya lezobupolitika linganikwa utshintsho kurhulumente wengingqi okanye wasekuhlaleni ngomthetho, urhulumente osembindini usenokuwuguqula umthetho, ukuphelisa izigqibo zoorhulumente abahluliweyo okanye ukwandisa amagunya abo. Indaleko ivumela amaphondo azimeleyo ukuba anike amaphondo inkululeko ngexesha egcina igunya elisembindini.

ITshayina inenkqubo edityanisiweyo, kodwa iHong Kong, iphondo, isebenza phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukileyo yemithetho kunamanye amaphondo akwiTshayina. Amalungiselelo anjalo avumela oorhulumente ukuba bahlalise iinguqu zengingqi ngaphandle kokutshintsha isiseko sazo esisembindini. I-United Kingdom inikela omnye umzekelo, onokuthi ube nawo amagunya abalulekileyo ancitshisiweyo eSkotlani, eWales, naseNorthern Ireland ngoxa igcina ulawulo lwepalamente.

Indlela Isakhiwo Sikarhulumente Esizichaphazela Ngayo Iinkqubo Zonyango

Ukuhanjiswa kwezempilo kunikela umzekelo ocacileyo wendlela isakhiwo sikarhulumente esiphembelela ngayo iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ilungiselelo lorhulumente limisela ukuba ngubani owenza izigqibo zezonyango, ukuba iinkqubo zixhaswa njani na, ukuba ziziphi iinkonzo ezikhoyo, nendlela inkathalo esoloko isiwa ngayo kwimimandla yonke.

Unyango kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, iimbopheleleko zonyango zidla ngokuhlangatyezwana phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nemimandla. Urhulumente wesizwe angaseka imigangatho ebanzi, imigangatho encinane, okanye iinkqubo zemali, ngeli xesha amazwe okanye amaphondo edwelise iinkqubo ezithile. Eli candelo lomsebenzi lingakhokelela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo ekufikeleleni nasekuxabiseni impilo kwimimandla emininzi.

Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe unika iMedicare kwabakhulileyo ibonelela ngemali yeMedicaid, kodwa urhulumente ngamnye unobuchule obuninzi ekumiseleni iMedicaid elpig, iingenelo, kunye nolawulo. Oku kuphumela kumgangatho wokwahlula okuphawulekayo kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokunika iingenelo ezipheleleyo kubahlali abafumana imali ephantsi ngelixa abanye benikela intelekelelo encinane. Iinkqubo zomanyano zivumela amazwe ukuba azame ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeMedicaid, adale intengiso ye-inshorensi, okanye avelise imiboniso yokuhambisa yendalo ekwazi ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo.

Noko ke, olu tshintsho lukwadala ukungahambelani. Ukufikelela komntu kwimpilo enyanyekayo kungaxhomekeka kakhulu kurhulumente abahlala kuwo, kwaye ukushukuma kwelizwe kungaphazamisa ukugquma. Iingxaki zomanyano phakathi kweenkqubo zikarhulumente norhulumente zingenza ukuntsonkotha kolawulo, ukudideka kwabangeneli, kunye nezithuba ezikhutshelwayo.

Unyango kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zinikela iinkqubo ezithe zane zokunyamekela impilo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela inkqubo yonyango, umisela imigaqo, kwaye ngokufuthi unika iinkonzo okanye ulawulo olululo olunolawulo olululo lwengingqi. Olu phuhliso lungaqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokufumana iinkonzo ezifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi.

Inkonzo yeSizwe sezeMpilo soMbuso weSizwe soMbuso weSizwe iSibonelelo soLawulo lwezempilo esisembindini kwinkqubo yeyunithi (enezinye izinto eziguqukeleyo eSkotlani, eWales, naseMntla Ireland). Urhulumente wesizwe umisela inkqubo yezonyango, iinkonzo zemali ngerhafu jikelele, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Le ndlela ingakhuthaza ulawulo olulungelelanisiweyo nolwenziwe lula, kodwa ingaba nentsabelo esincinci kwiinguqu-ntlobo-ntlobo zemimandla kwiimfuno zempilo okanye ezikhethwayo.

IFransi, elinye ilizwe elinomanyano, iqhuba inkqubo ye-inshorensi yesizwe yempilo eneengenelo ezizinzileyo kunye nemali yokuhlawulelwa. Ngoxa eminye imisebenzi yolawulo inikezelwa kumasebe ephondo, isakhiwo neengenelo ezisisiseko zihlala zifana, ziqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi baseFransi banokuthengwa ngokulinganayo.

Iinkqubo zemfundo nokwakhiwa korhulumente

Imfundo yenye inkalo ebalulekileyo apho isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela ngokunzulu ukwenziwa kweenkqubo, imali, izifundo nomgangatho.

Imfundo kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zoManyano zinika oorhulumente bengingqi igunya elithe kratya kwimfundo. EUnited States, imfundo ingumsebenzi wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wengingqi efeza indima elinganiselweyo kodwa ekhulayo ngeenkqubo zenkxaso-mali, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo. Iphondo ngalinye limisela eyalo imilinganiselo yohlelo, iimfuno zokufundisa, iimfuno zemali yesikolo, kunye neemfuno zokuphumelela.

Oku kuthotyelwa kuvumela amaphondo ukuba afundise izinto ezizizo. Amanye amaphondo agxininisa kwimfundo yomsebenzi, amanye agxininisa ekulungiseleleni iikholeji, ajonge kwimibandela ethanda ukuphikisanayo enjengendaleko, imfundo yesini, okanye imbali yahlukene kakhulu. Ulawulo lwengingqi lungandisa ukuganana kwebutho labantu luze luvumele ukuphucula izinto ezintsha, kodwa akwakhe nomahluko omkhulu kwimfundo nakwizinto zorhwebo.

Imali yesikolo kumaziko karhulumente isoloko ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni, ezinokuthi zibangele ukungalingani phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo nesihlwempu. Ngoxa oorhulumente norhulumente bezama ukudibanisa inkxaso-mali ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, iisithuba ezithe kratya ziyaqhubeka. Amathuba omfundi okufundisa angaxhomekeka kakhulu kwikhowudi ye-zip, kunye nezinye izithili ezinika izifundo eziphambili, imisebenzi emininzi eyongezelelweyo yasemva kwesikolo, kunye nezakhiwo zale mihla ngoxa ezinye zixabana nobuncwane obusisiseko.

Imfundo kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zigcina ulawulo olusemgangathweni kwimfundo, oorhulumente besizwe bemisela imigangatho yoqeqesho, iimfaneleko zokufundisa, kunye nemigangatho yemali. Le ndlela ingenza ukuba umgangatho othe kratya kwimimandla yonke uhlale unjalo kwaye inciphise umahluko osekelwe kubutyebi basekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yemfundo yaseFransi ibonakalisa ulawulo olusemgangathweni, iSizwe soBulungiseleli bemfundo simisela iimfuno zoqeqesho oluneenkcukacha, imigangatho yoqeqesho lomfundisi- ntsapho, kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo. Abafundisi-masipala bangabasebenzi besizwe, kwaye abafundi kulo lonke ilizwe balandela ngokusisiseko izifundo ezifanayo kwaye bathatha uvavanyo olunye lwesizwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi wasemaphandleni eBrittany ufumana imfundo efana neyodwa eParis.

Ngokufanayo iJapan igcina ulawulo olunamandla olusemgangathweni kwimfundo, uMphathiswa wemfundo emisela izikhokelo zokufundisa, iincwadi zokufundisa, kunye nemigangatho yokumisela. Ngoxa kukho umahluko othile wasekuhlaleni, inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wemfundo othe ngqo kwilizwe lonke. Olu manyano lungakhuthaza ukuthelekisa kodwa lunganciphisa ububhetyebhetye bokuhlangabezana neemfuno zasekuhlaleni okanye ukuvumela ukuphuhliswa kwemfundo.

Iinkonzo zoNtlalo kunye neeNkqubo zeNkcubeko

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zokwenza uluntu lufumaneke — kuquka i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, iinzuzo zokukhubazeka, uncedo lwentsapho kunye nokuhlangulwa kwentlupheko — ziphenjelelwe kakhulu yinkqubo karhulumente.

Iinkonzo zoNtlalo kwiiNkqubo zoManyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zidla ngokwahlula ityala leenkonzo zentlalo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nemimandla. Urhulumente wesizwe angamisela imigangatho ephantsi okanye anikele ngemali, lo gama amazwe okanye amaphondo emisela iinkqubo kwaye emisela imilinganiselo ethile elungele ukufezekiswa kunye nemigangatho eyingenelo.

EUnited States, iinkqubo ezifana ne-Alaffement for Needy Families (TANF) zinika inkxaso-mali kumaphondo, ekwathi ngoko iyila kwaye isebenze iinkqubo zayo zentlalo-ntle ngaphakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi yesizwe. Oku kuphumela kulwahluka-hluka-hluka-hlukeneyo oluphawulekayo "umgangatho wokulungisa i-etheminali, iimfuno zexesha, kunye nemilinganiselo yexesha elungeleneyo yokwahluka ngokugqithisileyo. Intsapho yelinye ilizwe ingafumana uncedo lwemali kunye neenkonzo ezixhasayo, lo gama intsapho efanayo kwenye ifumana inkxaso encinane.

Olu tshintsho luvumela iimeko ukuba zizame iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokuthunga kwiimarike zobulali kunye namaxabiso okusebenza. Noko ke, ibangela ukungabikho komsebenzi kwaye ingakhokelela ku "utsalo kumzantsi" wemigqaliselo apho amazwe anciphisa iingenelo zokutsala abafuduki abafumana imali ephantsi kwamanye amazwe. Ukuntsonkotha kwesixokelelwano solawulo olwahlukileyo kungadala imiqobo yokufumana abangeneli, ingakumbi abo bahamba benqamleze imigca yemo.

Iinkonzo zoNtlalo kwiiNkqubo zoManyano

Isixokelelwano somanyano sibonelela iinkqubo ezithe zafana zentlalo-ntle yoluntu ngemilinganiselo emiselwe ngokwesizwe nemigangatho eyingenelo. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abemi balapho bafumana inkxaso efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi kwaye bayaluvumela ulawulo.

Amazwe aseScandinavia, asebenzisa iinkqubo zomanyano, anika iinkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle ezibanzi zoluntu ezilungiselelwe ngokwesizwe okanye ngoogada bobuzwe. Umzekelo, iDenmark, inika iingenelo zokungaqeshwa, inkxaso yentsapho, isiphene, kunye nezinye iinkonzo zentlalo ezinokulingana kunye nemigangatho eyingenelo yesizwe. Oku kukhuthaza ukulingana kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okanye iinguqulelo zamanani abantu kwimimandla ethile azikuthobeli ukhuseleko lwentlalo.

Noko ke, iinkonzo zentlalo ezisembindini zisenokungathathi nxaxheba kwimiqathango yengingqi yexabiso lokuphila, lezorhwebo, okanye inkcubeko yenkcubeko. Umgangatho oluncedo lwesizwe olufanayo unokuba noxabiso oluphezulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezinamaxabiso aphantsi kodwa ungonele kumaziko edolophana abiza imali eninzi, okanye umgangatho oxhaphakileyo.

Uphuhliso lolawulo kunye nokwakhiwa koRhulumente

Izakhiwo eziquka iinkqubo zezithuthi, amanzi, igridi, kunye nezixhobo ze-tem-net-ibalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi. Urhulumente uchaphazela indlela ezicetywe ngayo, ezixhaswa ngayo, kunye nezigcinwa ngayo.

Ulawulo kwiinkqubo zoManyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zokwahlula iimbopheleleko zezibonelelo phakathi komgangatho oninzi karhulumente. Oorhulumente besizwe badla ngokuphatha iindlela zaselunxwemeni, amazibuko amakhulu, kunye neenkqubo zeziporo zelizwe, ngelixa oorhulumente bengingqi belawula iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nokuthuthwa kwabantu. Olu lwahlulo lungadala iingxaki zomanyano kodwa lukwavumela izicombululo ezilungele iimfuno zengingqi.

EUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe unika inkxaso-mali yeendlela zasemasimini kunye neeprojekthi ezingundoqo zezibonelelo eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kumaphondo, ezithi zicebe zize zenze imisebenzi. Imali yesebe kunye nezinye izibonelelo zemimandla kwaye zilawule ezinye izibonelelo. Le nkqubo ivumela imimandla ukuba ibeke iinguqu ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zobulali-a isenokusebenzisa kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwabantu ngexesha elinye xa enye ijolise kulwando lohola wendlela.

Ukubonelela ngentsebenzo kwinkqubo yorhulumente kusoloko kubandakanya ukufuduswa kweemeko ezintsonkothileyo, iimfuno ezingqinelanayo, kunye nohlolo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zisenokufuna ukudityaniswa korhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni, nganye enezithathi-nxaxheba ezahlukeneyo nezithintelo. Oku kuntsonkothile kunokulibazisela imisebenzi kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuba abagcini-mathiriyeli abaninzi banegalelo kwizigqibo.

Imiyalelo kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zingalungelelanisa ngokulula uphuhliso lwezibonelelo kulo lonke ummandla. Oorhulumente besizwe bangaceba ii-internet ezidityanisiweyo, banike ubuncwane ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, baze baqinisekise imilinganiselo engaguquguqukiyo. Le nkqubo iphakathi inokuba luncedo kakhulu kwingqameko efuna umanyano lwesizwe, njengemijelo yemivalo ephezulu okanye igridi yamandla.

Uthungelwano lwesiporo esinesantya esiphezulu seFransi (TGV) lubonisa ucwangciso lwezibonelelo ezisembindini. Urhulumente wesizwe waceba waza waxhasa ngenkxaso uthungelwano oludibanisa izixeko ezikhulu kulo lonke elo lizwe, uqinisekisa imigangatho engaguqukiyo kunye nenkonzo edityanisiweyo. Le ndlela yombindi yenza ukuba ukuphuhliswa okukhawulezileyo kwenkqubo yesizwe ephumelelayo ekusenokuba bekunzima ukuyifikelela ngokwenziwa kwesigqibo esifanelekileyo.

Noko ke, ucwangciso lwezibonelelo ezisembindini lungasamkeleki kakhulu kwezona zibalulekileyo zasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente besizwe bangabeka iprojekthi kwindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngentsingiselo yesizwe ngeli xesha betyeshela iimfuno zezibonelelo zommandla. Amakhaya okanye imimandla ekwindawo ebanzi ingafumana utyalo-mali oluncinane kunezibonelelo ezikhulu zasedolophini, ezinokuthi zibangele ukuba umahluko wengingqi uqhubeke.

Umanyano Lwemali: Indlela Imali Ethuthwa Ngayo Zizakhiwo Zorhulumente

Ulwalamano lwemali phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo lubizwa ngokuba yi-fiscal unitys", engoonobumba abangobume bendlela iinkqubo ezixhaswa ngayo nezinikezelwa ngayo. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo emali kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isakhiwo sikarhulumente esichaphazela ngayo iinkonzo zikarhulumente.

Ingeniso kunye negunya lerhafu

Urhulumente umisela ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elinokuyifaka kwirhafu. Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, oorhulumente besizwe nabo basekuhlaleni banegunya elizimeleyo lokuhlawula irhafu. Urhulumente wesizwe unokuxhomekeka ngokuyintloko kwirhafu yengeniso nemisebenzi yamasiko, lo gama amazwe okanye amaphondo esebenzisa irhafu yentengiso, irhafu yempahla, okanye irhafu yawo. Eli candelo livumela umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente ukuba unyuse ingeniso ngokuzimeleyo kodwa libangele ukuba kubekho ukhuphiswano lwerhafu phakathi kwemithetho.

Kwinkqubo yomanyano, urhulumente wesizwe ulawula imithombo ephambili yengeniso, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bexhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla, kwiindleko zomsebenzisi, okanye kwintlawulo yorhulumente osembindini. Oku kulawula kunokwenza ulawulo lwerhafu lube lula kwaye kunciphise iindleko zokuthobela irhafu kodwa kubeke imiqathango kwimiqathango yemali yasekuhlaleni.

Uthutho loorhulumente olusebenzisanayo

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zikarhulumente zibandakanya ukugqithiselwa okuthe kratya kwemali phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Oku kufuduswa kusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ukulingana komthamo wemali kwimimandla eqengqelekayo, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ngenkxaso yesizwe kodwa ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo yengingqi, kunye nokuphembelela izinto eziphambili zenkqubo yesizwe.

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, oorhulumente besizwe badla ngokunikela izibonelelo kumaphondo okanye kumaphondo ngeenjongo ezithile (izibonelelo ezizibonelelo) okanye inkxaso eqhelekileyo (iizibonelelo zezithintelo). Oku kufuduswa kunokuzisa ngeemeko($_amazwe anokufumana inkxaso-mali yesizwe, ukudibana nemigangatho ethile, okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithile. Eli "gunya lemali" livumela oorhulumente besizwe ukuba baphembelele iindawo ezithile ngokwesiqumzalawulo lorhulumente.

Ukugqithiswa komlinganiselo wokuzama ukunciphisa umahluko phakathi kwemimandla yezityebi namahlwempu. Ucwangciso lokwahlula-hlula iKhanada, umzekelo, ludlulisela imali evela kurhulumente wengingqi kumazwe aphantsi afumileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zinganika iinkonzo ezilinganayo kumlinganiselo werhafu ofanelekileyo. Oku kugqithisa kukhuthaza ukulingana kodwa kungenza uxhomekeko kunye nokunciphisa izikhuthazo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwengingqi.

Isantya somgangatho wesiCwangciso-nkqubo kunye noBunjani beNkonzo

Umgangatho womgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente .) Ukukwazi kwabo ukunyusa ingeniso enxulumene neembopheleleko zabo zenkcitho ngokuzenzekelayo kuchaphazela ubunjani benkonzo. Kwinkqubo yesebe, ubuchule bokuhlawula buyehluka kakhulu kumazwe okanye kumaphondo asekelwe kwisiseko sezoqoqosho, kubemi, nakwimigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu. Imimandla enobutyebi inganikela iinkonzo zesisa ngoxa igcina irhafu elungeleleneyo, ngeli lixa imimandla ehlwempuzekileyo kufuneka ikhethe phakathi kwerhafu ephezulu okanye iinkonzo ezingenelanga.

Oku kwahluka ngokweemeko kuchaphazela phantse lonke ucwangciso lukawonke-wonke. Amaphondo okanye amaphondo afumileyo angathenga izikolo ezingcono, unyango olubanzi, izibonelelo eziphezulu, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ezithe xhaxhe. Imimandla ehlwempuzekileyo izama ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ezisisiseko, nto leyo enokubangela intshukumisa yokufuduka ezithe zakonakalisa isiseko sayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zingasasaza lula ngakumbi ubuncwane obusuka kwizityebi ukuya kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo ngerhafu esembindini kunye nokuchitha imali. Ngokuqokelela ingeniso yesizwe nokuyifaka ngokusekelwe kwintswelo yemali kunokuba kumgangatho wengingqi, iinkqubo zeyunithi zingakhuthaza ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezithe tye. Noko ke, olu nikezelo lungadala ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko phakathi kwemibutho enikela ngenetha nomnatha.

Igunya loLawulo kunye noNkxaso-mali

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente simisela ukuba ngubani onegunya lokulawula imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni imekobume ukuya ekufuneni ingcungela yokhuseleko kubathengi. Eli gunya lilawulayo lichaphazela indlela iinkqubo ezisebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abakhuseleke ngayo.

Umiselo-nkqubo olukwinkqubo yomanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe usoloko elawula ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, urhwebo lwezizwe nemibandela efuna imilinganiselo efanayo yesizwe, ngoxa amazwe okanye amaphondo elawula ushishino lwasekuhlaleni, ushishino olungoochwepheshe, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba neminye imicimbi exhalabisayo.

Olu lwahlulo luvelisa amathuba okulinga inkqubo kunye nokwahluka-hluka. Ama-odokisi angasebenza njengeenkqubo zolawulo-melo," ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, imigangatho yokusebenza, okanye eminye imibandela. Izinto eziphumelelayo zingasasazwa kwamanye amazwe okanye zithatyathwe ngokwesizwe, ngeli xesha iimvavanyo zingaphumelelanga ukugcinwa kwindawo ethile.

Noko ke, uguqu-guquko lomthetho lukwadala imingeni. Amashishini asebenza kwiintambo zombuso kufuneka aqhube iimfuno ezahlukeneyo kwigunya ngalinye, amaxabiso okuthobela anyukayo. Abahlali banganandipha ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kwelinye ilizwe kodwa ukhuphiswano lolawulo oluncinane kwelinye. Lungakhokelela "kugcino kwicala elisezantsi" njengoko amazwe enciphisa imigangatho ukutsala utyalo-mali lwezoshishino.

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ubonisa ezi ntshukumo zinamandla. Amanye amagunya e-U.S. aye amkela imilinganiselo engqongqo yemeko-bume engaphaya kweemfuno zikarhulumente, ngoxa amanye egcina imimiselo emincinane. Oku kutshintsha kuvumela iimeko ukuba zilungelelanise ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume nenkqubela-ntle yezoqoqosho ngokokhetho lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwakhona angenza iindawo zokukhusela ungcoliso ze zibangele ukuba kusebenze ngokulungelelaniswa.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona kwinkqubo

Inkqubo ezimanyeneyo zigcina igunya elisembindini lolawulo, oorhulumente besizwe bemisela imilinganiselo efanayo kulo lonke eli lizwe. Oku kumiselwa kuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bayakhuselwa kwaye kukhuthaza ukuthobela amashishini asebenza ngokwesizwe.

Ngokomzekelo, iFransi igcina ulawulo olunamandla kwimicimbi emininzi elawula imigaqo yemekobume, ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yemekobume ukuya kwiimfaneleko zobugcisa ukuya kukhuselwa ngabathengi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi baseFransi bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi na yaye amashishini ajongene neemfuno ezingaguquguqukiyo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ngoko, umgaqo obekwe embindini ungangathathi nxaxheba kumahluko wengingqi kwiimeko, izikhethelo, okanye izinto eziza kuqala. Umthetho ofanelekileyo kwimimandla yedolophu enabantu abaninzi usenokuba nzima ngokungeyomfuneko kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Iinkqubo zobunkulisa zisenokucotha ukutshintsha, njengokuba iinguqu zolawulo zifuna isenzo sobuzwe kunokuba zicelwe yimimandla nganye.

Ukuziphendulela Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela indlela abemi abanoxanduva ngayo amagosa yaye baba nenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukusasazwa kwegunya kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumathuba karhulumente okuzibophelela ngedemokhrasi nokucaca koxanduva lwezopolitiko.

Ukuphendula kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zidala iindawo ezininzi zokuphendula ngedemokhrasi, nabemi abanyula amagosa esizwe, emimandla, nawasekuhlaleni. Le demokhrasi yomgangatho ophakamileyo ingakhulisa inxaxheba ngokusondeza urhulumente kubemi nokunika amathuba angakumbi okuganana.

Noko ke, igunya elahluleleneyo lisenokungaqiniseki. Xa imigangatho emininzi karhulumente isabelana ngembopheleleko yenkqubo, abemi basenokutsala nzima ukugqiba ukuba ngubani obekek'ityala kwiingxaki okanye impumelelo. Ukuba izikolo ziyasilela, ngaba lityala leebhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni, amasebe emfundo karhulumente, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente? Oku kungakwenza kube nzima kubavoti ukuba abasebenzi baphendule ngonyulo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zikwavelisa amathuba okubekwa ityala phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Amagosa esizwe angagxeka oorhulumente ngokungaphumeleli, lo gama amagosa karhulumente esalatha kwimiqathango engafanelekanga karhulumente okanye engqongqo. Le minwe inokwenza abemi bangakwazi ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi.

Ukuphendula kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo ezimanyeneyo zinika imigaqo ecacileyo yokuziphendulela, urhulumente wesizwe othwele imbopheleleko eyintloko kwiinkqubo ezininzi. IMisebenzi inokubona lula ukuba ngawaphi amagosa ajongene nezigqibo zenkqubo aze abanike ityala ngonyulo.

Noko ke, iinkqubo ezisembindini zinganika amathuba ambalwa okuba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi wezommi ekwenzeni izigqibo. Xa kwenziwa izigqibo ezingundoqo kwikomkhulu lesizwe, abemi kwimimandla ekude basenokuba bangakwazi ukuphembelela iinkqubo ezichaphazela abantu abahlala kunye. Inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ingafumana ingqalelo encinane kubenzi bemithetho-siseko besizwe abajolise kwimibandela ebanzi.

Umgama phakathi kwabemi kunye nabenzi besigqibo kwiinkqubo zomanyano unganciphisa ukubotshwa kwemibutho nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Xa oorhulumente bengingqi benegunya elilinganiselweyo, abemi basenokungayiboni imfuneko yokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele impucuko yedemokhrasi ityhale amandla kunye nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu.

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ubuchule benkqubo zikarhulumente bokulungelelanisa iimeko ezitshintshayo nokutshintsha kweenkqubo kuyahluka ngokwendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Iinkqubo zorhulumente nezomanyano zinika iingenelo ezahlukeneyo zokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo kunye nokuhambelana.

Ukubuyiselwa kwinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zibalasele ekulingeni inkqubo nasekuvuselelweni. Xa amaphondo okanye amaphondo enegunya lokuyila ezawo iinkqubo, angavavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo. Uhlaziyo oluphumelelayo lungasasazwa ngomxokelelwano njengokwamkelwa kweminye imithetho izisombululo ezisemthethweni, ngexa ukungafezeki kuhlala kuhleli.

Uhlaziyo oluninzi olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo yezoburhulumente eUnited States lwasungulwa kumgangatho wesizwe phambi kokuba lwamkelwe ngokwesizwe. I-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, imbuyiselo yabasebenzi, imimiselo yemekobume, kunye notshintsho lonyango lwasungulwa ngamazwe ngamanye ngaphambi kokuba abe ziinkqubo zesizwe. Olu vavanyo luvumela ukufunda nokuphuculwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe.

Ngoko, iinkqubo zorhulumente zisenokucotha ukwamkela utshintsho ngokwesizwe. Naxa uhlaziyo lungqineka luphumelela kwamanye amazwe, imiqobo yezobupolitika, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwelizwe, okanye izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko zingathintela ukuthathwa kohlanga. Isiphumo sinokuba lutshintsho oluzingisileyo lwenkqubo nezinye iindawo ezinandipha iinkqubo ezintsha ngeli lixa ezinye zibaleka ngasemva.

Ukubuyiselwa kwinkqubo ye-Unitary System

Inkqubo edityanisiweyo ingasebenzisa inkqubo etshintsha ngokukhawuleza nangoko nangoko kwenziwayo xa kusenziwa izigqibo ezifanayo. Xa urhulumente wesizwe emkela utshintsho, lungasetyenziswa kulo lonke ilizwe ngexesha elinye, ukuqinisekisa iingenelo ezingaguquguqukiyo nokuphepha inkqubo yokukhuthuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwemimiselo yorhulumente.

Ngoko, iinkqubo ezisembindini zinokuba nomngcipheko omkhulu kulwahlulo lwenkqubo. Xa utshintsho kufuneka lwamkelwe ngokwesizwe kunokuba luvavanywe kwimimandla nganye, izibonda ziphezulu kwaye imiqobo yezobupolitika ingaba mikhulu. Uvavanyo olungaphumelelanga luchaphazela ilizwe lonke kunokuba lube lulawulo olunye, lungenza abenzi benkqubo balumke ngakumbi.

Ezinye iinkqubo zomanyano ziphendula olu celomngeni ngeenkqubo zokuvavanya uhlaziyo lwezimilo kwimimandla ethile phambi komqulu wesizwe. Le ndlela izama ukuthatha iingenelo zovavanyo lolawulo lorhulumente lodwa ugcine ulawulo olusembindini kunye namandla okuvelisa iinguqulelo eziphumelelayo ngokufanayo.

Inkonzo ehambisa umatshini ngaphaya kweMimiselo yoRhulumente

Ngaphandle kombuzo osisiseko wokuba luluphi umgangatho karhulumente ojongene neenkqubo, isakhiwo sikarhulumente sikwachaphazela indlela iinkonzo ezinikezelwa ngayo kubemi.

Ilungiselelo likarhulumente othe ngqo

Urhulumente ulawula inkqubo yonke, ukusuka ekuhlawuleni inkxaso-mali ukuya ekubulaweni. Lo mzekelo wesithethe wokunikezelwa kwenkonzo kawonke-wonke ubandakanya abameli bakarhulumente abaqeshi abasebenzi kunye namaziko asebenzayo ukubonelela ngeenkonzo. Umgangatho worhulumente ojongene nelungiselelo elingqalileyo uyahluka-hluka ngokwenkqubo karhulumente (iinkqubo zikarhulumente), iinkonzo zisenokunikezelwa ngamasebe esizwe, erhulumenteni, okanye asekuhlaleni axhomekeke kwinkqubo, ngoxa iinkqubo zomanyano zibandakanya abameli besizwe okanye amasebe abo asekuhlaleni.

Ukudibanisa kunye

Kule modeli, urhulumente uqesha inkampani yabucala okanye umbutho ongangeni ngeniso ukulungiselela inkonzo yayo. Ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente luchaphazela ukwenziwa koqhagamshelwano, ngenkqubo zikarhulumente ezibandakanya izivumelwano kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomanyano eziqhele ukudibanisa ukuqokelelwa.

Isabelo esibalulekileyo seenkonzo zikawonke wonke sinikelwa ziinkampani zabucala ezisebenza phantsi kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente, urhulumente wengingqi kuphela obika malunga nama-$745 ezigidi zezigidi ezisisi-45 kwizivumelwano ezigunyaziswayo ngonyaka wama-2025. Umlinganiselo wokufumana uyahluka-hluka kwiimeko zikarhulumente, ezinye iinkqubo zixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthwaseni ngasese ngoxa ezinye zigcina ilungiselelo likawonke-wonke wonke.

Umanyano

IiPPP ngamalungiselelo amade, asebenzisana phakathi korhulumente neenkampani zabucala, adla ngokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi emikhulu, efana nokwakha uhola wendlela, ibhulorho, okanye isikhululo seenqwelo-moya apho iqabane lobuqu liya kuyila, lakhe, lisebenze iprojekthi, izimali, kwaye lisebenze ngexesha elimiselweyo. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela ukufaneleka nokulawulwa kweePPPP, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezibandakanya umanyano kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomanyano ezidityanisiweyo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamasebe

Iinkqubo zomanyano zivelisa amathuba okusebenzisana kwezeenkonzo zoorhulumente ekudlulisweni kweenkonzo, ngamanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente okanye amaziko ahlukeneyo kumgangatho ofanayo osebenzisana ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ngempumelelo. Amazwe angasebenzisana kwimiba yengingqi efana nezothutho okanye ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangane ngeenkonzo ezifana nokusabela ngongxamiseko okanye ulawulo lwenkunkuma.

Imigaqo edibeneyo isenokungafuneki intsebenziswano ethe tyaba phakathi kwamazwe alawulayo ekubeni urhulumente wesizwe enokuthi alungelelanise ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo, kodwa isenokubandakanya ubudlelane phakathi kwamagosa esizwe nawasekuhlaleni ekuzalisekiseni.

Ukuhlangulwa kukarhulumente wamanani

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani kuye kwayiguqula kakhulu indlela eziqhutywa ngayo iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neentsebenziswano ezininzi ezazifuna uhambo oluya kwiofisi karhulumente ngoku esenziwa kwi-intanethi, ukusuka ekuvuselelweni kwephepha-mvume lokuqhuba ukucela uncedo okanye ukuhlawula irhafu, ukwenza iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo, ezifanelekileyo nezifikelelekayo, ezichaphazela ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo yamanani ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zijongene nocelomngeni lokulawula iinkonzo zamanani kumacala amaninzi. Iphondo ngalinye lingavelisa iindlela zalo, zingenza amava omsebenzisi aguquguqukayo kunye nolwahlulo logcino-lwazi. Kodwa ke, olu lungiso luvumela ukuqalwa, ngoorhulumente abahlukeneyo ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamanani.

Inkqubo yeqela ingasebenzisa iqonga elifanayo lamanani elifikeleleka kubo bonke abemi belizwe lonke. Izibonelelo eziphakathi zamanani zinganika ubunjani benkonzo obungaguquguqukiyo namava omsebenzisi, kodwa zisenokungabi bhetyebhetye ekuhlaliseni iindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye izinto ezikhethwayo.

Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwamanani kukwabangela imingeni, njengokuba "ulwahlulo lwezidibi" luthetha ukuba asinguye wonke umntu onolwazi oluthembekileyo lokufikelela kwi-intanethi okanye ubuchule bokusebenzisa iinkonzo ze-intanethi, kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iinkonzo zamanani ziluncedo kumsebenzisi, zikhuselekile, kwaye iindlela ezingezombutho zisekho kwabo bazifunayo. Zombini iinkqubo zolawulo nezomanyano mazicombulule le mibango engekho ngqiqweni, nangona iindlela zabo zingahluka.

Ukuphendula ngengxaki kunye nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zeentlekele zemvelo, iintlekele zemvelo, iindyikitya zokufa, iingxaki zezoqoqosho. Ukusasazwa kwegunya noovimba kumgangatho worhulumente wokongamela amandla okusabela ngexesha likaxakeka.

Ukuphendula kwemeko yexesha likaxakeka kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zibandakanya imigangatho emininzi karhulumente ekusabelweni kongxamiseko, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni belungiselela ukusabela kokuqala, urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo abalawula imigudu yengingqi, kwaye oorhulumente besizwe banika oovimba kunye nenkxaso kwiintlekele ezinkulu. Le ndlela yomgangatho omninzi isenokusebenzisa ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokuzisa koovimba abongezelelekileyo njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Noko ke, iingxaki zokulungelelanisa zingenza kube nzima ukusabela ngongxamiseko kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Amanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente asenokuba nezinto eziza kuqala, iingxaki zonxibelelwano, okanye imigca engacacanga yegunya. Isifo seCOVID-19 sabonisa olu celomngeni kwinkqubo ezininzi zorhulumente, kunye norhulumente wesizwe, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni maxa wambi ekhupha imigaqo ephikisanayo okanye ekhuphisanayo ngobuncwane.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisenokujamelana nocelomngeni ekusebenziseni amanyathelo ongxamiseko afanayo xa kufuneka ulungelelwaniso olukhawulezileyo, olulungelelanisiweyo. Ukuba amaphondo okanye amaphondo anegunya eliphambili kwimpilo kawonke-wonke okanye kulawulo longxamiseko, oorhulumente besizwe basenokuzama ukuzalisekisa imigaqo engaguqukiyo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukuphendula kweMbali yeNkcubeko kwinkqubo yamaQela

Isixokelelwano somanyano singalungiselela oovimba kwaye siphumeze amanyathelo ongxamiseko ngokukhawuleza ngomyalelo ophakathi kunye nolawulo. Oorhulumente besizwe banokuthumela oovimba kulo lonke ilizwe, basebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo efanayo, balungelelanise imigudu yokuphendula ngaphandle kokudibana nabaphathi-mikhosi bengingqi abaninzi.

Le ndlela iphakathi inokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko zongxamiseko ezifuna ukukhawuleziswa, ukulungelelaniswa kwesenzo sohlanga. Noko ke, isenokungasabeli kakuhle kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni okanye ithotha ukunikezela ngempendulo yokuqala ukuba amagunya asekuhlaleni anemiqathango okanye igunya elilinganiselweyo.

Ukusebenza kwempendulo yongxamiseko akuxhomekekanga kulungiselelo likarhulumente kuphela kodwa kuxhomekeke kubuchule bolawulo, ubuncwane, kunye nokhokelo. Iinkqubo zorhulumente nolo manyano zingasabela ngokunempumelelo kwiimeko ezinzima ukuba zineenkqubo ezaneleyo zokulungiselela, ezicacileyo, kunye nenkqubo ezisebenzayo zokulungelelanisa.

Imilinganiselo ebonakalisa ukufezeka kunye nokufumaneka kwenkqubo

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngokusisiseko sichaphazela abanokufikelela kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke naphantsi kweemeko. Umgangatho karhulumente ojongene nokuseka imilinganiselo yokungalingani ukujonga inkqubo equkayo nengaguquguqukiyo.

Ukuphumelela kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Xa amazwe okanye amaphondo eseka imilinganiselo yokunganikezeli kweenkqubo, utshintsho olubalulekileyo lungaphumela. Ezinye iindawo zisenokumisela iinkqubo ezenza ukuba zifikeleleke kubemi ababanzi, ngelixesha ezinye zimisela imilinganiselo emiqathango elinganisela ukufikelela. Olu tshintsho luthetha ukuba ukufezeka kweenkqubo ezifanayo kungaxhomekeka kakhulu kwindawo ahlala kuyo umntu.

Ngokomzekelo, iMedicaid e-aligmibility eUnited States iyahluka-tshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiimeko. Amanye amatyala agubungela abantu abadala ngengeniso efikelela ku-88% yemali yobuhlwempu karhulumente, ngoxa amanye elinganisela izalathiso kwingeniso ephantsi kakhulu okanye iindidi ezithile njengamabhinqa akhulelweyo okanye abantu abakhubazekileyo. Olu tshintsho lubangela ukuba abantu abakwaziyo ukufikelela kwimpilo esekelwe kwiphondo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zingazama ukunciphisa umahluko okhoyo ngemigangatho encinci okanye ngemali elinganiselweyo, kodwa umahluko omkhulu usoloko uqhubeka. Ulungelelwaniso oluphakathi kobufanano besizwe nobume bokuzimisela ukufezekisa luhlala luzinzile kwiinkqubo zengingqi zorhulumente.

Ukufumaneka kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zimisela iinkqubo ezilinganayo zesizwe, ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkqubo ezifanayo. Oku kufana kukhuthaza ulawulo olulungelelanisiweyo nolulungelelanisayo, njengoko abafaki-zicelo bejongene neemfuno ezizinziyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi indawo.

Noko ke, imilinganiselo yokungalingani isenokungathethi ngeenguqu zeendawo ngokweendleko zokuphila, iimeko zezoqoqosho, okanye iimpawu zabemi. Imiqobo efunyanwayo elungele iindawo zasemaphandleni ezingabizi mali ingaba yimiqathango kakhulu kumaziko abiza imali eninzi, okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Ukuzimisela kobungcali obuphakathi kusenokungasabeli kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni okanye kwiimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo.

Impembelelo Yokwakhiwa Korhulumente Kwiziphumo Zenkqubo

Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo wendlela isakhiwo sikarhulumente esichaphazela ngayo iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka uvavanywe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ``inkqubo ze-do ziphumeza ngokunempumelelo iinjongo zazo kwaye ziphucule ubomi babemi? Uphando ngalo mbuzo lunika izinto ezifunyenweyo ezintsonkothileyo ezingavumelaniyo nokusetyenziswa koorhulumente.

Uthotho lweemvavanyo ezinqamlezayo zwenibanzi kangangamashumi aliqela eenkulungwane zempembelelo yenkqubo yomanyano kwiiphawu zezobupolitika, zezoqoqosho nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu lufumanise ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi, ulwalamano olunamandla phakathi komanyano kunye nolawulo olulungileyo lufumana, kwaye ngomlinganiselo apho ezi zakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko zenza umahluko, iinkqubo zomanyano zibonakala zigcina iingenelo ezahlukileyo kunezo zikarhulumente. Olu phando lucebisa ukuba iinkqubo ezisembindini zinokuzisa iziphumo ezingcono zokulawula ngokomlinganiselo.

Noko ke, ezi zinto zifunyenweyo zifihla umahluko obalulekileyo. Ezinye iinkqubo zengingqi zinika iziphumo ezintle ngeli xesha ezinye iinkqubo zeyunithi zisebenza kakubi, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumongo, kuquka ubukhulu belizwe, ulwahluka-hluka, ubunjani bezakhiwo, kunye nenkcubeko yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lunganyusa ubuchule, ukulingana, kunye nokuphumelela kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana nonyango lwezempilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela intlalo-ntle yabemi bonke. Nokuba izakhiwo zorhulumente okanye zomanyano zikhuthaza ulawulo olunempumelelo kuxhomekeke ekubeni zibufaneleke kangakanani ubunjani bemeko neengxaki zelizwe.

Oothunywashe abaphambili abachaphazela ubunjani benkqubo ngaphaya kokwakhiwa kukarhulumente

Enoba inkqubo ingurhulumente okanye iyadityaniswa, oothunywashe abaninzi ngokuqhubekayo bachaphazela ubunjani beenkqubo zikawonke-wonke:

  • Uhlawulo lwemali olupheleleyo noluzinzileyo luyimfuneko kumgangatho wodweliso lwenkqubo. Ulwakhiwo lorhulumente luchaphazela indlela imali ephakanyiswa ngayo nesabelo, kodwa ubuncwane obupheleleyo obunikelwe kwiinkqubo nendlela ezisetyenziswe ngayo ngokunempumelelo imbi kunolwakhiwo kuphela.
  • Umthetho wenkqubo: Imilinganiselo ecacileyo, ulawulo olunempumelelo, kunye nobuchule bokuphendula kunceda ekuqinisekiseni iinkqubo zisebenza ngokunempumelelo. Zombini iinkqubo zolawulo zomanyeneyo kunye ne-unity zingaseka iiseko zolawulo ezomeleleyo, nangona iindlela zazo zingafani.
  • Iindlela zokuhambisa ezizizo: Indlela ezinikezelwa ngayo iinkonzo kubemi (enokuba zinikelwa ngabameli bakarhulumente, kwizindlu, okanye ngamaqabane) ubunjani nokufumaneka. Iimpembelelo zenkqubo yorhulumente kodwa azizimiseli iindlela zokuhambisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imimiselo yokubonakala: Ongafikelela kwiinkqubo ngokuchaphazelekileyo zichaphazela impembelelo yazo. Ukungalingani kukhuthaza i-everse, ngexa imiqathango ethintelayo inokuthi imisele inkqubo esebenzayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi imo karhulumente.
  • Amandla olawulo: abasebenzi abanobuchule, iinkqubo zolawulo ezisebenzayo, kunye nezibonelelo ezaneleyo ziyimfuneko ukuze inkqubo iphumelele. Zombini iinkqubo zorhulumente nezomanyano zifuna ulawulo olunamandla kumgangatho karhulumente ojongene nokunikezelwa kwenkqubo.
  • Isibopho sePhondo: Inkxaso yezopolitiko exhaswe kwiinkqubo zichaphazela inkxaso yabo yemali, ukwenziwa, kunye nokuzalisekisa. Ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente lubumba amandla ezobupolitika kodwa aluqinisekisi ukuzinikela kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuganana okungagqibekanga: amathuba okuba abemi bathabathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo kunye nolawulo lungaphucula ukusabela nokuziphendulela. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinganika amathuba angakumbi okuthabatha inxaxheba kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente, kodwa iinkqubo zeyunithi zingenza nempumelelo inkqubo yokuganana.

Utyekelo kwiMimiselo kaRhulumente kunye neeNkqubo zikaRhulumente

Ukuthotywa kwemithetho yezopolitiko kunokwenzeka, intsingiselo elawulayo kwixesha lethu, enento ephawulekayo yokuthotywa kwegunya ukusuka kwimigangatho yesizwe ukuya kumgangatho wesizwe eyenzekayo eAfrika (umz., Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana), Asia (umz. Bangladesh, Indiya), iYurophu (umz., iBelgium, iFransi, iItali, kunye ne-Latin America) (umz., i-Argentina, i-Colombia, ne-Mexico). Le ntsingiselo yehlabathi lonke yokuziqhelanisa isidima soluntu ibonisa ukukhula kweenzuzo zokuzisa urhulumente kufutshane nabemi.

Kwanenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngokwesithethe ezisembindini ziye zanciphisa igunya loorhulumente bengingqi okanye basekuhlaleni. UBukumkani baseUnited States buye banika oorhulumente bengingqi eSkotlani, eWales, naseMntla Ireland. IFransi ibomeleze oorhulumente bengingqi. ISpeyin ibangele abantu abazimelayo abanegunya elinamandla. Ezi nguqulelo zizama ukufumana iingenelo zokuhlaziywa koorhulumente belo xesha ngoxa zigcina izakhiwo zomanyano.

Noko ke, ukwenziwa kulungelelaniswe akunakwenzeka jikelele okanye akunasiphelo. Amanye amazwe anegunya elichaphazelekayo elikhoyo ngokusabela kwiingxaki zomanyano, iingxaki zobuntlalo-ntle, okanye iinguqu zezobupolitika. Ulungelelwaniso olusemgangathweni phakathi kombindi nokwenziwa kube ntle luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko amazwe ezama amalungiselelo awahlukeneyo.

Ukwenza Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente Kusebenzelwe Abemi

Azikho iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nezomanyano eziphezulu ngokwemvelo ekudluliseleni iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke. Isakhiwo ngasinye sinika iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kwaye sijongene neengxaki ezithile. Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezifanelana ngayo neemeko zelizwe nendlela elisebenza ngobuchule ngayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zibalasele ekuhlaliseni iinguqu, ukwenza uvavanyo, nokusondeza urhulumente kufutshane nabemi. Zisebenza kakuhle kumazwe amakhulu, awahlukeneyo apho umahluko wengingqi ubaluleke kakhulu nalapho iingxaki zomanyano zinokulawulwa ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, zifuna ubuchule obunamandla ukuze zisebenzisane nemithetho elungelelanisiweyo, zikwazi ukugcina imilinganiselo encinane yesizwe ukunqanda ukwahluka okugqithisileyo kumgangatho wenkqubo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zihambela phambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo enye, ukuququzelelwa kwesenzo sobuzwe, nokukhuthaza ukuhambelana kwemimandla. Zisebenza kakuhle kumazwe amancinci, afanayo okanye apho umanyano lwesizwe nemigangatho engaguquguqukiyo ibaluleke kakhulu khona. Kodwa, kufuneka ubuchule bokungena kwigalelo lasekuhlaleni, ukusabela kwimiba engafaniyo yengingqi, nokuthintela ukuhambelana okugqithisileyo korhulumente kumazwe ahlukeneyo nabemi.

Amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa iindlela ezixubileyo ezidibanisa amasuntswana azo zombini iinkqubo, ezama ukuthatha iinzuzo zenye ngexesha enciphisa ubuthathaka bawo. Iinkqubo zeUnitary ezinamalungiselelo otshintsho, amancinane, kunye neenkqubo zesizwe ezinemigangatho eyomeleleyo yesizwe zonke zimela imigudu yokufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kobume nomgangatho ofanelekileyo.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zahluka kwiingingqi ezithile okanye ukuxhasa inkqubela, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elijongene neenkqubo ezithile, indlela inkxaso yemali ephuma ngayo kwinkqubo, nalapho igunya lokwenza izigqibo likho khona kubangela ukuba kungenelwe ngakumbi ukudibana nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Njengoko uqhuba iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke .Njengoko ufumana iinkqubo zonyango, ukubhalisa abantwana esikolweni, ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zentlalo, okanye ukusebenzisa izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke .

Ulwazi olungakumbi ngezakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke, tyelela i-USA.gov esemthethweni yezibuko okanye ubuncwane bobugocigoci obuvela kwi- yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo [ kwiinkqubo zolawulo lothelekiso lwehlabathi lonke.